Container System Design Developments Over Two Decades

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 364-376
Author(s):  
L. A. Harlander
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Strength Criteria ◽  
The Past ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Design Loads ◽  
Speed Stability ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gantry Cranes

This paper reviews the progress made over the past 20 years in the design and handling of containers. Factors influencing present container dimensions and strength criteria are discussed, as well as the crucial activity to establish container standardization. The container itself—"the common denominator"—is addressed from the viewpoint of its fittings, design loads and construction materials; and the containership from the viewpoint of arrangements, size, speed, stability, stowage and economics. The author offers several conclusions following the last two sections of the paper, which cover the remaining components of the system, namely, the shoreside gantry cranes and terminal facilities.

New Radiance in the Tricolour — Changes in French Drinking Patterns

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 275-279
Author(s):  
Leena Warsell
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Health Statistics ◽  
Absolute Alcohol ◽  
Alcohol Advertising ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Capita

During the past fifteen years the alcohol culture in France has undergone remarkable changes. The French, for whom a meal without wine is no meal, have decreased their alcohol consumption from about 20 to 11.9 liters (absolute alcohol per capita). This has been a trend in all age groups, although most markedly among those under thirty-five. The common denominator has been “less, but better”, which means quality wines and imported spirits. The effect of this “drying” can be seen in the health statistics, which show, for example, that the frequency of cirrhosis has decreased by one-half, due to less heavy consumption. The drinking trend is reflected also in attitudes toward alcohol advertising: the new French law on alcohol advertising is said to be the strictest in Europe. France played an active role in formulating the health policy in the Treaty of Maastricht — perhaps a sign of French aspirations to be a model, also in this respect, for all Europe.

PERSONAL AND INSTITUTIONAL PREMISES OF THE IGS HOUSING AND SETTLEMENT RESEARCH IN THE YEARS 1920–2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 564 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Maciej Cesarski
Keyword(s):  
Living Conditions ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Housing Situation ◽  
Structural Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Settlement Structure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The aim of the article is to indicate the personal and institutional reasons for IGS’s pursuit of housing and settlement issues in the period 1920–2020. The facts presented in the article prove the important role of these premises in the activities of IGS. They indicate two distinct trends in housing and settlement research, often manifested in the achievements of the same researchers. The first is the „photographic” trend based on the method of induction, deciphering the housing and settlement issue with surveys of the questionnaire and memoirs, which constitute an important element of investigations into the living conditions of selected groups of the population. The second – the „process-structural” trend that tries to look in a more deductive and reductive way, confronting the past with scientific ideas about an unrecognizable future, especially the more distant one. An example of the possibilities inherent in the processes of convergence of the „photographic” and „process-structural” trends are studies of the housing situation of seniors extended to the problems of more distant in terms of spatial availability of infrastructure elements and the settlement structure that define the inhabited space. This requires further research with the common denominator of intergenerational justice

scholarly journals Transfer of Sport Heritage in the Formation of a Sustainable Sport Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Sevda Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Literature Search ◽  
Search Method ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Sport Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Sustainability, which points to the common denominator of the countries in the fields of environment, economy and society, etc., ensures that the expectations of a better life are met in this common denominator. Sustainability plays a role in sustaining the existence of cultural systems through its social dimension. In a cultural system, due to its structure which influences and is influenced by culture, sport reflects the characteristics of the society in which it is done, and thus, it is one of the elements that make up the culture. It is only with this transfer that the culture which has been progressing with the accumulation and transferred from the past to the present is transferred to the new generations. In other words, sustainability of culture is possible by transference. As with other elements of culture, the transfer of sport heritage to the next generations is of great importance for the sustainability of sport culture. Sport museums, as the areas where the sport heritage, starting to form with the history of humanity, are presented to the society, play an important role in creating a sustainable sport culture. The aim of this article is to examine and analyze the meaning of place and existence of heritage transfer in the sustainable development of sport culture through sport museums by literature search method.

scholarly journals Female Portrait in Photography Art: from Authenticity to Modernity

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Svitlana Kotliar ◽  
Iryna Zaspa
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Female Beauty ◽  
History Of Development ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the research is to analyze female photo portrait, the concept of female beauty in photography, the history of the origin and formation of female portrait in photography. Moreover, the aim was to trace the common and distinct features of a female portrait from the past to nowadays. It was decided to establish a role of female photo portrait in the art of photography, to prove its peculiarity and importance. The research methodology consists of the following parts: theoretical – analysis of the female beauty concept in the photo portrait, history of female portrait development in photography, empirical – study of relationships between female portraits of different times, comparative – comparison of modern and authentic portraits. In the course of cognitive synthesis and generalization of distinctive and similar features of female photo portraits of different times, special features of the female portrait were determined. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the history and formation of female photo portrait from authenticity to the nowadays were analyzed. The analysis was conducted based on photo portraits researches of different times. A detailed analysis of factors influencing the formation of this genre of photography was carried out. With the help of the theoretical analysis, the factors influencing the development of the female photo portrait were determined, its specifics and features were outlined. Conclusions. In the course of the article, we analyzed female portrait in photography and the concept of female beauty in different periods. With the help of the analysis of the history of development and formation of the female portrait photography genre, its role in the art of photography has been established. Peculiarities of female photo portrait as a genre of the art of photography were determined. Its peculiarity and importance have been proved. The factors influencing the concept of female beauty in photography, the development of female portrait and its features have been generalized.

Hotspots in Psychology – 2020 Edition

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Michael Bošnjak ◽  
Nadine Wedderhoff
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Research Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
The Common ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract. This editorial gives a brief introduction to the six articles included in the fourth “Hotspots in Psychology” of the Zeitschrift für Psychologie. The format is devoted to systematic reviews and meta-analyses in research-active fields that have generated a considerable number of primary studies. The common denominator is the research synthesis nature of the included articles, and not a specific psychological topic or theme that all articles have to address. Moreover, methodological advances in research synthesis methods relevant for any subfield of psychology are being addressed. Comprehensive supplemental material to the articles can be found in PsychArchives ( https://www.psycharchives.org ).

Motives of espionage against ones own country in the light of idiographic studies

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Michalak
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Common

Motives of espionage against ones own country in the light of idiographic studies The money is perceived as the common denominator among people who have spied against their own country. This assumption is common sense and appears to be self-evident truth. But do we have any hard evidences to prove the validity of such a statement? What method could be applied to determine it? This article is a review of the motives behind one's resorting to spying activity which is a complex and multifarious process. I decided to present only the phenomenon of spying for another country. The studies on the motives behind taking up spying activity are idiographic in character. One of the basic methodological problems to be faced by the researchers of this problem is an inaccessibility of a control group.

The Problem of the Typology of Rationality in Muslim Culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Lukashev
Keyword(s):  
Modern Philosophy ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Islamic Culture ◽  
The Common ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The One ◽  
Muslim Culture

The typology of rationality is one of major issues of modern philosophy. In an attempt to provide a typology to Oriental materials, a researcher faces additional problems. The diversity of the Orient as such poses a major challenge. When we say “Oriental,” we mean several cultures for which we cannot find a common denominator. The concept of “Orient” involves Arabic, Indian, Chinese, Turkish and other cultures, and the only thing they share is that they are “non-Western.” Moreover, even if we focus just on Islamic culture and look into rationality in this context, we have to deal with a conglomerate of various trends, which does not let us define, with full confidence, a common theoretical basis and treat them as a unity. Nevertheless, we have to go on trying to find common directions in thought development, so as to draw conclusions about types of rationality possible in Islamic culture. A basis for such a typology of rationality in the context of the Islamic world was recently suggested in A.V. Smirnov’s logic of sense theory. However, actual empiric material cannot always fit theoretical models, and the cases that do not fit the common scheme are interesting per se. On the one hand, examination of such cases gives an opportunity to specify certain provisions of the theory and, on the other hand, to define the limits of its applicability.

Beyond Promoter: The Role of Macrophage in Invasion and Progression of Renal Cell Carcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 588-596
Author(s):  
Haibao Zhang ◽  
Guodong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Cell Formation ◽  
Biological Behavior ◽  
Tumor Stem Cell ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is one of the common urologic neoplasms, and its incidence has been increasing over the past several decades; however, its pathogenesis is still unknown up to now. Recent studies have found that in addition to tumor cells, other cells in the tumor microenvironment also affect the biological behavior of the tumor. Among them, macrophages exist in a large amount in tumor microenvironment, and they are generally considered to play a key role in promoting tumorigenesis. Therefore, we summarized the recent researches on macrophage in the invasiveness and progression of RCC in latest years, and we also introduced and discussed many studies about macrophage in RCC to promote angiogenesis by changing tumor microenvironment and inhibit immune response in order to activate tumor progression. Moreover, macrophage interactes with various cytokines to promote tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and it also promotes tumor stem cell formation and induces drug resistance in the progression of RCC. The highlight of this review is to make a summary of the roles of macrophage in the invasion and progression of RCC; at the same time to raise some potential and possible targets for future RCC therapy.

Searching for Political Parties in the Past

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piero Ignazi
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Common

Chapter 1 introduces the long and difficult process of the theoretical legitimation of the political party as such. The analysis of the meaning and acceptance of ‘parties’ as tools of expressing contrasting visions moves forward from ancient Greece and Rome where (democratic) politics had first become a matter of speculation and practice, and ends up with the first cautious acceptance of parties by eighteenth-century British thinkers. The chapter explores how parties or factions have been constantly considered tools of division of the ‘common wealth’ and the ‘good society’. The holist and monist vision of a harmonious and compounded society, stigmatized parties and factions as an ultimate danger for the political community. Only when a new way of thinking, that is liberalism, emerged, was room for the acceptance of parties set.

Can Groups Assert That P?

2019 ◽  
pp. 326-344
Author(s):  
Deborah Tollefsen
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Constitutive Rule ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Common ◽  
Declarative Statement ◽  
John Macfarlane

When a group or institution issues a declarative statement, what sort of speech act is this? Is it the assertion of a single individual (perhaps the group’s spokesperson or leader) or the assertion of all or most of the group members? Or is there a sense in which the group itself asserts that p? If assertion is a speech act, then who is the actor in the case of group assertion? These are the questions this chapter aims to address. Whether groups themselves can make assertions or whether a group of individuals can jointly assert that p depends, in part, on what sort of speech act assertion is. The literature on assertion has burgeoned over the past few years, and there is a great deal of debate regarding the nature of assertion. John MacFarlane has helpfully identified four theories of assertion. Following Sandy Goldberg, we can call these the attitudinal account, the constitutive rule account, the common-ground account, and the commitment account. I shall consider what group assertion might look like under each of these accounts and doing so will help us to examine some of the accounts of group assertion (often presented as theories of group testimony) on offer. I shall argue that, of the four accounts, the commitment account can best be extended to make sense of group assertion in all its various forms.

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