scholarly journals Ion exchange of sodium with hydrochloric acid in ZSM-5 zeolite

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-165
Author(s):  
Milomirka Škrba ◽  
Zoran Obrenović ◽  
Aleksandar Došić ◽  
Miladin Gligorić ◽  
Biljana Đurić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Hydrogen Ions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Exchange Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ft Ir

ZSM-5 zeolites are highly silicate materials that have significant application in catalytic processes in petrochemistry, especially due to their high selectivity. Most reactions in the petrochemical industry are acid-catalyzed. The acidic properties of zeolite depend on the number of acid centers, i.e. the presence of hydrogen ions, and therefore, in this paper the possibility of reducing the sodium content in the pores of high silicate zeolite ZSM-5 with the modulus (SiO2 / Al2O3 = 1000) will be investigated, by applying ion exchange with hydrochloric acid. Chemical analysis of samples before and after ion exchange, and application of instrumental methods of X-Ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, and SEM analysis monitored the influence of the quantity of hydrogen ions on the chemical composition and the structure of ZSM-5 zeolite at different acid concentrations and at different exchange times. It has been shown that the application of ion exchange with hydrochloric acid can reduce the sodium content in zeolite. Even with the application of 5% HCl for 6 hours, the content of sodium in the zeolite is reduced by over 98%. A similar effect is achieved by applying more concentrated hydrochloric acid solutions for a shorter ion exchange time. By prolonging the ion exchange time, there are no significant changes in terms of the final ion exchange. On the other hand, the application of HCl solutions of higher concentrations leads to a slight decrease in the aluminum content in the zeolite, which may partially affect the structural stability of the zeolite. The results obtained by FT-IR and SEM analysis and X-Ray diffraction confirm the possibility of ion exchange with hydrochloric acid, without significant changes in the crystal structure of the zeolite.

Research on Solid Wastes of Gangue, Slag, Fly Ash Used as Cement Composite Mixing Materials

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 1486-1489
Author(s):  
Jian Guo Liao ◽  
Qian Ma ◽  
Yi Shun Zhang ◽  
Zhi Yang Song ◽  
Kai Hang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Cement Composite ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Solid Wastes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mixed Material ◽  
Cement Strength

The purpose of this study is to bring the fly ash, coal gangue and slag industrial solid wastes which contain the chemical composition for activation treatment, used as activated composite cement mixing materials, through strength test shows that the compound mixing materials impermeability activation treatment can obviously increase the cement strength. X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis results showed that the crystal structure of the mixed material calcined before and after have apparent change. There are lesss hydration products with compact structure of cement hydration 3d. The early strength of aiding composite mixing materials cement improved greatly.

scholarly journals Sardine Scales: A Promising Source of Marine Biomaterials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3954-3960
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Fish Scales ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Marine Litter ◽  
Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Promising Source

The current paper highlighted the physicochemical characteristics of sardine scales (S.pilchardus), which are considered hitherto as solid marine litter despite their richness on biomaterials of high added value. The collected fish scales were washed thoroughly, dried, and grounded into a powder. The prepared samples were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy coupled with electron dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). The findings of (FT-IR); (XRD); and (EDS) show that sardine scales contain both organic and inorganic phases. The (SEM) analysis has revealed that sardine scales have a porous and fibrous structure. The physicochemical results confirm that S.pilchardus scales are a pioneering source of marine biomaterials.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Metanil Yellow Dyes Using Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanocrystals

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
S. Shwetha Priyadharshini ◽  
Jayachamarajapura Pranesh Shubha ◽  
Jaydev Shivalingappa ◽  
Syed Farooq Adil ◽  
Mufsir Kuniyil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Zno Nanocrystals ◽  
Cost Effective Method ◽  
Photocatalytic Activities ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Metanil Yellow

In this work, ZnO nanocrystals (NCs) have been effectively synthesized by a simple, efficient and cost-effective method using coconut husk extract as a novel fuel. The synthesized NCs are characterized by UV-Vis, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX, Raman and PL studies. The obtained ZnO were found to be UV-active with a bandgap of 2.93 eV. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirms the crystallinity of the ZnO with hexagonally structured ZnO with a crystallite size of 48 nm, while the SEM analysis reveals the hexagonal bipyramid morphology. Photocatalytic activities of the synthesized ZnO NCs are used to degrade methylene blue and metanil yellow dyes.

Characterization of SrxBa1−xTiO3 Pulsed Laser Deposition Thin Films

1996 ◽  
Vol 433 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Pérez ◽  
Sampriti Sen ◽  
J. Cordero ◽  
E. Ching-Prado ◽  
R.S. Katiyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Laser Deposition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ir Reflection ◽  
Frequency Position ◽  
Ft Ir

AbstractThin films of SrTiO3 (STO) and SrxBa1−xTiO3 (SBT) with x = 0.35, 0.5, 0.9, and prepared by excimer laser deposition on LaAlO3 and MgO were studied. SEM analysis indicates that the surfaces of these films are smooth with isolated pores, except the SBT(x=0.5)/LaAlO3 sample, where a high concentration of large pores was found. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show well oriented films. External FT-IR reflection studies reveals a band around 500 cm−x, which shows a significant frequency shift with increasing component concentration. Also, this IR-reflectivity band presents no changes between the SBT(x=0.9)/LaALO3 sample annealed at 750°C and the same film annealed at 850°C. On other hand, the STO/LaAlO3 and STO/MgO films show differences in frequency position of this reflectivity band. Raman spectra of the SBT sample with x ≥ 0.35 show broad bands associated with the BaTiO3 (BTO) material. However, all the phonons bands are broader than those in BTO, in particular the band around 309 cm−. Raman results suggest that the spectrum is a consequence of a breakdown in the translational symmetry due to defects. Raman scattering also indicates a similarity between SBT(x=0.9) at 750°C and that at 850°C. Micro-Raman and EDX analysis show that STO/MgO and SBT(x=0.35)/LaAlO3 films are close to the expected stoichiometry, while STO/LaAlO3 and SBT(x=0.9) films present deficiencies of titanium and oxygen.

Preliminary Research on the Uptake Behavior of Ammonium Molybdophosphate for Cesium and the Corresponding Structural Transformation

2012 ◽  
Vol 535-537 ◽  
pp. 2191-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Ya Huang ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
Zhao Yi Tan
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ammonium Molybdophosphate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Ir And Raman

In this work, Ammonium Molybdophosphate (AMP) was synthesized and the adsorption of Cs onto it under different initial pH conditions was investigated. The results show the negative effect of the hydronium and hydroxyl irons on the uptake of Cs while the iron-exchange capacity can reach 144.8 mg/g. In addition, the structure differences between AMP samples before and after Cs adsorption were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman technique. The results show that the Keggin structure of AMP stayed unchanged while new bonds arose after the Cs adsorption.

scholarly journals Potential Peat Clay for Minerals Source Utilized as Adsorbent and Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Agus Mirwan ◽  
Meilana Dharma Putra ◽  
Riani Ayu Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Flake Structure

The existence of peat clay is scattered in many parts of the world with the huge amount. The high compound of minerals in the peat clay can be potentially used as adsorbent and catalyst. This research aims to study the composition of peat clay and functional group of the compound in the peat clay. The characterization of x-ray fluorescence (XRF), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM- EDX) were assigned to compare the sample before and after calcination process at 700 oC 120 min. FTIR analysis showed the presence of quartz, kaolinite, hematite, illite in peat clay. The results of XRF analysis showed that chemical composition of peat clay was dominantly in the form of silica oxide (18%), aluminum oxide (7%), and iron oxide (15%). The amount of compounds was observed to increase to be 32%, 18% and 11%, respectively after calcinations. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of this mineral in the peat clay. SEM analysis showed flake structure of peat clay with EDX which indicated composition of the dominant element namely the presence of Al, Si, and Fe before and after calcination. This high amount of minerals in peat clay led to potential source to be utilized as adsorbent for removing the pollutant or as and catalyst for chemical process.

scholarly journals Preparation and Characterization of Cetyl Trimethylammonium Intercalated Sericite

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Ding ◽  
Yuebo Wang ◽  
Yu Liang ◽  
Faxiang Qin
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Interlayer Space ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Acid Activation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Ft Ir Spectroscopy

Intercalated sericite was prepared by intercalation of cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) into activated sericite through ion exchange with the following two steps: the activation of sericite by thermal modification, acid activation and sodium modification; the ion exchange intercalation of CTA+into activated sericite. Effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, CTAB quantity, kinds of medium, and aqueous pH on the intercalation of activated sericite were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicated that the CTA+entered sericite interlayers and anchored in the aluminosilicate interlayers through strong electrostatic attraction. The arrangement of CTA+in sericite interlayers was that alkyl chain of CTA+mainly tilted at an angle about 60° (paraffin-type bilayer) and 38° (paraffin-type monolayer) with aluminosilicate layers. The largest interlayer space was enlarged from 0.9 nm to 5.2 nm. The intercalated sericite could be used as an excellent layer silicate to prepare clay-polymer nanocomposites.

scholarly journals Zeolite Encapsulated Fe-poprhyrin for Catalytic Oxidation with Iodobenzene Diacetate (PhI(OAc)2)

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholamreza Karimipour ◽  
Maryam Rezaei ◽  
Davoud Ashouri
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Nay Zeolite ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diphenylacetic Acid ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Homogenous Catalyst ◽  
Epoxidation Of Cyclohexene ◽  
Scanning Electron

<em>meso</em>-Tetrakis(3-pyridyl)porphyrinatoiron(III) chloride encapsulated on NaY Zeolite [Fe(T-3-PyP)@NaY] was synthesized as a heterogeneous “ship-in-a-bottle” type catalyst and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), atomic absorption (AA), diffused reflectance UV-Vis (DR UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The catalytic activity of Fe(T-3-PyP)@NaY was examined for the epoxidation of cyclohexene by PhI(OAc)<sub>2</sub> in CH<sub>3</sub>CN/H<sub>2</sub>O (5:1) and compared to that of Fe(T-3-PyP) as a homogenous catalyst. We found that the heterogeneous catalyst Fe(T-3-PyP)@NaY was stable and reusable for several times, and provided a mild condition and exhibited high activity and selectivity in the oxidation of alkenes to epoxides(16-94%). As representative examples for the use of Fe(T-3-PyP)@NaY/ PhI(OAc)<sub>2</sub> in organic oxidations, oxidation of 4-nitrobenzylalcohol to 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (97 %), oxidative dehydrogenation of diethyl 4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl- 1,4-dihydro-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate to the corresponding pyridine (100 %), diphenylacetic acid to benzophenone (64 %) was achieved.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of AISI 8620 Steel Processed by ECAP

2014 ◽  
Vol 1611 ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Diana M. Marulanda ◽  
Jair G. Cortés ◽  
Marco A. Pérez ◽  
Gabriel García
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Equivalent Strain ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Angular Pressing ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to process by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) a low carbon – triple-alloyed steel containing 0.2% C, 0.5% Cr, 0.6% Ni, 0.2% Mo and 0.8 Mo. The process is performed at room temperature for up to four passes using route Bc with an equivalent strain of ∼0.6 after a single pass. Structure evolution before and after deformation is studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical properties are assessed by microhardness and tensile testing. A significant improvement of the mechanical properties is found with increasing number of ECAP passes. Micro-hardness increases from 216 HV for the initial sample to 302 HV after four passes and tensile strength increases to 1200 MPa compared with 430 MPa prior to ECAP. X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis show changes in the original ferritic-perlitic structure through ferrite grain refinement and the deformation of perlite. This nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy is used in manufacturing as gear material, and when it is hardened and formed through carburizing or boronizing it can be used to make hard-wearing machine parts. However, the ECAP process has not been used to harden this steel and to change its structure to obtain better mechanical performance.

scholarly journals Laser induced adjustment of the conductivity of rare earth doped Mn-Zn nanoferrite

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. El-Dek ◽  
M. A. Ahmed ◽  
Alaaeldin A. Eltawil
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Laser Irradiation ◽  
High Resistivity ◽  
Frequency Variation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ray Density ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Rare Earth Doped

AbstractTwo series of Mn-Zn nanoferrites (namely Mn1-xZnxFe2O4 and Mn1-xZnxFe2-yRyO4) were synthesized using standard ceramic technique. X-ray diffraction and FT-IR were employed in the chacterization of the nanopowder. The X-ray density for each sample increased after laser irradiation which was correlated with the decrease in the unit cell volume. The study involved the thermal and frequency variation of the dielectric constant and AC conductivity of the investigated samples before and after laser irradiation. The later altered the conductivity by decreasing its value for the rare earth doped samples except for the Sm3+ doped one. The results suggested the exploitation of Mn-Zn doped rare earth nanoferrites in many technological applications demanding high resistivity.

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