Characterization of CXCR4 Expression in Chondrosarcoma of Bone

2011 ◽  
Vol 135 (6) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuting Bai ◽  
Dezhi Wang ◽  
Michael J. Klein ◽  
Gene P. Siegal
Keyword(s):  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Staining Intensity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cxcr4 Expression ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Neoplastic Progression ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Potential Marker

Abstract Context.—Alterations in molecular elements derived from the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)/stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) cytokine system have been found to strongly correlate with neoplastic progression leading to metastasis in a number of tumors, including osteosarcoma. Excluding hematologic malignancies, chondrosarcoma of bone is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone in adults in the United States. Like osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma preferentially metastasizes to lung, bone, and very rarely to regional lymph nodes. However, the role of the signal pathway(s) driving neoplastic progression in chondrosarcoma has not yet been clearly elucidated. Objective.—To test whether CXCR4 was detectable in chondrosarcoma and whether CXCR4 expression levels correlated with chondrosarcoma grade. Design.—Twenty-two chondrosarcoma samples banked at our institution between 2001 and 2006 were retrieved for study. By using invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast and osteosarcoma as the positive controls, immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections and the intensity of the tumor cells was analyzed by morphometric techniques. Results.—All chondrosarcoma cases (22 of 22) were immunoreactive for CXCR4. However, the staining intensity of the CXCR4 between the low- and high-grade groups was significantly different. There was a higher staining intensity in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells (P < .001). Conclusion.—CXCR4 is expressed in chondrosarcomas. CXCR4 expression levels were higher in high-grade chondrosarcoma cells than in low-grade specimens. A larger number of cases will be required to confirm these results and expand the observation, but preliminary data would argue for CXCR4 immunohistochemistry as a potential marker for biologic aggressiveness in chondrosarcoma of bone.

scholarly journals Analysis of EGFR and HER-2 expressions in ductal carcinomas in situ in canine mammary glands

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L.D. Silva ◽  
A.P.M. Dias ◽  
A.C. Bertagnolli ◽  
G.D. Cassali ◽  
E. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Neoplastic Progression ◽  
Her 2 ◽  
Epidermal Growth ◽  
Ductal Carcinomas

Biomolecular evidence has shown that ductal carcinoma in situ(DCIS) may develop into invasive carcinoma of the canine mammary gland, and mutations in proto-oncogenes HER2 and EGFR; two members of the family of epidermal growth factor receptors, may be involved in this process. The purpose of this study was the characterization of the immunohistochemical expression of the EGFR and HER2 proteins in the process of neoplastic transformation, supposedly present in ductal carcinomas in situin canine mammary glands. Fifteen cases of DCIS were evaluated, with a higher expression of HER2 and EGFR being observed in low-grade carcinomas when compared with high-grade neoplasms, and with a high positive statistical correlation in the latter. Results suggest that aggressive tumors tend to lose the expression of EGFR and HER2 simultaneously. The loss of the expression of these markers may be related to the process of neoplastic progression in canine mammary tumors.

scholarly journals Stereotactic Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy in Ductal Carcinoma in situ: Residual Microcalcifications and Intraoperative Findings

Breast Care ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 386-391
Author(s):  
Benedict Krischer ◽  
Serafino Forte ◽  
Gad Singer ◽  
Rahel A. Kubik-Huch ◽  
Cornelia Leo
Keyword(s):  
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Invasive Cancer ◽  
Histopathological Diagnosis ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Surgical Specimen

Purpose: The question of overtreatment of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was raised because a significant proportion of especially low-grade DCIS lesions never progress to invasive cancer. The rationale for the present study was to analyze the value of stereotactic vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) for complete removal of DCIS, focusing on the relationship between the absence of residual microcalcifications after stereotactic VAB and the histopathological diagnosis of the definitive surgical specimen. Patients and Methods: Data of 58 consecutive patients diagnosed with DCIS by stereotactic VAB in a single breast center between 2012 and 2017 were analyzed. Patient records from the hospital information system were retrieved, and mammogram reports and images as well as histopathology reports were evaluated. The extent of microcalcifications before and after biopsy as well as the occurrence of DCIS in biopsy and definitive surgical specimens were analyzed and correlated. Results: There was no correlation between the absence of residual microcalcifications in the post-biopsy mammogram and the absence of residual DCIS in the final surgical specimen (p = 0.085). Upstaging to invasive cancer was recorded in 4 cases (13%) but occurred only in the group that had high-grade DCIS on biopsy. Low-grade DCIS was never upgraded to high-grade DCIS in the definitive specimen. Conclusions: The radiological absence of microcalcifications after stereotactic biopsy does not rule out residual DCIS in the final surgical specimen. Since upstaging to invasive cancer is seen in a substantial proportion of high-grade DCIS, the surgical excision of high-grade DCIS should remain the treatment of choice.

Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment of Prostate Cancer

2012 ◽  
pp. e35-e39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Surveillance Strategy ◽  
Psa Testing ◽  
Prostate Cancer Prevention

Overview: Prostate cancer is a ubiquitous disease, affecting as many as two-thirds of men in their 60s. Through widespread prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, increasing rates of prostate biopsy, and increased sampling of the prostate, a larger fraction of low-grade, low-volume tumors have been detected, consistent with tumors often found at autopsy. These tumors have historically been treated in a manner similar to that used for higher-grade tumors but, more recently, it has become evident that with a plan of active surveillance that reserves treatment for only those patients whose tumors show evidence of progression, very high disease-specific survival can be achieved. Unfortunately, the frequency of recommendation of an active surveillance strategy in the United States is low. An alternative strategy to improve prostate cancer detection is through selected biopsy of those men who are at greater risk of harboring high-grade, potentially lethal cancer. This strategy is currently possible through the use of risk assessment tools such as the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial Risk Calculator ( www.prostate.cancer.risk.calculator.com ) as well as others. These tools can predict with considerable accuracy a man's risk of low-grade and high-grade cancer, allowing informed decision making for the patient with a goal of detection of high-risk disease. Ultimately, other biomarkers including PCA3, TMPRSS2:ERG, and [-2]proPSA will likely aid in discriminating these two types of cancer before biopsy.

scholarly journals Incidence and Survival Among Young Women With Stage I–III Breast Cancer: SEER 2000–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Thomas ◽  
Anthony Rhoads ◽  
Elizabeth Pinkerton ◽  
Mary C Schroeder ◽  
Kristin M Conway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Survival Data ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer

Abstract Background Although recent findings suggest that de novo stage IV breast cancer is increasing in premenopausal women in the United States, contemporary incidence and survival data are lacking for stage I–III cancer. Methods Women aged 20–29 (n = 3826), 30–39 (n = 34 585), and 40–49 (n = 126 552) years who were diagnosed with stage I–III breast cancer from 2000 to 2015 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 registries database. Age-adjusted, average annual percentage changes in incidence and 5- and 10-year Kaplan-Meier survival curves were estimated by race and ethnicity, stage, and hormone receptor (HR) status and grade (low to well and moderately differentiated; high to poorly and undifferentiated) for each age decade. Results The average annual percentage change in incidence was positive for each age decade and was highest among women aged 20–29 years. Increased incidence was driven largely by HR+ cancer, particularly HR+ low-grade cancer in women aged 20–29 and 40–49 years. By 2015, incidence of HR+ low- and high-grade cancer each independently exceeded incidence of HR− cancer in each age decade. Survival for HR+ low- and high-grade cancer decreased with decreasing age; survival for HR− cancer was similar across age decades. Among all women aged 20–29 years, 10-year survival for HR+ high-grade cancer was lower than that for HR+ low-grade or HR− cancer. Among women aged 20–29 years with stage I cancer, 10-year survival was lowest for HR+ high-grade cancer. Conclusions HR+ breast cancer is increasing in incidence among premenopausal women, and HR+ high-grade cancer was associated with reduced survival among women aged 20–29 years. Our findings can help guide further evaluation of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for breast cancer among premenopausal women.

Uterine Sarcomas: Histology and Its Implications on Therapy

2012 ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martee L. Hensley
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Metastatic Disease ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good Prognosis ◽  
Uterine Sarcoma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Limited Disease ◽  
Uterine Sarcomas

Overview: Uterine sarcomas are rare cancers, they comprise only 5% of all uterine malignancies. There are about 2,000 cases of uterine sarcoma diagnosed annually in the United States. Uterine sarcomas may be categorized as either favorable-risk, low-grade malignancies with a relatively good prognosis or as poor-risk, high-grade cancers that carry a high risk for tumor recurrence and disease progression. Expert histologic review is critical for appropriate diagnosis and management. Uterine sarcoma histologies considered to carry a more favorable prognosis include low-grade endometrial stromal sarcomas and adenosarcomas. The high-grade sarcomas include high-grade leiomyosarcomas, high-grade undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas, and adenosarcomas with sarcomatous overgrowth. The favorable histology, low-grade uterine sarcomas may be cured with surgical resection of uterus-limited disease. These tumors are often hormone-sensitive, and treatment with hormonal therapies may be efficacious for patients with advanced, unresectable disease. High-grade uterine leiomyosarcomas and undifferentiated endometrial sarcomas carry a high risk for recurrence, even after complete resection of uterus-limited disease. No adjuvant intervention has been shown to improve survival outcomes. Advanced, metastatic disease is generally treated with systemic cytotoxic therapies, which may result in objective response but is not curative. Selected patients with isolated metastatic disease and a long disease-free interval may benefit from metastatectomy.

The Nuclear Orphan Receptors NR4A1 and NR4A3 as Putative Tumour Suppressor Genes in Aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 2967-2967
Author(s):  
Alexander JA Deutsch ◽  
Christine Beham-Schmid ◽  
Werner Linkesch ◽  
Peter Neumeister
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Tumour Suppressor ◽  
Lymphoma Cell ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Orphan Receptors ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Fas L

Abstract Abstract 2967 Poster Board II-943 NR4A1 (Nur77, TR3, or NGFI-B), NR4A2 (Nurr1 or RNR-1) and NR4A3 (Nor-1 or Minor) are three members of the orphan nuclear hormone receptor (NR) family referred to as Nur77 family. These orphan NRs have been implicated in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, inflammation, and more recently in carcinogenesis. The most convincing evidence that nuclear orphan receptors function as critical tumour suppressors is the observation that the NR4A1 and NR4A3 double knock out mouse develop rapidly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involving abnormal expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitors, decreased expression of the AP-1 transcription factors JunB and c-Jun and defective extrinsic apoptotic (Fas-L and TRAIL) signalling. Because the NR4A1, NR4A2 and NR4A3 expression and their function in mature B-cell neoplasmas and ALL are unknown, we performed a comprehensive expression analyses on frozen tissue samples of the most common B-cell lymphomas and lymphoma cell lines on mRNA and protein levels using semi-quantitative real-time PCR and Western Blot analyses. Samples of peripheral CD19+ B-cells, hyperplastic lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy, LA) and CD77+ germinal center B-cells (GC B-cells), and mantle cells isolated from tonsils of healthy donors served as controls. Samples of AML with known reductions in NR4A levels were included as negative control. Comparing the NR4As expression on mRNA and protein level of each hematologic malignancy to peripheral CD19+ cells, LAs and to their cell of origin, significantly reduced expression levels for NR4A1 and NR4A3 were found in all lymphoma cell lines analysed (Ly 1, 3, 4, 7 and 8), in two of eight “low grade lymphoma” entities (B-CLL and follicular lymphomas grade II (=FLII)) and in three of five “high grade lymphoma” entities (diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (=DLBCL), FL III, mantle cell lymphomas (=MCL)) as well as in acute lymphatic leukemia (=ALL) (p<0.01). The magnitude of reduction in NR4A1 and NR4A3 expression in high grade lymphomas equalled those previously described for AML suggesting a similar biologic effect. To gain knowledge whether the reduced NR4A1 and NR4A3 expression has any impact on NR4A target genes, we analyzed the mRNA expression of two members of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, namely Fas-L and TRAIL. TRAIL was significantly lower expressed in the “low grade lymphoma” entities (B-CLL and FLII) and in the “high grade lymphoma” entities (BL, DLBCL, FL III and MCL) compared to normal controls (p<0.01). Bim and Puma, two members of the BH3 only proteins inducing apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway during B cell development, were also significantly lower expressed in the “high grade lymphoma” entities (DLBCL and FL III) and Bim additionally in FLII (p<0.01). When correlating the NR4A1 and NR4A3 expression levels to Fas-L, TRAIL, Bim and Puma expression, a significant positive correlation was observed suggesting that reduced NR4A1 and NR4A3 expression may result in a reduction of extrinsic apoptotic signals. Our data suggests that NR4A1 and NR4A3 act as putative tumour suppressor in a substantial number of lymphoma entities and that their abrogation leads to a defective extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signalling. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Prognostic significance of obesity in high-grade serous carcinoma of the ovary

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e16528-e16528 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schlumbrecht ◽  
D. Urbauer ◽  
D. Gershenson ◽  
R. Broaddus
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Neoadjuvant Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Serous Carcinoma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade

e16528 Background: Obesity is an epidemic public health problem in the United States. In gynecologic oncology, obesity is an established risk factor for endometrial cancer. However, its role in the pathogenesis and survival in ovarian cancer is debated. Recent studies have attempted to elucidate a possible relationship, but variations in design and heterogeneity in patient characteristics make it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. The purpose of our study was to determine if body mass index at the time of treatment initiation for high grade serous ovarian carcinoma has an effect on patient outcome. Methods: Nine-hundred four patients treated for ovarian cancer at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center were identified between 2002 and 2007. Patients were excluded for low grade or non-serous histology, neoadjuvant treatment, or if presenting with recurrent disease. Clinicopathologic data were extracted by retrospective chart review. Patients were stratified by body mass index (BMI) as normal (BMI<25), overweight (BMI 25-<30), or obese (BMI>30). All were treated with primary cytoreduction and standard platinum/taxane chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was dosed using adjusted body weights. Outcomes included time to recurrence, overall survival, success of surgical debulking, and chemotherapeutic toxicities. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test, Wilcoxon test, and Kaplan-Meier estimates. Results: A total of 127 patients were included for analysis. Patients were followed for a mean of 37 months (range 3–86 months). Twenty-one patients were obese (16.5%), and 35 were overweight (27.5%). Diabetes was more prevalent in the obese cohort (p = 0.0038). There was a trend towards greater likelihood of suboptimal debulking in obese patients, but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.06). BMI had no effect on recurrence-free survival (HR 0.69 [CI 0.39–1.23], p = 0.21) or overall survival (HR 0.95 [CI 0.68–2.43], p = 0.91). There was no difference in chemotherapy side effects or chemoresistance across BMI strata. Conclusions: Body mass index has no effect on survival in women with high grade serous ovarian cancer. Effectively managing comorbidities and ensuring adequate chemotherapy dosing in the obese patient is crucial for optimizing outcome. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Harnessing IMGN853-mediated cell cytoxicity response by modulating FRα expression in ovarian cancer.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e17061-e17061
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Wei Wei ◽  
Sam Lauffer ◽  
Giulia Fulci ◽  
Michael J. Birrer
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Therapeutic Window ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cancer Drugs ◽  
Phase I Clinical Trials ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Resistant Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Anti Cancer

e17061 Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death among women in the United States. Standard treatment includes debulking surgery followed by platinum based chemotherapy. While most tumors respond to this treatment, 70% of the tumors recur and develop into a chemo-resistant disease. There is a need for new therapies targeting recurrent chemoresistant OC. To address this need, Mirvetuximab Soravtansine (ImmunoGen, Waltham, MA) has developed an antigen-drug conjugate (ADC) containing DM4, a highly potent maytansinoid derivative that induces the cell cycle arrest, conjugated to an antibody targeting folate receptor alpha (FRα). Mirvetuximab Soravtansine (IMGN853), was tested in Phase I clinical trials on women with recurrent OC and showed low grade toxicity profile and activity in platinum-resistant disease. The goal of this study is to characterize the mechanism(s) leading to IMGN853 resistance in OC and test whether anticancer drugs targeting these mechanisms could be used in combination with IMGN853 for an additive/synergistic therapeutic effect. Methods: In vitro experiments were performed to detect and modulate FRα expression. Results: We show that sensitivity of OC cell lines to IMGN853 correlates with the expression levels of FRα (R = 0.82). Long-term exposure of sensitive cells to sublethal doses of IMGN853 induces drug resistance which correlates with decreased FRα expression. Anti-cancer drugs such as dexamethasone (Dex), which induces glucocorticoid receptors, or epigenetic modulators (Trichostatin A and 5-Azacytidine) induce FRα expression in SKOV3 and OVCAR8 OC cells, suggesting the possibility to use these drugs to maintain sensitivity of OC cells to IMGN853 and increase its therapeutic window. The therapeutic benefits of combining each of these drugs with IMGN853 will be further tested in mice using ovarian cancer patients’ derived xenografts with different FRα expression levels. Conclusions: These findings have clinical implications as they indicate that OC sensitivity to IMGN853 is modulated in part by changes in FRα levels. Resistance to this drug may be overcome by simultaneous treatment with Dex or other anti-cancer drugs such as TSA or AZA.

scholarly journals Vasectomy and Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer: A 24-Year Follow-Up Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (27) ◽  
pp. 3033-3038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohummad Minhaj Siddiqui ◽  
Kathryn M. Wilson ◽  
Mara M. Epstein ◽  
Jennifer R. Rider ◽  
Neil E. Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Increased Risk

Purpose Conflicting reports remain regarding the association between vasectomy, a common form of male contraception in the United States, and prostate cancer risk. We examined prospectively this association with extended follow-up and an emphasis on advanced and lethal disease. Patients and Methods Among 49,405 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, age 40 to 75 years at baseline in 1986, 6,023 patients with prostate cancer were diagnosed during the follow-up to 2010, including 811 lethal cases. In total, 12,321 men (25%) had vasectomies. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs of total, advanced, high-grade, and lethal disease, with adjustment for a variety of possible confounders. Results Vasectomy was associated with a small increased risk of prostate cancer overall (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.17). Risk was elevated for high-grade (Gleason score 8 to 10; RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.45) and lethal disease (death or distant metastasis; RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.43). Among a subcohort of men receiving regular prostate-specific antigen screening, the association with lethal cancer was stronger (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.36). Vasectomy was not associated with the risk of low-grade or localized disease. Additional analyses suggested that the associations were not driven by differences in sex hormone levels, sexually transmitted infections, or cancer treatment. Conclusion Our data support the hypothesis that vasectomy is associated with a modest increased incidence of lethal prostate cancer. The results do not appear to be due to detection bias, and confounding by infections or cancer treatment is unlikely.

scholarly journals CREB3L1 and PTN expressions correlate with prognosis of brain glioma patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li-qiang Liu ◽  
Li-fei Feng ◽  
Cheng-rui Nan ◽  
Zong-mao Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Survival Time ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
High Grade Glioma ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Brain Glioma ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
High Grade Gliomas

The present study was conducted to investigate the clinical significance of cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 (CREB3L1) and pleiotrophin (PTN) expression in prognosis of patients with brain gliomas. Human brain tissue samples were collected from normal glial tissues (control), low- and high-grade glioma tissues. CREB3L1 and PTN expression levels in cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and population distribution of the CREB3L1- and PTN-presenting patients was examined. The CREB3L1 and PTN mRNA expression levels in three types of the brain cells was determined by RT-PCR. Survival rates for population of the CREB3L1- and PTN-presenting patients were examined. CREB3L1+ cell counts were decreased with increased PTN+ cells in the low-grade and high-grade glioma tissues as compared with the control. Population proportion of the CREB3L1+-presenting patients decreased from the control to the high-grade glioma and the population of the PTN+-presenting patients increased in low- and high-grade gliomas as compared with the control (both P<0.05). The decrease in the CREB3L1 mRNA expression was associated with the increase in the PTN mRNA expression in the low- and high-grade gliomas (P<0.05). Survival time for patients with CREB3L1− and PTN+ gliomas was shorter than patients with CREB3L1+ and PTN− gliomas in the investigated cohorts (both P<0.05). There was a relationship between the expression levels of both proteins and survival time. CREB3L1 and PTN expression levels serve as biomarkers with utility in grading gliomas. Absence of CREB3L1 and presence of PTN in brain glioma cells correlate with survival time of the glioma patients.

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