scholarly journals Consolidation of democratic institutions: The case of Serbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (90) ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Nataša Golubović ◽  
Marija Džunić
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Institutional Learning ◽  
Historical Heritage

In recent years, the violation of the principles that guarantee the respect of democratic norms and institutions has placed Serbia into the category of deficient democracies, and more recently in hybrid regimes. Since the beginning of the transition, the implementation of political and economic reforms in Serbia has been characterized by frequent shifts of periods with modest progress in the field of political and economic transformation with periods of stagnation and even backsliding in regards to the important reform segments. The indicators of political and economic reforms point to the strengthening of extractive institutions. Extractive institutions protect the economic and political interests of privileged groups to the detriment of the rest of society. This leaves fewer resources available to stimulate economic growth and job creation, with negative countereffects on the regime legitimacy and trust, which are crucial for the implementation of economic reforms. Serbia's failure to provide stronger economic growth is largely caused by extractive institutions that determine the business environment. The development of extractive institutions is indicated by the absence of a more even distribution of political power, weaknesses in the mechanisms of checks and balances, deficiencies in the sphere of the rule of law, widespread corruption, problems in the sphere of protection of property rights. The transitional developments in Serbia can be regarded as a historical heritage that adapts to the current social environment and has a great impact on institutional performance and democratic consolidation. Prolonged exposure to extractive institutions creates a cumulative effect of institutional learning, where individuals become vulnerable to political abuse, dependent on the state and unwilling to use political mechanisms of government accountability, contributing to a vicious circle of extractive political and economic institutions. Identifying the mechanisms of such accumulation, which include prolonged exposure to extractive institutions, as well as the transmission of cultural patterns from older generations who have long experience with extractive institutions, is a complex research task.

scholarly journals Experience of the Asian Tigers’ economic reforms: The success factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
Mariam Voskanyan
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Success Factors ◽  
Institutional Environment ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Asian Tigers

Economic reforms in the Asian countries have always been of particular interest to the scientific community. The study aims at examining the experience of the Asian Tigers to identify key focuses of the reforms and their success factors to be used for stimulating economic growth and development in other developing countries of the world. Methodologically, the paper relies on the macroeconomics and welfare theory. The researcher applies methods of qualitative and sta tistical analysis, causal analysis as well as observation and synthesis methods. The author brings to a common denominator the basic reforms implemented in the Asian Tigers of the first generation: stimulation of the marker forces in the economy, creation of the favourable business environment, fundamental changes in the tax policy, explicit focus on the export potential, transformation of the financial system, investments into human capital development, and corruption policy. Ac cording to the findings, the success factors are strong political elite and development of a circum spect long-term strategy of economic development to guarantee the consistency of the imple mented reforms. All together these factors generated a market institutional environment, which promoted public welfare in the long run. The results of the study indicate that in their reforms the Asian Tigers put emphasis on the adaptive macroeconomic policy, which allowed reaching tangi ble successes in terms of high economic growth rates and improved population welfare.

STRATEGY OF LIBERALIZATION AND PROBLEMS OF STATE REGULATION OF AZERBAIJAN ECONOMY

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-151
Author(s):  
G. Z. Yuzbashieva ◽  
A. M. Mustafayev ◽  
R. A. Imanov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Sectoral Development ◽  
Market Relations

The indicators that determine the change in the macroeconomic situation in the economy of Azerbaijan in 2010–2017, as well as the conditions for increasing the effectiveness of state intervention in solving economic problems are analyzed. It is noted that it is not the size of the public sector that becomes important, but its qualitative component (management and redistribution of resources and revenues, coordination of government intervention in economic relations). The main reasons limiting economic growth are identified, and the mechanisms for overcoming them are disclosed, since economic growth is of particular importance in the transformational period of state development. It substantiates the assertion that the forms and methods of state regulation should be the result of a reasonable combination of the private and public sectors of the economy to more effectively achieve the goal of economic development of the country and increase the welfare of the population. To this end, it is advisable to limit the actions of market forces and find a rational ratio of market and government measures that stimulate economic growth and development.It is shown that in the near future the development of the economy of Azerbaijan should be focused on the transition to the integration of various models of economic transformation; at the same time, “attraction of investments” should be carried out by methods of stimulating consumption, and the concept of a socially oriented economy, which the state also implements, should prevail, thereby ensuring social protection of the population and at the same time developing market relations. Disproportions in regional and sectoral development are also noted, which are the result of an ineffective distribution of goods produced, inadequate investment in human capital, a low level of coordination and stimulation of economic growth and development.

Modeling the co-evolution of economic institutions and the economy of resource producing regions

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-131
Author(s):  
Vadim F. Islamutdinov ◽  
Sergey P. Semenov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Volterra Equations ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Predator Prey Model ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Disincentive Effect ◽  
Good Institution

The purpose of the study is to develop a model for the co-evolution of the regional economy and economic institutions. The research methods used: abstract-logical for the study of theoretical aspects and the experience of modeling co-evolution; and economic-mathematical for the development of own model of coevolution. The results of the study: approaches to modeling the evolution of economic institutions, as well as the co-evolution of the regional economy and economic institutions are considered, strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches to modeling co-evolution are identified, on the basis of the logistic model and Lotka-Volterra equations, an own co-evolution model has been developed, which includes three entities: regional economy, “good” institution and “bad” institution. Three versions of the model have been developed: the co-evolution of the regional economy and the “good” institution, the co-evolution of the regional economy and the “bad institution,” and a variant of the co-evolution of all three entities simultaneously, in which the “good” and “bad” institutions interact according to the “predator-prey” model, and their the cumulative effect determines the development of the regional economy. Numerical experiments have been carried out in the MathLab, which have shown the capabilities of the model to reflect the results of the co-evolution of the economy of a resource-producing region and economic institutions. In the first variant, a “good” institution promotes economic growth in excess of the level determined by resource availability. In the second variant, the “bad” institution has a disincentive effect on the GRP, as a result of which the GRP falls below the level determined by the resource endowment. In the third variant, the interaction of “good” and “bad” institutions still contributes to economic growth above the level determined by resource availability, but causes cyclical fluctuations in the GRP.

Problems Of Investment Attractiveness In The Economy Of Uzbekistan

GIS Business ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-245
Author(s):  
Khamrakulova O.D. ◽  
Bektemirov A.B.
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
The State ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
The Development Strategy ◽  
Macroeconomic Stability

The deepening of economic reforms in Uzbekistan is closely linked to the strengthening of macroeconomic stability and the maintenance of high rates of economic growth and competitiveness, the continuation of institutional and structural reforms to reduce the presence of the State in the economy, and the further strengthening of the protection of rights and the priority role of private property, as reflected in the Development Strategy for 2017-2021.

The Unionist Experiment in Guatemala, 1920-1921: Conciliation, Disintegration, and the Liberal Junta

1993 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-64
Author(s):  
Wade Kit
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Moderate Pace ◽  
Political Status ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Rare Opportunity

During the presidency of Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898-1920), the exploitative and exclusive nature of Guatemalan society became increasingly obvious. Instead of real development, what emerged was a landed oligarchy, engaged primarily in the production of coffee, who utilized their economic might to construct a state that protected their dominant social and political status. Although economic growth and modernization proceeded at a moderate pace in the first two decades of this century, political and social problems associated with increased economic activity and the altered fabric of Guatemalan society arose. Significant among these were the rapid growth of the capital's middle sectors, the emergence of incipient labor organizations, and a vocal and politically conscious student population; all of which were refused a forum for political expression, not to mention an equitable share in the profits of the republic's lucrative coffee industry. The cumulative effect of these forces, augmented by the extremely repressive nature of Estrada Cabrera's Administration, presented the republic with a rare opportunity to implement real and significant reform.

Cuba's “Equity without Growth” Dilemma and the 2011 Lineamientos

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (03) ◽  
pp. 157-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Corrales
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Economic Reforms ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Bicycle Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Two Sectors

Abstract Cuba faces a development dilemma: it promotes equity and human capital while failing to deliver economic growth. For the government, the country's equity and human capital achievements are a source of pride, a sign that its priorities are right. This essay argues instead that this “equity without growth” dilemma is a sign of malaise. Theory and evidence suggest that high levels of equity and human capital should produce high levels of economic growth. Because growth is often weak or negative, some onerous barriers to development must be present. These barriers, it is argued, are restrictions on property and political rights. By comparing Cuba and China across two sectors, the bicycle industry and Internet access, this article shows how these restrictions have hindered growth. It also assesses how Cuba's latest economic reforms, the so-called Lineamientos, will address Cuba's development dilemma. The impact may be minimal, but perhaps more lasting than previous reforms.

Asta-Ja Framework: A Peaceful Approach to Food, Water, Climate, and Environmental Security Coupled with Sustainable Economic Development and Social Inclusion in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durga D Poudel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Environmental Security ◽  
Development Framework ◽  
Sustainable Conservation

Sustainable conservation, development, and utilization of natural and human resources is necessary for accelerated economic growth and fast-paced socio-economic transformation of Nepal. Asta-Ja Framework, which is a theoretically grounded grassroots based peaceful and self-reliant planning and development approach, offers practical strategies for sustainable conservation and development of natural and human resources enhancing food, water, climate, and environmental security, accelerated economic growth, and socio-economic transformation of Nepal. Asta-Ja includes interconnected eight resources in Nepali letter, Ja, – Jal (water), Jamin (land), Jungle (forest), Jadibuti (medicinal and aromatic plants), Janashakti (manpower), Janawar (animal), Jarajuri (crop plants) and Jalabayu (climate). Asta-Ja Framework is a unifying framework for planning and resources development and has a strong footing on science, business, and eastern philosophy. While providing practical guidelines for achieving food, water, climate and environmental security, this article presents Nepal Vision 2040, which is developed considering challenges that Nepal is currently facing and its available Asta-Ja resources, envisioning that Nepal’s economic development reaching at the par of developed nations by 2040. Key strategic sectors identified in Nepal Vision 2040 include smallholder mixed-farming system, agro-jadibuti industrialization, protection of drinking water sources, climate change adaptation, environmental pollution control, conservation of natural resources, infrastructure, tourism, renewable energy, alleviation of inequalities, and good governance. This article demonstrates strategies for addressing social discrimination and inequalities through the process of Asta-Ja community capacity-building and self-reliant development. Ecological balance of Asta-Ja resources is necessary for sustainable natural resources, economic development, and community resiliency. The Government of Nepal is suggested to adopt Asta-Ja Framework as its national planning and development framework for sustainable economic growth and fast-paced socio-economic transformation of the country.

French female youth and sports inspectors and the challenge of neoliberalism during the Trente Glorieuses

2021 ◽  
pp. 175774382110372
Author(s):  
Clémence Lebossé ◽  
Carine Érard ◽  
Christian Vivier
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Human And Social Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Trente Glorieuses ◽  
Psychological Dimensions

In a society where the politics of life is geared toward maximizing the physical and psychological dimensions of human capital to ensure economic growth, France’s Inspectorate for Youth and Sports played a key role in disseminating a new mode of governance of bodies and youth—a form of self-governance based on the rising neoliberal values that emerged during the period of the Trente Glorieuses. Representing a tiny minority in an essentially male bastion, a small number of women, cherry-picked for their expertise and effectiveness as inspectors, came to play a vital role in a new mode of youth governance aimed, against a backdrop of social control, at encouraging young people to assume greater self-responsibility and to take ownership of their physical education and activities. Guided by research in the human and social sciences as a basis for rethinking how physical education is taught in schools, women may be seen as key contributors to the emergence of a new ethos designed to develop the ability of French youth to adapt to the social and economic transformation of capitalist society by appealing to the psyche (superego) and self-regulation. Despite promoting a “differentialist feminism”.

The consumption dilemma of digital capitalism

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Staab
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
Digital Capitalism ◽  
Structural Weakness ◽  
Private Demand ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Productivity Gains

In the light of the growth crisis of contemporary capitalism, the digitalisation of the economy fosters hopes for spectacular productivity gains, giving economic growth a new impetus. However, such predictions ignore the fact that the growth crisis of contemporary capitalism is mainly a result of weak private demand. I argue that digitalisation represents a macro-strategy for economic transformation explicitly tackling this aspect. However, while several strategies aimed at rationalising consumption can be observed in leading digital economy companies, instead of solving the consumption problem by increasing demand, they tend to exacerbate the structural weakness of consumption. I coin the term ‘consumption dilemma’ to mark this phenomenon and briefly stress its implications for union policies.

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