scholarly journals Health-Boosting Effects of Aerobic Exercise Training and Berberine on Diabetes: A Brief Overview

Thrita ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Heidari ◽  
Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani ◽  
Maghsoud Peeri ◽  
Parvin Farzanegi ◽  
Seyed Ali Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Aerobic Exercise Training ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds

: Type 2 diabetes is one of the most important metabolic disorders that affect lifestyle. Accordingly, studies have shown that lifestyle changes, especially increasing daily physical activity, can prevent diabetes and help people with the disease through various mechanisms. On the other hand, the use of medicinal plants due to having various phytochemical compounds, each of which has healing properties, can be considered a helpful method in preventing and treating diabetes complications. One of the phytochemical compounds used as an effective substance in the treatment of diabetes is an alkaloid called Berberine. Berberine has been used in traditional medicine to lower blood glucose, and new studies in both in vivo and in vitro conditions have confirmed the diabetic effect of Berberine. Receiving increased energy metabolism, increased glucose and fatty acid uptake by peripheral tissues, improving lipid profile, reducing inflammatory mediators, increasing antioxidant capacity are common mechanisms that aerobic exercise and Berberine exert their beneficial effects in diabetes. In the present study, the effect of aerobic exercise, Berberine, and its combination on diabetes markers have been investigated considering the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise and Berberine in diabetes.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Compounds and Protection from Cardiovascular Diseases: A State of the Art

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beniamino Pagliaro ◽  
Caterina Santolamazza ◽  
Francesca Simonelli ◽  
Speranza Rubattu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Cardioprotective Effects ◽  
Reference Tool

Cardiovascular diseases represent a worldwide relevant socioeconomical problem. Cardiovascular disease prevention relies also on lifestyle changes, including dietary habits. The cardioprotective effects of several foods and dietary supplements in both animal models and in humans have been explored. It was found that beneficial effects are mainly dependent on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, also involving modulation of mitochondrial function. Resveratrol is one of the most studied phytochemical compounds and it is provided with several benefits in cardiovascular diseases as well as in other pathological conditions (such as cancer). Other relevant compounds areBrassica oleracea, curcumin, and berberine, and they all exert beneficial effects in several diseases. In the attempt to provide a comprehensive reference tool for both researchers and clinicians, we summarized in the present paper the existing literature on both preclinical and clinical cardioprotective effects of each mentioned phytochemical. We structured the discussion of each compound by analyzing, first, its cellular molecular targets of action, subsequently focusing on results from applications in both ex vivo and in vivo models, finally discussing the relevance of the compound in the context of human diseases.

Theobromine ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism via mTOR signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Wei ◽  
Shaofei Wu ◽  
Jie Liu ◽  
Xiaoqian Zhang ◽  
Xiaoling Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Mtor Signaling ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Mtor Signaling Pathway

Theobromine, a methylxanthine present in cocoa, has been shown to possess many beneficial pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory property, and anti-microbial activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of theobromine on NAFLD and the possible underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that theobromine reduced body weight, fat mass and improved dyslipidemia. Theobromine decreased liver weight, mitigated liver injury, and significantly reduced hepatic TG level in mice with obesity. Histological examinations also showed hepatic steatosis was alleviated after theobromine treatment. Furthermore, theobromine reversed the elevated mRNA and protein expression of SREBP-1c, FASN, CD36, FABP4 and the suppressed expression of PPARα, CPT1a in the liver of mice with obesity, which were responsible for lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake and fatty acid oxidation respectively. In vitro, theobromine also downregulated SREBP-1c, FASN, CD36, FABP4 and upregulated PPARα, CPT1a mRNA and protein levels in hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner, while these changes were reversed by L-Leucine, an mTOR agonist. The present study demonstrated that theobromine improved NAFLD by inhibiting lipogenesis, fatty acid uptake and promoting fatty acid oxidation in the liver and hepatocytes, which might be associated with its suppression of mTOR signaling pathway.

scholarly journals In Vivo Optical Metabolic Imaging of Long-Chain Fatty Acid Uptake in Orthotopic Models of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Megan C. Madonna ◽  
Joy E. Duer ◽  
Joyce V. Lee ◽  
Jeremy Williams ◽  
Baris Avsaroglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

Targeting a tumor’s metabolic dependencies is a clinically actionable therapeutic approach; however, identifying subtypes of tumors likely to respond remains difficult. The use of lipids as a nutrient source is of particular importance, especially in breast cancer. Imaging techniques offer the opportunity to quantify nutrient use in preclinical tumor models to guide development of new drugs that restrict uptake or utilization of these nutrients. We describe a fast and dynamic approach to image fatty acid uptake in vivo and demonstrate its relevance to study both tumor metabolic reprogramming directly, as well as the effectiveness of drugs targeting lipid metabolism. Specifically, we developed a quantitative optical approach to spatially and longitudinally map the kinetics of long-chain fatty acid uptake in in vivo murine models of breast cancer using a fluorescently labeled palmitate molecule, Bodipy FL c16. We chose intra-vital microscopy of mammary tumor windows to validate our approach in two orthotopic breast cancer models: a MYC-overexpressing, transgenic, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) model and a murine model of the 4T1 family. Following injection, Bodipy FL c16 fluorescence increased and reached its maximum after approximately 30 min, with the signal remaining stable during the 30–80 min post-injection period. We used the fluorescence at 60 min (Bodipy60), the mid-point in the plateau region, as a summary parameter to quantify Bodipy FL c16 fluorescence in subsequent experiments. Using our imaging platform, we observed a two- to four-fold decrease in fatty acid uptake in response to the downregulation of the MYC oncogene, consistent with findings from in vitro metabolic assays. In contrast, our imaging studies report an increase in fatty acid uptake with tumor aggressiveness (6NR, 4T07, and 4T1), and uptake was significantly decreased after treatment with a fatty acid transport inhibitor, perphenazine, in both normal mammary pads and in the most aggressive 4T1 tumor model. Our approach fills an important gap between in vitro assays providing rich metabolic information at static time points and imaging approaches visualizing metabolism in whole organs at a reduced resolution.

scholarly journals The Endogenous Growth Hormone Secretagogue (Ghrelin) Is Synthesized and Secreted by Chondrocytes

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 1285-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Caminos ◽  
O. Gualillo ◽  
F. Lago ◽  
M. Otero ◽  
M. Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Lines ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Scatchard Analysis ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Epiphyseal Growth Plate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Growth Hormone Secretagogue ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Gh Secretion

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand for the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), is a recently isolated hormone, prevalently expressed in stomach but also in other tissues such as hypothalamus and placenta. This novel acylated peptide acts at a central level to stimulate GH secretion and, notably, to regulate food intake. However, the existence of further, as yet unknown, effects or presence of ghrelin in peripheral tissues cannot be ruled out. In this report, we provide clear evidence for the expression of ghrelin peptide and mRNA in human, mouse, and rat chondrocytes. Immunoreactive ghrelin was identified by immunohistochemistry in rat cartilage, being localized prevalently in proliferative and maturative zone of the epiphyseal growth plate, and in mouse and human chondrocytic cell lines. Moreover, ghrelin mRNA was detected by RT-PCR and confirmed by Southern analysis in rat cartilage as well as in mouse and human chondrocytes cell lines. Ghrelin mRNA expression has been studied in rat along early life development showing a stable profile of expression throughout. Although ghrelin expression in chondrocytes suggests the presence of an unexpected autocrine/paracrine pathway, we failed to identify the functional GH secretagogue receptor type 1A by RT-PCR. On the other hand, binding analysis with 125I ghrelin suggests the presence of specific receptors different from the 1A isotype. Scatchard analysis revealed the presence of two receptors with respectively high and low affinity. Finally, ghrelin, in vitro, was able to significantly stimulate cAMP production and inhibits chondrocytes metabolic activity both in human and murine chondrocytes. In addition, ghrelin is able to actively decrease both spontaneous or insulin-induced long chain fatty acid uptake in human and mouse chondrocytes. This study is the first to provide evidence for the presence of this novel peptide in chondrocytes and suggests novel potential roles for this newly recognized component of the GH axis in cartilage metabolism.

scholarly journals Selenium in the Treatment of Graves’ Hyperthyroidism and Eye Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia Lanzolla ◽  
Michele Marinò ◽  
Claudio Marcocci
Keyword(s):  
Eye Disease ◽  
Antithyroid Drugs ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Orbital Tissue ◽  
Graves Orbitopathy ◽  
Antioxidant Agent

Based on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH) and Graves’ Orbitopathy (GO), a therapy with the antioxidant agent selenium has been proposed and a number of studies have been performed, both in vitro and in vivo. In GH, reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the thyroid and peripheral tissues damage. In GO, tissue hypoxia, as well as ROS, are involved in the typical changes that occur in fibroadipose orbital tissue and the perimysium of extraocular muscles. Antioxidants have been proposed to improve the effects of antithyroid drugs in GH patients, as well as the remodeling of orbital tissues in patients with GO. Here, we reviewed the literature on the possible beneficial effects and clinical use of selenium in the management of patients with GH and GO. A randomized clinical trial on the use of selenium in patients with mild GO provided evidence for a beneficial effect; no data are available on more severe forms of GO. Although the real effectiveness of selenium in patients with GH remains questionable, its use in the management of mild GO is generally believed to be beneficial, and selenium administration has been included in the clinical practice for the patients with mild eye disease.

Mechanism of oleoylethanolamide on fatty acid uptake in small intestine after food intake and body weight reduction

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. R235-R241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingkui Yang ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Keith E. Georgeson ◽  
Carroll M. Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Acid Uptake

The increase in the prevalence of human obesity highlights the need to identify molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in control of feeding and energy balance. Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenous lipid produced primarily in the small intestine, has been identified to play an important role in the regulation of animal food intake and body weight. Previous studies indicated that OEA activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, which is required to mediate the effects of appetite suppression, reduces blood lipid levels, and enhances peripheral fatty acid catabolism. However, the effect of OEA on enterocyte function is unclear. In this study, we have examined the effect of OEA on intestinal fatty acid uptake and FAT/CD36 expression in vivo and in vitro. We intraperitoneally administered OEA to rats and examined FAT/CD36 mRNA level and fatty acid uptake in enterocytes isolated from the proximal small intestine, as well as in adipocytes. Our results indicate that OEA treatment significantly increased FAT/CD36 mRNA expression in intestinal mucosa and isolated jejunal enterocytes. In addition, we also found that OEA treatment significantly increases fatty acid uptake in isolated enterocytes in vitro. These results suggest that in addition to appetite regulation, OEA may regulate body weight by altered peripheral lipid metabolism, including increased lipolysis in adipocytes and enhanced fatty acid uptake in enterocytes, both in conjunction with increased expression of FAT/CD36. This study may have important implications in understanding the mechanism of OEA in the regulation of fatty acid absorption in human physiological and pathophysiological conditions.

Z-ligustilide and n-Butylidenephthalide Isolated from the Aerial Parts of Angelica tenuissima Inhibit Lipid Accumulation In Vitro and In Vivo

Planta Medica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (09/10) ◽  
pp. 719-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wonseok Lee ◽  
Hye Ryoung Koo ◽  
You-Jin Choi ◽  
Jin Gyu Choi ◽  
Myung Sook Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Regulatory Element ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake

AbstractAbnormal lipid metabolism, such as increased fatty acid uptake and esterification, is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aqueous extract of the aerial part of Angelica tenuissima Nakai (ATX) inhibited high-fat diet–induced hepatic steatosis in mice as well as oleic acid–induced neutral lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. ATX decreased the mRNA and protein levels of CD36 and diglyceride acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), the maturation of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP), and the expression of the lipogenic target genes fasn and scd1. The ATX components, Z-ligustilide and n-butylidenephthalide, inhibited the expression of FATP5 and DGAT2 and thus oleic acid–induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. These results suggest that ATX and its active components Z-ligustilide and n-butylidenephthalide inhibit fatty acid uptake and esterification in mice and have potential as therapeutics for NAFLD.

scholarly journals In vivo optical metabolic imaging of long-chain fatty acid uptake in orthotopic models of triple negative breast cancer

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan C. Madonna ◽  
Joy E. Duer ◽  
Joyce V. Lee ◽  
Jeremy Williams ◽  
Baris Avsaroglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Fatty Acid Uptake ◽  
Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractTargeting a tumor’s metabolic dependencies is a clinically actionable therapeutic approach, but identifying subtypes of tumors likely to respond remains difficult. The use of lipids as a nutrient source is of particular importance, especially in breast cancer. Imaging techniques offer the opportunity to quantify nutrient use in preclinical models to aid in the development of new drugs to restrict uptake or utilization of these nutrients. We describe a fast and dynamic approach to image fatty acid uptake in vivo, a tool relevant to study tumor metabolic reprogramming or for studying the effectiveness of drugs targeting lipid metabolism spanning beyond breast cancer and optical imaging alone. Specifically, we developed a quantitative optical approach to spatially and longitudinally map the kinetics of long-chain fatty acid uptake in in vivo murine models of breast cancer using a fluorescently labeled palmitate molecule, Bodipy FL c16. We chose intra-vital microscopy of mammary tumor windows to validate our approach in two orthotopic breast cancer models: a MYC-overexpressing transgenic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) model and a murine model of the 4T1 family. Following injection, Bodipy FL c16 fluorescence increased and reached its maximum after approximately 30 minutes, with the signal remaining stable during the 30-80-minute post-injection period. We used the fluorescence at 60 minutes (Bodipy60), the mid-point in the plateau region, as a summary parameter to quantify Bodipy FL c16 fluorescence in subsequent experiments. Using our imaging platform, we observed a two- to four-fold decrease in fatty acid uptake in response to the downregulation of the MYC oncogene consistent with findings from in vitro metabolic assays. In contrast, our imaging studies report an increase in fatty acid uptake with tumor aggressiveness (6NR, 4T07, and 4T1), and uptake was significantly decreased after treatment with a fatty acid transport inhibitor, perphenazine, in both normal mammary pads and in the most aggressive 4T1 tumor model. Our approach fills an important gap between in vitro assays, which provide rich metabolic information but at static time points, and imaging approaches that can visualize metabolism in whole organs, but which suffer from poor resolution.

Phenolic Acids Exert Anticholinesterase and Cognition-Improving Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 531-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Szwajgier ◽  
Ewa Baranowska-Wojcik ◽  
Kamila Borowiec
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Amyloid Β Peptide ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Aβ Fibrils

Numerous authors have provided evidence regarding the beneficial effects of phenolic acids and their derivatives against Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, the role of phenolic acids as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is discussed, including the structure-activity relationship. In addition, the inhibitory effect of phenolic acids on the formation of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) fibrils is presented. We also cover the in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies concerning the prevention and treatment of the cognitive enhancement.

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