The Effect of 3.2% and 3.8% Sodium Citrate on Specialized Coagulation Tests

Context.— Coagulation testing is challenging and depends on preanalytic factors, including the citrate buffer concentration used. Objective.— To better estimate preanalytic effects of the citrate buffer concentration in use, the difference between results obtained by samples with 3.2% and 3.8% citrate was evaluated. Design.— In a prospective observational study with 76 volunteers, differences related to the citrate concentration were evaluated. For both buffer concentrations, reference range intervals were established according to the recommendations of the C28-A3 guideline published by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Results.— In our reagent-analyzer settings, most parameters evaluated presented good comparability between citrated samples taken with 3.2% and 3.8% trisodium buffer. The ellagic acid containing activated partial thromboplastin time reagent (aPTT-FS) indicated a systemic and proportional difference between both buffer concentrations, leading to an alteration in its reference ranges. Further, a confirmation test for lupus anticoagulant assessment (Staclot LA) showed only a moderate correlation (rρ = 0.511) with a proportional deviation between both citrate concentrations. Further, a statistically significant difference was found in the diluted Russell viper venom time confirmation testing, coagulation factors V and VIII, and the protein C activity, which was found to be of minor clinical relevance. Conclusions.— With caution regarding the potential impact of the reagent-analyzer combination, our findings demonstrate the comparability of data assessed with 3.2% and 3.8% buffered citrated plasma. As an exception, the aPTT-FS and the Staclot LA assay were considerably affected by the citrate concentration used. Further studies are required to confirm our finding using different reagent-analyzer combinations.

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Various glycolysis inhibitor-containing tubes for glucose measurement cannot be used interchangeably due to clinically unacceptable biases between them

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) ◽

10.1515/cclm-2017-0279 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 56 (2) ◽

pp. 236-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Andrea Saracevic ◽

Lora Dukic ◽

Gordana Juricic ◽

Lara Milevoj Kopcinovic ◽

Gorana Mirosevic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Sample ◽

Glucose Measurement ◽

Friedman Test ◽

Potassium Oxalate ◽

Citrate Buffer ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Patients With Diabetes ◽

Heparin Plasma ◽

Glycolysis Inhibitor ◽

The Difference

Abstract Background: The aim of our study was to determine the difference between glucose concentration measured 30 min after venipuncture in ice-chilled heparin plasma sample and all currently available citrate buffer-containing tubes (Greiner Glucomedics, Greiner FC Mix and Sarstedt GlucoEXACT) and still widely used sodium fluoride/potassium oxalate (NaF/Kox) tubes from Greiner. Methods: Blood was collected from 20 healthy volunteers and 20 patients with diabetes into LiH, NaF/KOx, Glucomedics, FC mix and GlucoEXACT tubes. Glucose was measured within 30 min from blood sampling in duplicate on the Architect c8000 analyzer. Mean biases between all tube types were calculated and compared to the recommended criteria (1.95%). Additionally, glucose concentrations measured in all five tube types were compared using the Friedman test. Results: In the entire studied population, glucose concentrations measured in Glucomedics, FC mix and GlucoEXACT were higher (7.3%, 3.2% and 2.0%, respectively) than in the ice-chilled LiH tubes. When all glycolysis inhibitor-containing tubes were compared, Glucomedics tubes significantly differed from GlucoEXACT and FC mix tubes (biases −4.9% and 4.0%, respectively). In addition, there was a significant difference between the NaF/KOx tube and Glucomedics, as well as FC mix tubes (biases 7.1% and 3.0%, respectively). Conclusions: Glucose concentrations measured in recommended ice-chilled lithium heparin- and citrate buffer-containing tubes are not comparable. Significant biases exist between various glycolysis inhibitor-containing tubes; therefore, they cannot be used interchangeably.

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An assessment of nasal and orbital parameters in human fetuses

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20171243 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 1445

Author(s):

Musa Acar ◽

Ahmet Salbacak ◽

Aynur E. Çiçekcibaşı ◽

Mustafa Büyükmumcu ◽

Tahir K. Şahin

Keyword(s):

Nasal Bone ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Orbital Parameters ◽

Biparietal Diameter ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Nasal Bone Length ◽

The Difference ◽

The Right ◽

Turkish Community

Background: Nasal bone aplasia and hypoplasia have been reported on fetuses with aneuploidy. Trisomy 21 is one of the most common chromosomal abnormality detected in new-borns. The purpose of our study is to obtain data of some face parameters in Turkish fetal population and to contribute creation of reference ranges that may be used for prenatal diagnosis.Methods: This study was performed in 66 spontaneously aborted fetuses (47 second trimester and 19 third trimester) (28 male and 38 female) with no detectable external pathology or anomalies. Measurements were designed as nasal bone length (NBL), nose length (NL), nose width (NW), nostril width (NsW), intraocular distance (IOD), innercanthal distance (ICD), outercanthal distance (OCD), orbital diameter (OD), biparietal diameter (BPD).Results: In comparison between genders, ICD and BPD averages were found significantly higher in male fetuses than female fetuses (P<0.05). There was not any statistically significant difference between averages of the values on the right and left. The difference between second and the third trimester was significant in terms of all parameters (P<0.05). A strong correlation was detected between gestational age and our parameters.Conclusions: Present study has contributed to create reference ranges of Turkish community. When importance of early diagnosis is considered, we believe that this data will be useful for clinicians.

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Usefulness of a New Polymer Sampling Tube for Coagulation Testing in Untreated Patients and in Patients on Traditional Anticoagulant Therapy. Results of a Multicentre Evaluation.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v104.11.3974.3974 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 104 (11) ◽

pp. 3974-3974 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pierre A. Toulon ◽

Marie-Francoise Aillaud ◽

Dominique Arnoux ◽

Benedicte Delahousse ◽

Celine Gourmel

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Coagulation System ◽

Blood Collection ◽

Anticoagulant Treatment ◽

Citrate Concentration ◽

Coagulation Testing ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Glass Tubes ◽

The Impact ◽

Polymer Tubes

Abstract For years, laboratories have used evacuated glass tubes for blood collection. To improve the safety of blood collection, plastic tubes have been developed but various interactions with the coagulation system and/or antithrombotic drugs were reported with the first generation of such tubes. The aim of this multicentre study was to compare the results of different coagulation parameters measured in evacuated polymer (polyethylene terephtalate outer layer and polypropylene inner layer) tubes (Vacuette®, Greiner Bio-One) containing two different citrate concentrations (0.109 M and 0.129 M) with those measured in evacuated siliconized glass tubes (Vacutainer®, Becton-Dickinson) containing the same citrate concentrations. In addition, the impact of aging of the polymer tube was investigated by collecting blood samples in tubes at 11 months (beginning of shelf life=BSL) and at 1 month (end of shelf life=ESF) from expiry (only evaluated using the 0.109 M citrate concentration). A single batch of the different tubes was used in the present study. For that purpose, blood was drawn in the 5 participating centers from untreated patients (n=60), patients on oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT, n=168), and patients treated with either unfractionated heparin (UFH, n=123) or a low molecular weight derivative (LMWH, n=106). The sampling order of the different tubes was randomly defined. Prothrombin time (PT) or INR, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), factor V as well as anti-Xa activity (when applicable) were performed in each center using its own routine techniques, immediately after centrifugation. Coagulation activation markers i.e. thrombin-antithrombin complexes (TAT) and prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) were analyzed in a subset of untreated patients (n=30) after centralization in a single center. In addition, the stability of the samples was evaluated for the routine tests over a 6-hour period in untreated patients. The results of the coagulation tests were significantly different in polymer and glass tubes, from an analytical point of view (paired Student’s T-test). However, the difference was without any clinical relevance (Bland-Altman analysis), whatever the citrate concentration and the patients group. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the results obtained in BSL and ESL polymer tubes. Interestingly, the plasma levels of TAT and F1+2 were significantly lower when blood was drawn in the polymer tubes for both citrate concentrations, even if the markers remained within the expected range in all cases. A significant evolution of the results, comparable for all types of tubes, was demonstrated for PT, APTT and FV over the 6-hour period. These results suggest that samples collected into the Vacuette® polymer tubes allow accurate routine coagulation testing both in untreated patients and in patients on traditional anticoagulant treatment during the whole shelf life indicated by the manufacturer. In addition, the observation of a lower activation of the coagulation system in the polymer tubes than in the glass tubes, containing a similar citrate concentration, deserves to be further investigated.

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Honing in on the Range: Using the Electronic Medical Record to Establish Normal Reference Ranges for Pediatric Coagulation Testing

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v126.23.4450.4450 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 126 (23) ◽

pp. 4450-4450 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kandace Gollomp ◽

Abinaya Arulselvan ◽

Maria Tanzer ◽

Susan Shibutani ◽

Michele P Lambert

Keyword(s):

Reference Range ◽

Reference Intervals ◽

Reference Ranges ◽

Routine Testing ◽

Normal Reference ◽

Normal Ranges ◽

Coagulation Testing ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Laboratory Reference ◽

And Gender

Abstract Laboratories typically validate testing for prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) by collecting samples from 21 to 50 healthy individuals and using the mean value, plus or minus two standard deviations, to establish a normal reference range. It is more difficult to establish pediatric reference intervals because parents are often unwilling to volunteer their children for unnecessary blood draws. At our institution, a large, tertiary care pediatric academic center, it has been our practice to establish normal coagulation test ranges by collecting extra blood from approximately 50 children getting blood drawn for other reasons. Since well children typically require blood draws at very limited times, such as the 9-12 month well visit screen, our ranges have been based on a disproportionately large percentage of very young children. We worried that this may have resulted in an inappropriately narrow reference range for the PT in our lab as we noted a large number of otherwise healthy children referred for evaluation of a mildly prolonged PT who were found to have normal factor levels, reassuring bleeding histories and unremarkable coagulation workups. We sought to address this issue by interrogating our current reference ranges for PT and aPTT by using our electronic medical record (EMR). On reviewing the literature, we have found no published reports of another institution using the EMR to validate normal laboratory reference intervals. We believe that this method has several advantages. It has permitted us to collect data from a larger and more diverse cohort of pediatric patients and allowed us to investigate appropriate reference ranges for age and gender specific groups of patients. To carry out this study, two pediatric hematologists reviewed de-identified laboratory data obtained during routine testing from 2012-2014, along with associated medical diagnoses, on pediatric outpatients, ages 2 to 23 years, at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. 265 patient samples were identified as appropriate for study inclusion. Patients were excluded if they had an underlying medical condition or were taking medications that might lead to alterations in coagulation testing. The previously established normal reference ranges for PT and aPTT were 11.6-13.8 and 22-36 seconds respectively. Using data obtained from the EMR, we found similar reference ranges for the aPTT at 25-38 seconds, and a narrowed ranged for the PT at 12.9 to 13.9 seconds. We were able to stratify by age and gender and while we found that there was no significant difference between the normal ranges of PT and aPTT for boys and girls, we did find that there was a significant difference in the ranges of the PT when patients were divided by age. The range for PT in children age of 2-11 years was 12.5-13.6 seconds while the range for children 12-23 years was 13.05 -13.9 seconds (p<0.01). The PT in the younger children was narrower and not normally distributed, while in the older children, it was normally distributed but significantly wider with a much higher upper limit. Interestingly, there was no significant difference in the range of aPTTs for children of different ages. We anticipate that in the future, it will be possible to use the increasingly vast quantity of data stored in EMRs to establish more accurate laboratory reference ranges for unique subgroups of patients. We hope that this information will eventually allow us to precisely identify abnormal lab results and minimize additional testing that is often medically unnecessary, expensive and anxiety provoking. Using the EMR may be a way to validate normal ranges in a laboratory performing routine testing on pediatric specimens. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Disclosures Lambert: GSK: Consultancy; NovoNordisk: Honoraria; Hardin Kundla McKeon & Poletto: Consultancy.

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Investigation of the Molecular Mechanism of Coagulopathy in Severe and Critical Patients With COVID-19

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.762782 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Elieh Ali Komi ◽

Yaghoub Rahimi ◽

Rahim Asghari ◽

Reza Jafari ◽

Javad Rasouli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Mechanism ◽

Protein C ◽

Degradation Products ◽

Protein S ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Fibrin Degradation Products ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Coagulation Tests ◽

Critical Patients ◽

D Dimer

Coagulopathy is a frequently reported finding in the pathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, the molecular mechanism, the involved coagulation factors, and the role of regulatory proteins in homeostasis are not fully investigated. We explored the dynamic changes of nine coagulation tests in patients and controls to propose a molecular mechanism for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. Coagulation tests including prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), fibrinogen (FIB), lupus anticoagulant (LAC), proteins C and S, antithrombin III (ATIII), D-dimer, and fibrin degradation products (FDPs) were performed on plasma collected from 105 individuals (35 critical patients, 35 severe patients, and 35 healthy controls). There was a statically significant difference when the results of the critical (CRT) and/or severe (SVR) group for the following tests were compared to the control (CRL) group: PTCRT (15.014) and PTSVR (13.846) (PTCRL = 13.383, p < 0.001), PTTCRT (42.923) and PTTSVR (37.8) (PTTCRL = 36.494, p < 0.001), LACCRT (49.414) and LACSVR (47.046) (LACCRL = 40.763, p < 0.001), FIBCRT (537.66) and FIBSVR (480.29) (FIBCRL = 283.57, p < 0.001), ProCCRT (85.57%) and ProCSVR (99.34%) (ProCCRL = 94.31%, p = 0.04), ProSCRT (62.91%) and ProSSVR (65.06%) (ProSCRL = 75.03%, p < 0.001), D-dimer (p < 0.0001, χ2 = 34.812), and FDP (p < 0.002, χ2 = 15.205). No significant association was found in the ATIII results in groups (ATIIICRT = 95.71% and ATIIISVR = 99.63%; ATIIICRL = 98.74%, p = 0.321). D-dimer, FIB, PT, PTT, LAC, protein S, FDP, and protein C (ordered according to p-values) have significance in the prognosis of patients. Disruptions in homeostasis in protein C (and S), VIII/VIIIa and V/Va axes, probably play a role in COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.

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Routine coagulation testing in Vacutainer® Citrate Plus tubes filled at minimum or optimal volume

Diagnosis ◽

10.1515/dx-2019-0052 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 55-60

Author(s):

Fiamma Balboni ◽

Stefania Barbui ◽

Marco Gallo ◽

Margherita Berardi ◽

Marco Vezzosi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Anticoagulant Therapy ◽

Becton Dickinson ◽

Coagulation Testing ◽

Fill Volume ◽

Coagulation Tests ◽

Butterfly Needle ◽

Study Population ◽

Quality Specifications ◽

The Difference ◽

Routine Coagulation

AbstractBackgroundFilling of citrate tubes with appropriate amount of blood is essential for obtaining reliable results of coagulation testing. This study aimed to verify whether results of routine coagulation tests are comparable when the new Becton Dickinson Vacutainer® Citrate Plus tubes are filled at minimum or optimal volume.MethodsThe study population consisted of 133 patients (40 on oral anticoagulant therapy), who had blood collected for routine coagulation testing. Two sequential Vacutainer® Citrate Plus tubes of the same type and lot were drawn. The first tube was collected after a butterfly needle was inserted into the vein, so that the air in the tubing was aspirated into the tube before blood (minimum fill volume), whilst the second was drawn at optimal fill volume. Experiments were repeated using 2.7-mL (n = 86) and 1.8-mL (n = 47) tubes.ResultsProthrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen values were slightly but significantly decreased in tubes with minimum than in those with optimal fill volume. The activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was slightly prolonged in tubes with minimum than in those with optimal fill volume, but the difference was not statistically significant. An identical trend was noted in separate analyses for the 2.7-mL and 1.8-mL tubes. Spearman’s correlations between the two fill volumes were always >0.94 and bias was always within the quality specifications.ConclusionsBlood drawing into Vacutainer® Citrate Plus tubes at minimum fill volume does not clinically bias routine coagulation testing.

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The Influence of the Thyroid Function on the Metabolic Rate of Prothrombin, Factor VII, and Factor X in the Rat

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1647959 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 35 (03) ◽

pp. 607-619 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Allan T. van Oosterom ◽

Herman Mattie ◽

Wim Th Hermens ◽

Jan J. Veltkamp

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Rate ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Coagulation Factors ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Factor Vii ◽

Synthesis Rate ◽

Apparent Difference ◽

Vitamin K1 ◽

Factor X ◽

Significant Difference

SummaryThe influence of the thyroid function on the metabolic rate of prothrombin, factor VII, and X was studied in the rat. Disappearance rates of the three coagulation factors were measured after synthesis had been blocked with appropriate doses of warfarin, and reappearance rates were assessed upon induction of synthesis by high doses of vitamin K1 injected into rats displaying coumarin induced hypocoagulability.No statistically significant difference in the disappearance and production rates of any of the factors could be found between normal euthyroid rats and thyroxin-treated hypothyroid rats proven to be euthyroid. The differences between the two euthyroid groups and the hypothyroid group were highly significant, however: hypothyroidism results in an approximately 50% decrease of the metabolic rates of the three coagulation factors under study.The reappearance of the three factors, under euthyroid as well as hypothyroid conditions, showed a biphasic pattern: in the first two hours after vitamin K1 administration to warfarin treated rats, a rapid reappearance was observed, to the same extent for all three factors, in hypo- as well as euthyroid rats. This finding suggests that in vitamin K1 deficiency an intracellular accumulation of precursor proteins (PIVKAs) occurs, which after rapid conversion into biologically active coagulation factors by vitamin K1 are shed into circulation.The subsequent phase of reappearance is much slower and reflects the synthesis rate of coagulation enzymes. It is characteristic for each factor and clearly slower in hypothyroid rats than in euthyroid rats. From this an influence of thyroid function on the synthesis rate of the protein moiety of coagulation factors can be inferred.An apparent difference between disappearance and reappearance rate of the coagulation factors in the plasma, particularly pronounced for factors VII and X in euthyroid rats, could theoretically be explained as the consequence of the model used for derivation of these rates.

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Cranial crassicaudiasis in two coastal dolphin species from South Africa is predominantly a disease of immature individuals

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms ◽

10.3354/dao03468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 139 ◽

pp. 93-102 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

MF Van Bressem ◽

P Duignan ◽

JA Raga ◽

K Van Waerebeek ◽

N Fraijia-Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Bone Development ◽

Bottlenose Dolphins ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Population Level ◽

Cape Coast ◽

Osteolytic Lesions ◽

Immune Mediated ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Crassicauda spp. (Nematoda) infest the cranial sinuses of several odontocetes, causing diagnostic trabecular osteolytic lesions. We examined skulls of 77 Indian Ocean humpback dolphins Sousa plumbea and 69 Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus, caught in bather-protecting nets off KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) from 1970-2017, and skulls of 6 S. plumbea stranded along the southern Cape coast in South Africa from 1963-2002. Prevalence of cranial crassicaudiasis was evaluated according to sex and cranial maturity. Overall, prevalence in S. plumbea and T. aduncus taken off KZN was 13 and 31.9%, respectively. Parasitosis variably affected 1 or more cranial bones (frontal, pterygoid, maxillary and sphenoid). No significant difference was found by gender for either species, allowing sexes to be pooled. However, there was a significant difference in lesion prevalence by age, with immature T. aduncus 4.6 times more likely affected than adults, while for S. plumbea, the difference was 6.5-fold. As severe osteolytic lesions are unlikely to heal without trace, we propose that infection is more likely to have a fatal outcome for immature dolphins, possibly because of incomplete bone development, lower immune competence in clearing parasites or an over-exuberant inflammatory response in concert with parasitic enzymatic erosion. Cranial osteolysis was not observed in mature males (18 S. plumbea, 21 T. aduncus), suggesting potential cohort-linked immune-mediated resistance to infestation. Crassicauda spp. may play a role in the natural mortality of S. plumbea and T. aduncus, but the pathogenesis and population level impact remain unknown.

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Perbedaan Penggunaan Antikoagulan K2EDTA DAN K3EDTA Terhadap Hasil Pemeriksaan Indeks Eritrosit

Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa ◽

10.30602/jlk.v1i2.147 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 114

Author(s):

Wahdaniah Wahdaniah ◽

Sri Tumpuk

Keyword(s):

Screening Test ◽

Venous Blood ◽

The Body ◽

Ethylene Diamine ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate ◽

The Difference ◽

Index Value

Abstract: Routine blood examination is the earliest blood test or screening test to determine the diagnosis of an abnormality. Blood easily froze if it is outside the body and can be prevented by the addition of anticoagulants, one of which Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Currently available vacuum tubes containing EDTA anticoagulants in the form of K2EDTA and K3EDTA. K3EDTA is usually a salt that has better stability than other EDTA salts because it shows a pH approaching a blood pH of about 6.4. The purpose of this research is to know the difference of erythrocyte index results include MCH, MCV and MCHC using K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA. This research is a cross sectional design. This study used venous blood samples mixed with K2EDTA anticoagulant and venous blood mixed with K3EDTA anticoagulants, each of 30 samples. Data were collected and analyzed using paired different test. Based on data analysis that has been done on MCH examination, p value <0,05 then there is a significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value. Then on the examination of MCV and MCHC obtained p value <0.05 then there is no significant difference between samples with K3EDTA anticoagulant with K2EDTA to erythrocyte index value.Abstrak: Pemeriksaan darah rutin merupakan pemeriksaan darah yang paling awal atau screening test untuk mengetahui diagnosis suatu kelainan. Darah mudah membeku jika berada diluar tubuh dan bisa dicegah dengan penambahan antikoagulan, salah satunya Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA). Dewasa ini telah tersedia tabung vakum yang sudah berisi antikoagulan EDTA dalam bentuk K2EDTA dan K3EDTA. K3EDTA biasanya berupa garam yang mempunyai stabilitas yang lebih baik dari garam EDTA yang lain karena menunjukkan pH yang mendekati pH darah yaitu sekitar 6,4. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan hasil indeks eritrosit meliputi MCH, MCV dan MCHC menggunakan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan desain cross sectional. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K2EDTA dan darah vena yang dicampur dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA, masing-masing sebanyak 30 sampel. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan uji beda berpasangan. Berdasarkan analisis data yang telah dilakukan pada pemeriksaan MCH didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit. Kemudian pada pemeriksaan MCV dan MCHC didapatkan nilai p < 0,05 maka tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan antara sampel dengan antikoagulan K3EDTA dengan K2EDTA terhadap nilai indeks eritrosit.

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Pengaruh Jumlah Pencucian Beras dengan Kadar Klorin

Jurnal Laboratorium Khatulistiwa ◽

10.30602/jlk.v1i1.102 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Indah Purwaningsih ◽

Supriyanto Supriyanto

Keyword(s):

Mucous Membrane ◽

Confidence Level ◽

Iodometric Titration ◽

Titration Method ◽

Anova Test ◽

Average Value ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Difference

Abstract: Chlorine is a green halogen-shaped halogen gas at normal temperature and serves as bleach, stain remover and disinfectant. Chlorine is now widely used for bleaching rice so that less quality rice looks like quality rice. Chlorine is very toxic and causes mucous membrane irritation, highly reactive and very powerful oxidizer. The purpose of this research was to determine the difference of chlorine level in chlorinated rice washed once, twice and 3 times. The sample in this study amounted to 11 samples calculated by replication formula. Each sample was treated 3 times, ie 1 washed once, 2 washed twice and washed 3 times. The samples then examined by iodometric titration method. Based on the results of the study using ANOVA test, 11 samples obtained the average value of chlorine after washed once amount of 0.0176%, after washed twice amount of 0.0111%, and after washed 3 times amount of 0.0052% with the value significance p = 0.03 (p <0.05) at 95% confidence level which means there was a significant difference between chlorine levels in chlorinated rice washed once, twice and 3 times.Abstrak: Klorin merupakan unsur halogen berbentuk gas berwarna kuning kehijauan pada suhu normal danberfungsi sebagai pemutih, penghilang noda maupun desinfektan. Klorin sekarang banyak digunakan untuk bahan pemutih beras agar beras yang kurang berkualitas tampak seperti beras berkualitas. Klorin sangat toksik dan menyebabkan iritasi membran mukosa, sangat reaktif dan merupakan oksidator yang sangat kuat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar klorin pada beras berklorin yang dicuci sebanyak 1 kali, 2 kali dan 3 kali. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 11 sampel yang dihitung dengan rumus replikasi. Setiap sampel diberi perlakuan sebanyak 3 kali, yaitu 1 kali pencucian, 2 kali pencucian dan 3 kali pencucian. Sampel penelitian kemudian diperiksa dengan metode titrasi iodometri. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menggunakan uji Anova secara komputerisasi terhadap 11 sampel diperoleh nilai rata-rata kadar klorin setelah 1 kali pencucian sebesar 0,0176 %, setelah 2 kali pencucian sebesar 0,0111 %, dan setelah 3 kali pencucian sebesar 0,0052 % dengan nilai signifkansi p = 0,03 (p<0,05) pada tingkat kepercayaan 95% yang artinya ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kadar klorin pada beras berklorin yang dicuci sebanyak 1 kali, 2 kali dan 3 kali.

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