scholarly journals El bicameralismo en el siglo XXI. Los últimos debates sobre el Senado en el Derecho comparado

2018 ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Eva Sáenz Royo
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Sovereign Power ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Initial Impression ◽  
Democratic Principle ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Extension Of Suffrage ◽  
Siglo Xx

Desde que las revoluciones liberales atribuyeran el poder soberano a la nación y se configurara el gobierno representativo como única forma de organizar el ejercicio del poder político, el bicameralismo y, en concreto, el Senado se convertirá en una institución muy discutida en el derecho comparado. La extensión del sufragio y la asunción del principio democrático de la soberanía popular todavía harán más palmaría la contradicción entre la voluntad popular única y su expresión doble. De conformidad con esta idea, el siglo xx ha mostrado una clara tendencia a la baja del bicameralismo en los Estados unitarios; no así en los Estados federales. El presente trabajo analiza la tendencia del bicameralismo a comienzos del siglo xxi, así como los más recientes debates en torno al Senado tanto en Estados unitarios como en Estados Federales. Observaremos cómo, pese a la impresión inicial, la reducción del poder del Senado se generaliza en las democracias contemporáneas.From the moment that liberal revolutions attributed sovereign power to the nation and constituted representative government as the only way to organize the exercise of political power, bicameralism and, in particular, the Senate will become a much discussed institution in comparative law. The extension of suffrage and the assumption of the democratic principle of popular sovereignty will further enhance the contradiction between the single popular will and its double expression. According to this idea, the twentieth century has shown a clear downward trend of bicameralism in the unitary states; not so in federal states. This paper analyzes the trend of bicameralism at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the most recent debates around the Senate in both unitary and federal states. We will see how, despite the initial impression, the reduction of Senate power is widespread in contemporary democracies.

STUDY OF ITALIAN-LIBYAN RELATIONS IN RUSSIAN SCIENCE LITERATURE FROM THE LATE 20TH TO THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-125
Author(s):  
Ekaterina S. Vysochina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Science Literature ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Russian Scientific ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Moment

The main purpose of the article is to review the most complete and holistic scientific works of Russian authors which are devoted to the study of Italian-Libyan relations. To carry out the research a broad historiographic base on the topic was involved, the author turned to both the “classic” works of Soviet scientists, and to the most modern scientific figures. One of the main tasks in the study of the topic is to identify the historiographic issues associated with the lack of modern Russian scientific literature on the referred theme. The article analyzes the specific features of the literature published from the end of the 20th to the beginning of the 21st century in Russia, highlighting the issue of interaction between two countries in different spheres of international relations. The methodological basis of the work is the issue-chronological and complex analysis of the used literature, the establishment of the cause-effect relationships and patterns in the Russian authors approaches to their research, as well as their interpretation for the current stage of development of relations between the two countries. During research it was revealed that most of the scientific works of our compatriots are devoted to a certain, rather narrow, range of issues: the Italian–Turkish war of 1911–1912, cooperation between Libya and Italy in the control of illegal migration from Africa to Europe, Italian military intervention in the civil war in Libya 2011. At the same time, not many Russian authors cover and analyze the Italian-Libyan cooperation in the politi- cal, cultural, social, and economic fields during the long-term period of Colonel Gaddafi’s rule in Libya. In this regard, the author of the article notes that there is a great amount of historical data: the diplomatic documents, resolutions, offi- cial letters of top public executives, treaties and agreements between the coun- tries, including documents of international organizations that are not studied at present sufficiently. The article identifies the most perspective areas for further research of Italian-Libyan relations, what emphasizes the importance and relevance of the chosen topic. The author comes to a conclusion that at the moment it seems quite difficult to find a well-founded, comprehensive scientific literature designed to determine the nature and options for the development of relations between Libya and Italy at the modern stage.

scholarly journals A través de la pantalla: Infancias queer en la literatura argentina del nuevo milenio

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
María José Punte
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Argentine Literature ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
Contemporary Writers ◽  
Literatura Argentina ◽  
Siglo Xx

Childhood is taken up time and again in Argentine literature of the first decades of the 21st century. These are novels that engage various forms of humor, from extreme satire to imposed naivety. This broad register serves to destabilize ideas established throughout the 20th century about the management of the lives of minors. Imaginaries formed by television have become part of several texts, together with what could be termed the “infant library”, that is to say, the children’s literature read by contemporary writers. Argentine narrative of the period accounts for the serious social crisis caused by the hegemony of neoliberalism, as well as its consequences on children’s lives, revealing the fissures in the discourses surrounding their rights. The present article examines these issues in relation to three recent novels: Quedate conmigo (2017) by I. Acevedo, La maldición de Jacinta Pichimahuida (2007) by Lucía Puenzo and Osos (2010) by Diego Vecchio. They will be addressed here within the theoretical frameworks offered by Kathryn B. Stockton in her book The Queer Child (2009). --- La infancia es retomada por la literatura escrita en Argentina durante las primeras décadas del siglo XXI en novelas que apuestan a diversas formas del humor. Desde la sátira extrema hasta una ingenuidad impostada, aparece un registro amplio que sirve para desestabilizar ideas fijadas a lo largo del siglo XX en lo relacionado con la administración de la vida de los menores de edad. Los imaginarios televisivos entran a formar parte de los textos fundiéndose con la “biblioteca infante”, es decir, con las lecturas que acompañaron las infancias de los y las escritoras contemporáneos. La narrativa argentina del período también da cuenta de la grave crisis social producida por la hegemonía del neoliberalismo, así como sus consecuencias en las vidas de las infancias, lo que tendió a mostrar las fisuras de los discursos en torno a sus derechos. Estas discusiones quedan registradas en las tres novelas—Quedate conmigo (2017) de I. Acevedo, La maldición de Jacinta Pichimahuida (2007) de Lucía Puenzo, Osos (2010) de Diego Vecchio—que serán abordadas aquí desde los marcos teóricos ofrecidos por la teoría queer, en particular por la propuesta de Kathryn B. Stockton.

scholarly journals Designing Analytics for Collaboration Literacy and Student Empowerment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-48
Author(s):  
Marcelo Worsley ◽  
Khalil Anderson ◽  
Natalie Melo ◽  
JooYoung Jang
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Learning Analytics ◽  
Student Empowerment ◽  
Multimodal Learning ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Student Collaboration ◽  
Communication Conflict ◽  
Multimodal Learning Analytics ◽  
The Moment

Collaboration has garnered global attention as an important skill for the 21st century. While researchers have been doing work on collaboration for nearly a century, many of the questions that the field is investigating overlook the need for students to learn how to read and respond to different collaborative settings. Existing research focuses on chronicling the various factors that predict the effectiveness of a collaborative experience, or on changing user behaviour in the moment. These are worthwhile research endeavours for developing our theoretical understanding of collaboration. However, there is also a need to centre student perceptions and experiences with collaboration as an important area of inquiry. Based on a survey of 131 university students, we find that student collaboration-related concerns can be represented across seven different categories or dimensions: Climate, Compatibility, Communication, Conflict, Context, Contribution, and Constructive. These categories extend prior research on collaboration and can help the field ensure that future collaboration analytics tools are designed to support the ways that students think about and utilize collaboration. Finally, we describe our instantiation of many of these dimensions in our collaborative analytics tool, BLINC, and suggest that these seven dimensions can be instructive for re-orienting the Multimodal Learning Analytics (MMLA) and collaboration analytics communities.

scholarly journals Rituales de tinta. Antología de dramaturgas mexicanas

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ynclán
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Mexican Women ◽  
Women Playwrights ◽  
Siglo Xx

En este texto, Gabriela Ynclán comparte el proceso de investigación y edición de Rituales de tinta. Antología de dramaturgas mexicanas, una antología que reúne obras de teatro escritas por dramaturgas mexicanas del siglo XXI, y la gestación de una nueva publicación dedicada a la dramaturgia femenina del siglo XX en México.Ritualizing ink. Anthology of Mexican playwrightsAbstractIn this article, author Gabriela Ynclán reflects on the process of searching and editing the anthology Rituales de Tinta. Antología de Dramaturgas Mexicanas (Ink Rituals. An Anthology of Mexican Women Playwrights). The book gathers together plays written by 11 Mexican women playwrights of 21st century. The author prepares a new publication about women playwrights of 20th century Mexico.Recibido: 09 de septiembre de 2020Aceptado: 09 de diciembre de 2020

21st century psychiatry: The need for a unitary framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S3-S3
Author(s):  
M. Maj
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fourth Level ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The Moment

While the plurality of approaches is a richness of psychiatry, we need today a unitary framework in which the vast majority of psychiatrists are able to place and recognize themselves. An essential component of this framework should be the awareness that a major outcome of research efforts of the past thirty years is the notion that a simple deterministic etiological model cannot be applied to mental disorders, which instead represent the product of the complex interaction of a multiplicity of vulnerability and protective factors of different nature (biological, intrapsychic, interpersonal, psychosocial). Most current significant etiological research in psychiatry can be accommodated within this framework, thus appearing much less chaotic, inconsistent and fragmentary. This first level of the framework affects in a probabilistic, not a deterministic, way the second one, that of neurobiological, cognitive and psychological intermediate processes. It is unavoidable that different languages be used to describe these processes, but these languages may be translatable into each other to some extent. Furthermore, comprehensive pathogenetic models usually require the integration of different languages. This second level leads, again in a probabilistic way, to the third level, that of symptoms, signs, cognitive dysfunctions and psychopathological dimensions. These are the elements composing the fourth level, the syndromal one. The ICD/DSM formulation of this fourth level is not optimal, but it is the best we have at the moment. Certainly, the fact that two major diagnostic systems exist in psychiatry adds to the confusion and the uncertainty, and should be overcome in the future.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Supreme Courts in the 21st Century: should organisation follow the function?

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Alan Uzelac
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Special Functions ◽  
Comparative Law ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Organisational Structures ◽  
Per Capita

The text discusses different aspects connected with organisation of supreme courts. It argues that the focus should be shifted to the “how” question. If the supreme courts aspire to fulfil certain special functions, a necessary precondition towards fulfilling this goal entails appropriate organisational structures, means and personnel. The organisation, framework and methods of work of a supreme court should reflect the functions that it is supposed to serve. Although most supreme courts have staff, departments and offices that are entrusted with legal research and analysis, the rise in importance of international jurisprudence is putting on the agenda the need for restructuring and reinforcing the existing departments. The author claims that supreme courts are becoming less and less self-centred in their adjudication, which requires legal research of international and comparative law. The text also deals with other aspects of supreme courts’ organisation. For instance, it shifts focus towards the relation between the number of judges in a supreme court and its impact on the uniformity of jurisprudence. It also emphasises the need to further examine the relation between the number of judges per capita and the efficiency of the court’s work.

scholarly journals Cовременное состояние песенного фольклора башкир (по экспедиционным материалам XXI в.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-419
Author(s):  
Aigul M. Khakimyanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Folk Songs ◽  
Folk Song ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Musical Genres

Introduction. At present, people’s interest in the historical and ethnocultural heritage has increased, and the desire to preserve traditional values for future generations has grown stronger. Song recordings made in the 19th – 20th centuries are evidence of the developed musical and song tradition of the Bashkir people. Due to the collecting efforts of M. A. Burangulov, A. N. Kireev, S. A. Galin, N. D. Shunkarov and others, a whole layer of folk songs has been preserved. During expeditions that have been intensified since the beginning of the 21st century by the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, folklorists are working hard to multifacetedly cataloguize folk knowledge, on the basis of which one can judge the state of traditional modern folklore of the Bashkirs. In our understanding, ‘modern folklore’ is folklore that has existed since the middle of the 20th century to the present, regardless of the environment of existence. Goals. This work aims to consider the genres of traditional musical folklore of the Bashkirs that have survived today, to give a brief description of them, and also to analyze them from the viewpoint of assessing the modern spiritual state of the ethnos. Unlike other genres, musical genres are well preserved in the memory of the population. It is the song and takmaks that are the main genres of modern Bashkir oral and poetic creativity, which makes it possible to reveal the dynamics of the development of folklore. Materials and Methods. The research is based on the author’s expedition materials collected in the 21st century in different regions of the Republic of Bashkortostan and beyond, where the Bashkirs live compactly. They retain collective axiological attitudes and serve as a way of expressing shared emotions. These genres have a high level of demand among the population and therefore quantitatively prevail in expedition records. Folk songs are kept in the memory of people — bearers of folk musical culture, and are not recorded by them in writing. The transmission of musical and folklore works occurs orally. This means that any folk song is perceived and absorbed by each new generation by ear directly at the moment of sounding. Occasionally, songs can be recorded along with their stories and legends. The availability of songwriting histories is a characteristic feature of Bashkir folk songs. Many songs lose their names over time, but they do not completely disappear from the memory of the people, as evidenced by the comments of informants characterizing these works in expressions, such as ‘my mother’s song’, ‘this song was performed by my father’, etc. This phenomenon reflects the strong cultural connection between generations, when performers with special trepidation cherish the memory of their relatives and can reproduce the tune once performed by their father or mother. Along with drawling songs, short four-line songs without a title, drinking songs and takmaks are also common. Takmaks, in turn, are distributed not only orally but also in writing. Modern takmaks are distinguished by great mobility and efficiency, they instantly respond to urgent problems. In the light of recent events, takmaks have appeared on the topic of a pandemic, self-isolation, and online training. Results. A review of folklore materials collected in recent decades shows that the musical genres of Bashkir folklore continue to exist, which means that it is necessary to study not only the current state of the Bashkir song heritage but also its evolution. The folk song, folk singing traditions must be passed on to the younger generation, and only then the folk culture will develop and be preserved for future generations.

scholarly journals Remigration in Lithuania in the 21st Century: Readiness of the Education System to Accept Students from Returning Families

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Jurgita Bagdonaitė
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Education System ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Effective Integration

The article analyses the readiness of the Lithuanian education system to accept children from returning families. Moreover, it determines the problems and describes the factors hindering the effective integration of remigrant children. The summarised scientific literature is illustrated by empirical research data. Based on the aforementioned data of this study, it is concluded that the concept of education of remigrant children is ever-changing. The main obstacles that Lithuanian educational institutions are facing at the moment are Lithuanian language education and nurturing, a lack of tolerance and competencies of educators. The development and creation of a cooperative environment within the school is determined to be one of the most successful methods to facilitate the job of educators.

scholarly journals The Principle of Sovereignty as the Main Principle of Democracy, between the Political Pluralism and the Electoral System in the Parlamentary Republic of Albania

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Ismail Tafani ◽  
Darjel Sina
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Party System ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Popular Sovereignty ◽  
Political Pluralism ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Democratic Principle

Popular sovereignty is the foundation of the principle of democracy for the existence and functioning of the rule of law. In the Parliamentary Republic of Albania based on political pluralism for nearly three decades, this essential element of the democratic principle seems to be as fragile as the principle itself. The basic concept of the functionality of the rule of law in Albania under the Constitution is the separation and balancing of powers. Although the constitutional provision for the separation and balancing of powers is clear and based on Montesquieu’s conception of the development of the principle of democracy and the prohibition of abuse that each of the powers could inflict on each other, the separation and balancing of powers in Albania seems to be impossible. Albania as a country with a culture of not very long political pluralism, instead it comes from a rather long-term mono-party system where the development of the electoral process was more of a holiday than a race. However, the sovereignty of the people enshrined in today's constitution and yesterday's constitution seems more like a slogan than a fundamental principle of constitutional order. In these years of political pluralism between the test of many electoral systems coupled with constitutional and legal changes, the implementation of the principle of popular sovereignty to consolidate the democratic principle remains clearly a utopia for Albanian society. After each election process debates reopen the need for reforming the electoral system in general and managing the process in particular. The purpose of this paper through a comparative analysis is to identify the elements that impede the observance of the fundamental constitutional principle of popular sovereignty either directly or indirectly through elected representatives to consolidate the rule oflaw in Albania.

scholarly journals El desafío de la traducción etnográfica en la Europa del siglo XXI: de la semiosis colonial a la decolonial

LETRAS ◽  
2012 ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Christiane Stallaert
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Siglo Xx

Si Europa siempre se ha caracterizado como un «espacio de traducción», esta característica se ha intensificado desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX por la llegada de inmigrantes y la globalización. En las metrópolis europeas de hoy el mayor desafío para la comunicación no es tanto la traducción interlingüística sino entre culturas. Proponemos el enfoque de «etnografía multisituada» como modo de acercamiento al estudio de la Europa superdiversa del siglo XX. La perspectiva multisituada nos permite detectar igualmente la transición desde una semiosis colonial a otra decolonial. If Europe has always been known as a “space of translation,” this feature has been intensified since the second half of the twentieth century by the arrival of immigrants and by globalization. In today’s European cities the challenge of communication is not so much linguistic as it is cultural. I propose “multisited ethnography” as a way of studying superdiverse 21st century Europe. A multisited perspective also enables us to detect the transition from a colonial semiosis to a decolonial semiosis.

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