Positional Consumption and the Wedding Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 747-764
Author(s):  
Daniel Halliday ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Moral Status ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Personal Relationship ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
Personal Wealth

Recent decades have seen substantial increases in the average amount of money spent on wedding ceremonies in economically developed countries. This article develops an account of wedding expenditure as a form of positional competition where participation involves purchasing services in a market. The main emphasis is on the role that conspicuously expensive weddings can play in enabling certain kinds of signalling, most notably the signalling of commitment to a personal relationship and a distinct signalling of personal wealth. The analysis seeks to demonstrate how wedding expenditure is both similar to but distinct from the positional consumption associated with markets in other goods and services. While much of the work in this article is descriptive, it aims to complement more normatively engaged work on the moral status of marriage, and on the proper evaluation and response to excessive positional consumption.

Features of economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas of the region

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Suburban Areas ◽  
The World

The level of economic development of entrepreneurship in any country in the world is crucial in increasing the competitiveness of the national economy in the world market of goods and services. The activities of economic entities are the driving force for the sustainable development of regions and their suburban areas, and they also impact the welfare of population. The article dwells on the analysis of scientific approaches to the regulation of economic development of enterprises in suburban areas of the region. The article analyzes the scientific approaches to the regulation of economic development of enterprises in suburban areas of the region. According to the well-known classics of the fundamental economic theory of entrepreneurship development (A. Smith, D. Ricardo, V. Laungard, A. Loria) the peculiarities of economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban territories of the region are determined by the possibility of distribution of surplus production, minimum production costs per unit of production, availability of labor resources. In modern economic theory (M. Weber, A. Pre, S.M. Kimelberg, E. Williams, C. Vlachou, O. Iakovidou, J. van Dijk, P. Pellenbarg) the development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas of the region can be determined by institutional, innovation, technological, social, ecological and other features of the economy at the regional, state or world levels. The complex and comprehensive generalization of the features of economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas is proposed. There are (1) the type of decision taken by an enterprise to carry out business activities in the relevant suburban area of the region, and (2) the influence of internal and external factors on economic activity. The article argues that large enterprises are guided by more objective decision-making reasons, attaching the most importance to the physical and innovative environment. Medium and small enterprises are mainly focused on getting benefits for the entrepreneur in the short-term time period and location in the nearest geographic area. The attention was paid to the tools of ensuring economic development of entrepreneurship in suburban areas of the region, taking into account institutional changes in the national economy and the experience of developed countries of the world.

Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
V. Obolenskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Developed Countries

The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.

scholarly journals Assessment of Public Catering Development Key Factors in Russian Federation Regions

2018 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Keyword(s):  
System Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Tourist Industry ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Catering Industry ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
European Development ◽  
Internal And External Factors

The catering sector plays a prominent and important role in the economy of developed countries, the formation of employment, the development of small and medium-sized businesses, and the development of related industries. In this regard, an inefficient infrastructure ensuring the development of the catering system generates a number of risks associated with an insufficient level of demand supply and, ultimately, the loss of competitive positions of countries and regions at the international “platform” of the tourist industry. The current trends and catering sector development parameters in RF regions are characterized by the decrease of the tourism sector share in the turnover generation of provided goods and services, and the level of the catering infrastructure development that does not correspond to the trends of the dynamically developing tourist market, and European development parameters, weak investment activity, etc. These factors determine the need to develop the strategic models of the catering system development in RF regions, adapted to the current and future trends of the tourist industry development, as well as taking into account the changing macroeconomic trends of the national economy, which are formed under the influence of conjuncture internal and external factors and affecting the population consumer activity in the catering industry.

Health care of Cyprus

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Elena Vladimirovna Frolova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Reproductive Medicine ◽  
Medical Tourism ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Main Emphasis ◽  
On This Island ◽  
The World ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
High Level

In terms of its efficiency and accessibility, the health care of Cyprus is not inferior in many ways to the systems of medical care in a number of developed countries of the world. By placing the main emphasis on the organization of preventive care, the Cypriots were able to achieve quite a high level of life expectancy — 85 years for women and 81 years for men. Due to its excellent geographical position and mild climate, the country has a special attraction in terms of medical tourism, the most popular areas of which are plastic cosmetology, dentistry, and reproductive medicine. Foreigners who come for medical services have the opportunity not only to improve their health, but also to have a wonderful rest, enjoy Mediterranean cuisine, golden sandy beaches and blessed sunshine. Fortunately, nature provides all the opportunities for this — scientists say that at least 300 days a year are sunny on this island.

India and the Uruguay Round Trade Agreement

2019 ◽  
pp. 142-189
Author(s):  
Karthik Nachiappan
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Business Groups ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Gatt Round

In this chapter, I map how India negotiates agreements under GATT’s Uruguay Round by showing how protectionism by developed countries in the 1980s affected the Indian economy and particular sectors like textiles, agriculture and services, in turn, shaping their interests for more open trade. The arrival of a new GATT round served as an apt opportunity for the Ministry of Commerce, the institution that sought to alleviate constraints facing Indian exporters in these and other sectors influencing the pragmatic tack adopted at negotiations. India’s practical, yet sober, approach at the Uruguay Round was also influenced by domestic interest groups, specifically business groups and lobbies, who were keen to secure greater market access for their goods and services.

scholarly journals Introduction of environmental innovations in the Republic of Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01005
Author(s):  
Aigerim Kazhmuratova ◽  
Sandigul Akhmetkaliyeva ◽  
Aigul Boltaeva ◽  
Aisulu Moldabekova
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Technological Impact ◽  
The Republic ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Material Progress

This article discusses the widespread use by countries of environmental innovations and new technologies, which will soon bring serious economic and social changes to the life of all mankind. The need for radical changes in methods and means of environmental protection, which reduce the technological impact on the biosphere of the earth, and contributing to the preservation of human health, is shown. Under the conditions of technoglobalism, the development of environmental innovations brings serious economic and social changes to the life of all mankind, the transition of national economies to a system of qualitatively safe energy and environmental development. This is due to the fact that the planning and implementation of the material progress of society often does not take into account the ecological foundations of the coexistence of society and the environment. The modern concept of quality of life covers all aspects of the interaction between man and the environment, and ecology is becoming a priority for the development of innovative economies in developed countries. In this context, Kazakhstan intends to continue to work to stimulate and encourage innovation and investment in the environmentally friendly production of goods and services, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and apply climate-resilient technologies.

scholarly journals The Role of Local Governments in Supporting Creative Industries—A Conceptual Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 438
Author(s):  
Jan Fazlagić ◽  
Elżbieta Izabela Szczepankiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Administrative Units

Local government relates to the public administration of towns, cities, counties, and districts. One of the key responsibilities of local government is the administrative purpose of supplying goods and services. Local governments should also represent and involve citizens in determining specific local public needs and how these local needs can be met. As the structure of gross domestic product (GDP) in many countries across the world changes, so do the expectations towards the role of local governments as far as supporting local economic growth is concerned. The administrative purpose involves creating conducive conditions for economic development. Statistical figures show that the share of the creative economy in the GDP of the most developed countries is steadily increasing. New economic sectors such as “creative industries” pose a challenge to local governments. In this paper, we present a conceptual model for measuring the efforts of local governments in developing and supporting the creative industries. The model proposed by the authors allows for the comparison of smaller administrative units such as counties regarding their advancement and commitment to supporting creative industries.

EXPORT, ECONOMIC GROWTH AND CAUSALITY – A CASE FOR INDIA.

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28
Author(s):  
Shamurailatpam Sofia Devi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The Real ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Main Emphasis

This paper examines the causal relationship between the real GDP and the total export of goods and services produced in India during the period 1990-91 to 2011-12. The main emphasis is to substantiate the importance of exports in the growth process of Indian economy after the economic reforms taken up in the early part of the 90s’ In other words, the study is to see the validity of economic strategy of export-led growth in case of India. The empirical findings of the study indicated that there is a bi-directional causality between GDP and export of the economy. And the hypothesis that export-led-growth is valid in case of the Indian economy for the period under study.

Environmental and Climate Change Issues in Africa

2014 ◽  
pp. 602-619
Author(s):  
Tomonori Sudo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Goods ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Global Environmental Problems ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Environmental Capital ◽  
Capital Value ◽  
Environmental Goods And Services

Africa’s environmental capital is an asset for African people. However, Africa’s ecological footprint is increasing and is close to exceeding the continent’s biocapacity. Therefore, shifting to “green growth” is an option to achieve sustainable development, and Africa is well placed to generate benefits from existing environmental capital and latecomer’s advantage. One challenge is how to realize the conversion of environmental capital value into economic value. The valuation of environmental goods and services is a challenge. However, Africa faces the risk of global environmental problems, such as climate change. Even though Africa’s greenhouse gas emissions are limited compared to developed countries and emerging economies, climate change may have a more severe impact. Although the scale and impact of climate change is uncertain, it will lead to the loss of accumulated developmental benefit for Africa. This issue has been long debated, but no best solution has been identified, so further studies are necessary.

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