scholarly journals The Effects of Music Therapy on Cortisol Levels as a Biomarker of Stress in Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idyatul Hasanah ◽  
Zikrul Haikal
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intellectual Ability ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Emotional Factor ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Psychological Events

Stress is a physiological and psychological response to the perception of danger and threat. Stress can occur due to a physical injury, mechanical disturbance, chemical change, or emotional factor. Stress can occur at all ages, including children and adolescents. Various physical and psychological events can cause stress in children, for example suffering from an illness, injury/trauma, parental divorce, parental death, sexual abuse, natural disasters, war, etc. Various exposures to physical and psychological stress harmful to the body can cause it to carry out defense mechanisms against these threats, one of which is changes in the cortisol hormone. Cortisol hormone is used as a biochemical marker for acute and chronic stress. The increase in this hormone as an indicator of stress can be changed through psychosocial interventions, one of which is by the provision of music therapy. Music therapy can manage stress problems of people at various ages with minimal side effects and a small amount of money. It is also easy to apply and does not require any intellectual ability to interpret. There are no limitations for users to use music therapy.

Pengaruh Pemberian Terapi Musik Terhadap Penurunan Kecemasan dan Tingkat Stress Mahasiswa Semester VII Keperawatan dalam Menghadapi Tugas Skripsi di STIKES ICSADA Bojonegoro

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferawati Ferawati ◽  
Siti Amiyakun
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Physical Illness ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nursing Science ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Science College ◽  
Psychological Pressure ◽  
Therapy Interventions ◽  
Pressure Stress ◽  
Quasi Experiment

ABSTRAK Stress adalah suatu kondisi dimana tubuh terganggu karena tekanan psikologis. Stress dikaitkan bukan karena penyakit fisik lebih mengenai kejiwaan. Karena pengaruh stress tersebut maka penyakit fisik bisa muncul akibat lemahnya dan rendahnya daya tahan tubuh. Studi tentang kesehatan jiwa, telah menunjukkan terapi music sangat efektif dalam meredakan kegelisahan dan stress, mendorong perasaan rileks serta meredakan depresi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh terapi music terhadap tingkat stress mahasiswa sebelum dan sesudah diberikan terapi musik.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan menggunakan rancangan one group pretest-posttest design. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 47 responden. Data dikumpulkan dengan mengisi kuesioner DASS. Pengolahan data dengan uji Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test. Hasil dari penelitian yaitu sebelum dilakukan pemberian terapi music didapatkan 7 mahasiswa atau (16,67%) mengalami stress berat. Setelah diberikan intervensi terapi music diketahui 7 orang mahasiswa (16,67%) mengalami penurunan tingkat stress. Kesimpulannya ada pengaruh pemberian terapi music terhadap tingkat stress pada mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Keperawatan Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Insan Cendekia Husada Bojonegoro ( (0,000) dan nilai Z hitung – 6,557 sedangkan Z table 1,96 (Z hitung Z table) berarti Ho ditolak sehingga Ha diterima). Kata Kunci: Terapi Musik, Tingkat Stress. ABSTRACT Stress is a condition where the body is disrupted due to psychological pressure. Stress is associated not due to physical illness is more about the mental. Because of the influence of the stress then physical illness can arise due to the weakness and lack of endurance. The study of mental health, music therapy has shown very effective in relieving anxiety and stress, encourage relaxation and relieve feelings of depression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of music therapy on the stress level of students before and after therapy is given musik.Penelitian a Quasi Experiment study using a design one group pretest-posttest design. The sample was 47 respondents. Data were collected by filling out questionnaires DASS. Data processing by Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test. Results of the research that prior to giving music therapy students or obtained 7 (16.67%) experienced severe stress. After being given music In therapy interventions known 7 students (16.67%) decreased level of stress. In conclusion there is the effect of music therapy on the level of stress in students of Nursing Science College of Health Sciences Insan Scholar (0,000) and the Z count - 6.557 while the Z table  Husada Bojonegoro 1.96 (Z count Z table) means Ho is rejected so Ha is received). Key words: Music Therapy, Stress Levels.

The Basics of Microbiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Solbach
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Hygiene Measures

Microorganisms constitute 70 percent of the biomass on Planet Earth. Comparatively few species are adapted to colonize human surfaces and form a complex Meta-Organism with manyfold mutual benefits. Occasionally, microorganisms may overcome the barriers of the skin and mucosal surfaces and may multiply locally or in multiple sites inside the body. This process is called infection. Infections can be caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites, helminths, and fungi. Immediately after infection, numerous defense mechanisms of the immune system are activated to combat replication of the microbes. There is a balance between microorganism and human defense mechanisms, which may lead to either asymptomatic infection or result in a wide spectrum of symptoms from mild to severe disease and even death. The most important factors in the diagnosis of infectious diseases are a careful history, physical examination and the appropriate collection of body fluids and tissues. Laboratory diagnosis requires between 2 and 72 hours. Wherever possible, antibiotics should only be used when sufficient evidence of efficacy is available. Then, however, they should be used as early as possible and in high doses. In addition to everyday hygiene measures, vaccination is the most effective measure to prevent infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Encapsulation and Ultrasound-Triggered Release of G-Quadruplex DNA in Multilayer Hydrogel Microcapsules

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Alford ◽  
Brenna Tucker ◽  
Veronika Kozlovskaya ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
Nirzari Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acids ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimuli Responsive ◽  
Triggered Release ◽  
Quadruplex Dna ◽  
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
G Quadruplex ◽  
Hydrogel Capsules

Nucleic acid therapeutics have the potential to be the most effective disease treatment strategy due to their intrinsic precision and selectivity for coding highly specific biological processes. However, freely administered nucleic acids of any type are quickly destroyed or rendered inert by a host of defense mechanisms in the body. In this work, we address the challenge of using nucleic acids as drugs by preparing stimuli responsive poly(methacrylic acid)/poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PMAA/PVPON)n multilayer hydrogel capsules loaded with ~7 kDa G-quadruplex DNA. The capsules are shown to release their DNA cargo on demand in response to both enzymatic and ultrasound (US)-triggered degradation. The unique structure adopted by the G-quadruplex is essential to its biological function and we show that the controlled release from the microcapsules preserves the basket conformation of the oligonucleotide used in our studies. We also show that the (PMAA/PVPON) multilayer hydrogel capsules can encapsulate and release ~450 kDa double stranded DNA. The encapsulation and release approaches for both oligonucleotides in multilayer hydrogel microcapsules developed here can be applied to create methodologies for new therapeutic strategies involving the controlled delivery of sensitive biomolecules. Our study provides a promising methodology for the design of effective carriers for DNA vaccines and medicines for a wide range of immunotherapies, cancer therapy and/or tissue regeneration therapies in the future.

scholarly journals Preventative Psychosocial Interventions Following Traumatic Physical Injury: Who, What, When?

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-88
Author(s):  
Malcolm MacLachlan ◽  
Mary De Silva ◽  
Declan Devane ◽  
Vikram Patel
Keyword(s):  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Physical Injury

scholarly journals Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Role in the Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms under Stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Filev ◽  
G. V. Shmarina ◽  
E. S. Ershova ◽  
N. N. Veiko ◽  
A. V. Martynov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Culture Cells ◽  
Acute And Chronic Stress ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Nrf2 Signaling Pathway ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms

The present study focuses on the investigation of the oxidized cell-free DNA (cfDNA) properties in several experimental models, including cultured cerebellum cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), plasma, and hippocampus under an acute and chronic unpredictable stress model in rats. Firstly, our study shows that Spectrum Green fluorescence-labeled oxidized cfDNA fragments were transferred into the cytoplasm of 80% of the cerebellum culture cells; meanwhile, the nonoxidized cfDNA fragments do not pass into the cells. Oxidized cfDNA stimulates the antioxidant mechanisms and induction of transcription factor NRF2 expression, followed by an activation of NRF2 signaling pathway genes—rise of Nrf2 and Hmox1 gene expression and consequently NRF2 protein synthesis. Secondly, we showed that stress increases plasma cfDNA concentration in rats corresponding with the duration of the stress exposure. At the same time, our study did not reveal any significant changes of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) level in PBL of rats under acute or chronic stress, probably due to the significantly increased Nrf2 expression, that we found in such conditions. 8-oxodG is one of the most reliable markers of DNA oxidation. We also found an increased level of 8-oxodG in the hippocampal homogenates and hippocampal dentate gyrus in rats subjected to acute and chronic stress. Taken together, our data shows that oxidized cfDNA may play a significant role in systemic and neuronal physiological mechanisms of stress and adaptation.

Music Therapy Interventions in Palliative Care: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 082585972095780
Author(s):  
Miren Pérez-Eizaguirre ◽  
Esperanza Vergara-Moragues
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Palliative Care ◽  
Music Therapy ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Kappa Index ◽  
New Developments ◽  
Therapy Sessions ◽  
Selection Of

Background: Palliative care is an interdisciplinary medical approach for people with illnesses that are unresponsive to curative treatment. Music therapy has been gaining ground in this field since the 1970s, with a not-always-standardized range of interventions and musical techniques. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review is to analyze interventions with music therapy and new developments in this area in the field of palliative care. Methods: The primary source of data for this review was the online database Web of Science (WOS). We also used other databases such as Medline and Scopus. A systematic search was performed of the past 6 years following the PRISMA criteria. Results: From a selection of 310 documents, we reviewed 54 completed articles and included 19 studies in the review. The percentage of agreement in the selection of articles was 87.5% and the Cohen Kappa index of inter-rater reliability was 0.727. In 5 of the articles, the musical interventions were not specified. However, in the remaining 14 they were, including new developments such as use of the monochord and the body tambura, and adaptation of the RBL (Rhythm, Breath & Lullaby) method. Conclusions: There has been notable improvement in the specification of musical interventions during music therapy sessions in palliative care. However, articles in this field need to describe how these techniques are carried out and any new developments. All this without forgetting that the patient’s musical preferences are a fundamental aspect when performing music therapy sessions.

scholarly journals Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 Is a Lung-Specific Innate Immune Defense Mechanism That Inhibits Growth of Francisella tularensis Tryptophan Auxotrophs

2010 ◽  
Vol 78 (6) ◽  
pp. 2723-2733 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitian Peng ◽  
Denise M. Monack
Keyword(s):  
Francisella Tularensis ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Immune Mechanisms ◽  
Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase ◽  
Organ Specific

ABSTRACT Upon microbial challenge, organs at various anatomic sites of the body employ different innate immune mechanisms to defend against potential infections. Accordingly, microbial pathogens evolved to subvert these organ-specific host immune mechanisms to survive and grow in infected organs. Francisella tularensis is a bacterium capable of infecting multiple organs and thus encounters a myriad of organ-specific defense mechanisms. This suggests that F. tularensis may possess specific factors that aid in evasion of these innate immune defenses. We carried out a microarray-based, negative-selection screen in an intranasal model of Francisella novicida infection to identify Francisella genes that contribute to bacterial growth specifically in the lungs of mice. Genes in the bacterial tryptophan biosynthetic pathway were identified as being important for F. novicida growth specifically in the lungs. In addition, a host tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), is induced specifically in the lungs of mice infected with F. novicida or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Furthermore, the attenuation of F. novicida tryptophan mutant bacteria was rescued in the lungs of IDO1−/− mice. IDO1 is a lung-specific innate immune mechanism that controls pulmonary Francisella infections.

Mast cells

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1033-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. D. Metcalfe ◽  
D. Baram ◽  
Y. A. Mekori
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Tissue Repair ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Biological Functions

Mast cells are found resident in tissues throughout the body, particularly in association with structures such as blood vessels and nerves, and in proximity to surfaces that interface the external environment. Mast cells are bone marrow-derived and particularly depend upon stem cell factor for their survival. Mast cells express a variety of phenotypic features within tissues as determined by the local environment. Withdrawal of required growth factors results in mast cell apoptosis. Mast cells appear to be highly engineered cells with multiple critical biological functions. They may be activated by a number of stimuli that are both Fc epsilon RI dependent and Fc epsilon RI independent. Activation through various receptors leads to distinct signaling pathways. After activation, mast cells may immediately extrude granule-associated mediators and generate lipid-derived substances that induce immediate allergic inflammation. Mast cell activation may also be followed by the synthesis of chemokines and cytokines. Cytokine and chemokine secretion, which occurs hours later, may contribute to chronic inflammation. Biological functions of mast cells appear to include a role in innate immunity, involvement in host defense mechanisms against parasitic infestations, immunomodulation of the immune system, and tissue repair and angiogenesis.

scholarly journals Caregiver Perceptions of Music Therapy for Children Hospitalized for a Blood and Marrow Transplant: An Interpretivist Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 216495611878885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greta J Yates ◽  
Nicole B Beckmann ◽  
Megan E Voss ◽  
Maureen R Anderson ◽  
Michael J Silverman
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Psychosocial Support ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Marrow Transplant ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Blood And Marrow Transplant ◽  
Therapy Services ◽  
Minor Children

Background Despite pharmacological and psychosocial support, pediatric blood and marrow transplant (BMT) recipients typically experience heightened levels of somatic and psychological distress while undergoing transplant. Although clinicians have used psychosocial interventions to target distress, there are gaps in the literature concerning music therapy for children recovering from BMT. This is especially the case among younger children and those affected by rare genetic or metabolic disorders. Objective As caregivers are the primary decision makers for minor children, there is a need to understand their preferences and values as this constitutes a component of evidence-informed practice. Therefore, the purpose of this interpretivist investigation was to explore primary caregivers’ perspectives and experiences with music therapy for their children during hospitalization for BMT. Methods The researchers conducted semistructured phone interviews with 15 primary caregivers of children who had received music therapy services while hospitalized for BMT. Member checking was used to ensure accuracy of the transcripts and experiences, while trustworthiness was used to verify themes. Results Fifteen caregivers of 14 pediatric BMT recipients were interviewed by phone. The following four themes emerged: (1) music therapy motivated patients to physically engage their bodies despite symptoms; (2) music therapy elevated patients’ moods; (3) caregivers benefited from seeing their child engaged in music therapy; and (4) caregivers were appreciative for the opportunity and requested additional music therapy services. Conclusions Caregivers perceived music therapy to be a positive and beneficial experience for pediatric patients while hospitalized for BMT. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.

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