scholarly journals Prevalence and Significance of Antibiotic-Associated Adverse Reactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tânia Magalhães Silva ◽  
Eva Rebelo Gomes ◽  
Inês Ribeiro-Vaz ◽  
Fátima Roque ◽  
Maria Teresa Herdeiro
Keyword(s):  
Drug Effects ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmacovigilance System ◽  
Adverse Drug Effects ◽  
Spontaneous Reports ◽  
Safety Risks ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Use

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Pharmacovigilance as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse drug effects. The aim is to promote the safety and effective use of medicines through an early detection and evaluation of drug safety risks. The pharmacovigilance system is essentially based in spontaneous reports of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR). ADR can be associated with severe outcomes and significant mortality, besides, most of them are deemed to be preventable events. Globally, antibiotics are among the most widely prescribed medications and their extensive use is linked to antibiotic-associated ADR. This chapter aims to summarize available epidemiological data concerning antibiotic use related ADR and analyze the reports received by the EudraVigilance system regarding the exclusive usage of antibiotics.

Pharmaco-EcoMicrobiology and Its Potential Role in Medical and Environmental Sciences

2012 ◽  
pp. 291-302
Author(s):  
Mohd. Shahid ◽  
Hridesh Mishra ◽  
Hemant Kumar Mishra ◽  
Trivendra Tripathi ◽  
Haris M. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Pharmacy Education ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adverse Drug Effects ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Health Organization

Despite the call of the World Health Organization (WHO) for “Pharmacovigilance,” i.e. the monitoring, detection, assessment, and prevention of any adverse reactions, poor attention has been given to identify the long term and short term Adverse Effects (ADEs) of antimicrobial agents on the environment. It is obvious that most of the health sectors across the globe are occupied by infectious diseases (e.g. tuberculosis, HIV, and hepatitis), and to combat such threats, the pharmaceutical industries are pouring tons of drugs and reagents into a market worth billions of dollars. The discharge of these products into the ecosystem is potentially a threat to the environment and human health. In this chapter, the authors depicted a recently described terminology, “Pharmaco-EcoMicrobiology” (PEcM), that could cover these problems and their possible solutions on medical and environmental aspects. In this regard, the role of pharmacoinformatics could also be crucial, since it can provide swift information for implementation and use of information technologies for the discovery and development of drugs as well as in pharmacy education and also the detection and combat of adverse drug effects.

scholarly journals Introduction and evaluation of pharmacovigilance for beginners

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 425
Author(s):  
Pushpraj P. Gawai
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pharmacovigilance System ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
International Drug Monitoring ◽  
High Quality Medical Care ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Quality Medical Care

<p>Drugs safety profile monitoring is an essential element for the effective use of medicines and for high quality medical care. Pharmacovigilance (PV), is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. The PV comes in picture after elixir sulfanilamide tragedy of 1937 and in the late 1950s and early 1960s, more than 10,000 children in 46 countries were born with deformities such as phocomelia as a consequence of thalidomide use has opened the eyes of drug regulators as well as consumers to establish a way to ensure drug safety. The hospitalization due to adverse drug reaction (ADR) in USA is about or more than 10%. In addition, it is estimates that 15-20% of the hospital inpatient suffers from ADRs. Now the pharmacovigilance system is globalised, strengthen and systematized after the establishment of World Health Organization (WHO) Programme for International Drug Monitoring. The patient safety is now becoming the priority area of pharmaceuticals. In this article, we are describing brief history and introduction of PV that will help to understand PV for beginners.</p>

Triage Management, Survival, and the Law in the Age of Ebola

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M Burkle ◽  
Christopher M Burkle
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
International Health ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Population Based ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Budget Cuts ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractLiberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea lack the public health infrastructure, economic stability, and overall governance to stem the spread of Ebola. Even with robust outside assistance, the epidemiological data have not improved. Vital resource management is haphazard and left to the discretion of individual Ebola treatment units. Only recently has the International Health Regulations (IHR) and World Health Organization (WHO) declared Ebola a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, making this crisis their fifth ongoing level 3 emergency. In particular, the WHO has been severely compromised by post-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) staffing, budget cuts, a weakened IHR treaty, and no unambiguous legal mandate. Population-based triage management under a central authority is indicated to control the transmission and ensure fair and decisive resource allocation across all triage categories. The shared responsibilities critical to global health solutions must be realized and the rightful attention, sustained resources, and properly placed legal authority be assured within the WHO, the IHR, and the vulnerable nations. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-6)

scholarly journals Recommendations to promote safe and effective use of contraceptives: World Health Organization

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
SaurabhRamBihariLal Shrivastava ◽  
PrateekSaurabh Shrivastava ◽  
Jegadeesh Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Effective Use

Use of the World Health Organization Access, Watch, and Reserve Classification to Follow Trends in Prescription of Antibiotic Use in Two Pediatric Intensive Care Units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
André Ricardo Araujo da Silva ◽  
Cristina Vieira de Souza Oliveira ◽  
Cristiane Henriques Teixeira ◽  
Izabel Alves Leal
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Objective The recommended percentage of antibiotic use in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) using the World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRE) classification is not known. Methods We have conducted an interrupted time series analysis in two PICUs in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, over a period of 18 months. The type of antibiotics used was evaluated using the WHO AWaRE classification, and the amount of antibiotic was measured using days of therapy/1,000 patient-days (DOT/1000PD) after implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP). The first and last semesters were compared using medians and the Mann–Whitney's test. The trends of antibiotic consumption were performed using time series analysis in three consecutive 6-month periods. Results A total of 2,205 patients were admitted, accounting for 12,490 patient-days. In PICU 1, overall antibiotic consumption (in DOT/1000PD) was 1,322 in the first 6 months of analysis and 1,264.5 in the last 6 months (p = 0.81). In PICU 2, the consumption for the same period was 1,638.5 and 1,344.5, respectively (p = 0.031). In PICU 1, the antibiotics classified in the AWaRE groups were used 33.2, 57.9, and 8.4% of the time, respectively. The remaining 0.5% of antibiotics used were not classified in any of these groups. In PICU 2, the AWaRE groups corresponded to 30.2, 60.5, and 9.3% of all antibiotics used, respectively. There was no use of unclassified antibiotics in this unit. The use of all three groups of WHO AWaRE antibiotics was similar in the first and the last semesters, with the exception of Reserve group in PICU 2 (183.5 × 92, p = 0.031). Conclusion A significant reduction of overall antibiotic use and also in the Reserve group was achieved in one of the PICU units studied. The antibiotics classified in the Watch group were the most used in both units, representing ∼60% of all the antibiotics consumed.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in European wastewater treatment plants mirrors the pattern of clinical antibiotic resistance prevalence

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. eaau9124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katariina M. M. Pärnänen ◽  
Carlos Narciso-da-Rocha ◽  
David Kneis ◽  
Thomas U. Berendonk ◽  
Damiano Cacace ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Action ◽  
Health Organization

Integrated antibiotic resistance (AR) surveillance is one of the objectives of the World Health Organization global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. Urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs) are among the most important receptors and sources of environmental AR. On the basis of the consistent observation of an increasing north-to-south clinical AR prevalence in Europe, this study compared the influent and final effluent of 12 UWTPs located in seven countries (Portugal, Spain, Ireland, Cyprus, Germany, Finland, and Norway). Using highly parallel quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we analyzed 229 resistance genes and 25 mobile genetic elements. This first trans-Europe surveillance showed that UWTP AR profiles mirror the AR gradient observed in clinics. Antibiotic use, environmental temperature, and UWTP size were important factors related with resistance persistence and spread in the environment. These results highlight the need to implement regular surveillance and control measures, which may need to be appropriate for the geographic regions.

scholarly journals Prediction of the Infectious Outbreak COVID-19 and Prevalence of Anxiety: Global Evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11339
Author(s):  
Daniyal Alghazzawi ◽  
Atika Qazi ◽  
Javaria Qazi ◽  
Khulla Naseer ◽  
Muhammad Zeeshan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Health Organization

Forecasting disease outbreaks in real-time using time-series data can help for the planning of public health interventions. We used a support vector machine (SVM) model using epidemiological data provided by Johns Hopkins University Centre for Systems Science and Engineering (JHU CCSE), World Health Organization (WHO), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to predict upcoming records before the WHO made an official declaration. Our study, conducted on the time series data available from 22 January till 10 March 2020, revealed that COVID-19 was spreading at an alarming rate and progressing towards a pandemic. The initial insight that confirmed COVID-19 cases were increasing was because these received the highest number of effects for our selected dataset from 22 January to 10 March 2020, i.e., 126,344 (64%). The recovered cases were 68289 (34%), and the death rate was around 2%. Moreover, we classified the tweets from 22 January to 15 April 2020 into positive and negative sentiments to identify the emotions (stress or relaxed) posted by Twitter users related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis identified that tweets mostly conveyed a negative sentiment with a high frequency of words for #coronavirus and #lockdown amid COVID-19. However, these anxiety tweets are an alarm for healthcare authorities to devise plans accordingly.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Knowledge and Risk Perception about Antibiotic Resistance in Biology and Mathematics Young Students in Nîmes University in France

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9692
Author(s):  
Valentin Duvauchelle ◽  
Elsa Causse ◽  
Julien Michon ◽  
Patrick Rateau ◽  
Karine Weiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Resistance Risk ◽  
Similar Survey ◽  
Young Students ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Health Organization

In response to the antimicrobial resistance issue, the World Health Organization developed and conducted a survey in 2015 dealing with habits, antibiotic use, awareness of appropriate use and sensitization to the issue of antibacterial resistance. In France, we conducted a similar survey to investigate the use of antibiotics and students’ perceptions of the antibiotic resistance risk. Our results indicated that antibiotics are moderately taken (42% in the last six months), but mistakes remain in appropriate practices and knowledge. Many people still believe that the body develops resistance to antibiotics and 24% responded that antibiotics can be stopped before the end of the treatment if they feel better. Furthermore, only 14% said antibiotics could be used to treat gonorrhea while 57% indicated that influenza could be treated with antibiotics. We looked at risk perception as well, and noticed that students in biology were more aware of risk (mean score = 48.87) and health consequences (mean score = 40.33) than mathematics students (mean score = 44.11 and 37.44). They were more aware of the threat, had a better understanding of antibiotic resistance and their denial of this risk was less significant (mean score = 27.04 against 23.81). However, the importance of providing a minimum level of knowledge to young students has been emphasized, regardless of the field of expertise.

scholarly journals Evaluating antibiotic use and developing a tool to optimize prescribing in a family-centered HIV clinic in Eswatini

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244247
Author(s):  
Tara E. Ness ◽  
Ashish E. Streatfield ◽  
Tandzile Simelane ◽  
Abiy Korsa ◽  
Sandile Dlamini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Initial Period ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Family Centered

In a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) clinic for children and their families in Eswatini, we sought to understand the use of antibiotics and identify specific areas for improvement. We performed a retrospective patient chart review as part of a quality improvement (QI) initiative to assess antimicrobial use before and after implementation of a standardized antimicrobial guide. For each prescribing period, 100 random patient encounters were selected for review if the indication for antibiotics, duration, and dose were consistent with World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Two physicians reviewed each encounter using a structured abstraction tool, with a third resolving discrepancies. Results were analyzed using a chi-square test of proportions and a structured survey was performed to assess perceptions of the guide. After the implementation of an antimicrobial guide, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of clinic visits with an antibiotic prescribed (p < 0.001). Incorrect indication for antimicrobial use decreased from 20.4% in the initial period to 10.31% and 10.2% but did not reach significance (p = .0621) in the subsequent periods after implementation. Incorrect dose/duration decreased from 10.47% in the initial period to 7.37% and 3.1% in the subsequent periods, but this was also was not significant (p = 0.139). All prescribers who completed the survey felt that it positively impacted their prescribing. Our study found that an antimicrobial guide reduced and improved the prescription of antimicrobials, demonstrating practical solutions can have a lasting impact on prescribing in low resource settings.

scholarly journals Developing a theory-based behavior change intervention to improve the prescription of surgical prophylaxis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna-Leena Lohiniva ◽  
Iman Heweidy ◽  
Samiha Abdu ◽  
Abouelata Omar ◽  
Caroline Ackley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behaviour Change ◽  
Theoretical Domains Framework ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Surgical Prophylaxis ◽  
Prescription Practices ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Context Specific

Abstract Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly pervasive due to multiple, complex prescribing and consuming behaviours. Accordingly, behaviour change is an important component of response to AMR. Little is known about the best approaches to change antibiotic use practices and behaviours. Aim: This project aims to develop a context-specific behaviour change strategy focusing on promoting appropriate prescription practices following the World Health Organization recommendations for surgical prophylaxis. in an orthopaedic surgery unit in Egypt. Methods: The project included a formative qualitative research study was based on the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and an intervention that was developed to following the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW) in a knowledge co-production workshop that ensured that the theory based intervention was a culturally acceptable, practical and implementable intervention. Results: The prescription of surgical prophylaxis was influenced by five TDF domains including, knowledge, belief in consequences (mistrust towards infection prevention and control measures), environmental factors (lack of prescription guidelines) , professional role and reinforcement (a lack of appropriate follow up actions influenced prescription of surgical prophylaxis). The appropriate set of behaviour change functions of BCW and related activities to improve the current practices included education, enablement, persuasion, environmental restructuring and restriction. Conclusions: The study showed that a theory based and context specific intervention can be created by using the TDF and BCW together with knowledge-co creation to improve the prescription of surgical prophylaxis in and Egyptian orthopaedic unit. The intervention need to piloted and scaled up.

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