Effect of Temperature on the Pyroligneous Oil from Selected Tropical Woody Biomass in a Fixed-Bed Reactor

Plasma-assisted catalytic cracking is an attractive method for producing biofuels from vegetable oil. This paper studied the effect of reactor temperature on the performance of plasma-assisted catalytic cracking of palm oil into biofuels. The cracking process was conducted in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)-type plasma reactor with the presence of spent RFCC catalyst. The reactor temperature was varied at 400, 450, and 500 ºC. The liquid fuel product was analyzed using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the compositions. Result showed that the presenceof plasma and catalytic role can enhance the reactor performance so that the selectivity of the short-chain hydrocarbon produced increases. The selectivity of gasoline, kerosene, and diesel range fuels over the plasma-catalytic reactor were 16.43%, 52.74% and 21.25%, respectively, while the selectivity of gasoline, kerosene and diesel range fuels over a conventional fixed bed reactor was 12.07%, 39.07%, and 45.11%, respectively. The increasing reactor temperature led to enhanced catalytic role of cracking reaction,particularly directing the reaction to the shorter hydrocarbon range. The reactor temperature dependence on the liquid product components distribution over the plasma-catalytic reactor was also studied. The aromatic and oxygenated compounds increased with the reactor temperature.©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Optimal Design, Modeling and Simulation of an Ethanol Steam Reforming Reactor

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.2202/1542-6580.2059 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis E Arteaga ◽

Luis M Peralta ◽

Yannay Casas ◽

Daikenel Castro

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Production ◽

Modeling And Simulation ◽

Design Patterns ◽

Plug Flow ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Cell System ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Ethanol Conversion ◽

Renewable Hydrogen

The optimum design, modeling and simulation of a fixed bed multi-tube reformer for the renewable hydrogen production are carried out in the present paper. The analogies between plug flow model and a fixed bed reactor are used as design patterns. The steam reformer is designed to produce enough hydrogen to feed a 200kW fuel cell system (>2.19molH/s) and considering 85% of fuel utilization in the cell electrodes. The reactor prototype is optimized and then analyzed using a multiphysics and axisymmetric model, implemented on FEMLABM(R) where the differential mass balance by convection-diffusion and the energy balance for convection-conduction are solved. The temperature profile is controlled to maximize hydrogen production. The catalyst bed internal profiles and the effect of temperature on ethanol conversion and carbon monoxide production are discussed as well.

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Catalytic Vapor Phase Nitroxidation of p-Xylene: a New Route for Synthesis of Terephthalic Acid and Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)

Textile Research Journal ◽

10.1177/004051759206201008 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 62 (10) ◽

pp. 603-607

Author(s):

Vandana Kala ◽

R. Prasad ◽

A. L. Sharma ◽

J. Mathew

Keyword(s):

Ethylene Terephthalate ◽

Oxide Catalyst ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Atomic Ratio ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽

Metal Support Interaction ◽

Metal Support ◽

Poly Ethylene

We have examined catalytic transformation of p-xylene into terephthalonitrile with nitric oxide (NO) over an aluminium oxide-supported ferric oxide catalyst using a fixed bed reactor in a temperature range of 320-460°c under atmospheric pressure. We achieved a maximum conversion of 80% with an Al2O3:Fe2O3 catalyst having an Al:Fe atomic ratio of nearly 1:1 at a temperature of 360°c with a NO: p-xylene mole ratio of 54.60. We studied the effect of temperature and NO: p-xylene mole ratio on the conversion to terephthalonitrile. Using Mössbauer and IR spectra of the catalysts, we concluded that Al2O3 not only provides a larger surface for the iron oxide catalyst, but also increases its activity by interacting with Fe2O3 and upholds the theory of metal support interaction.

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Liquefaction of Harbul (Silopi SE Anatolia, Turkey) Asphaltite by Flash Pyrolysis

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1260/014459808784305815 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 23-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abdurrahman Saydut ◽

Yalcin Tonbul ◽

Candan Hamamci

Keyword(s):

Column Chromatography ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Liquid Product ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Secondary Products ◽

Hydrocarbon Gases ◽

Flash Pyrolysis ◽

Liquid Yield

Asphaltite, being petroleum originated solid fossil fuel, can be converted into a variety of secondary products such as light hydrocarbon gases, liquid product and high quality fuel char by means of pyrolysis. Liquefaction of Harbul (Silopi, Turkey) asphaltite,-0.60+0.25 mm particle size, and using flash pyrolysis was performed in a fixed bed reactor with a heating rate 40°C min−1 at a temperature ranging from 400 to 800°C under nitrogen atmosphere. The effect of temperature on conversion and liquid yield was examined. The flash pyrolysis temperature resulted in a large increase in the oil yield, tar, gases, large increase in the yield of hydrocarbon gases occurred as a result of temperature at 550°C which was attributed to an increase thermal cracking of pyrolysis vapours. The yield of asphaltite liquid at the condition of 550°C reached a maximum 19.66 wt %. The asphaltenes of the pyrolytic oils were precipitated by addition of n-pentane. Pentane solubles were fractioned by column chromatography into aliphatic, aromatic and polar fractions using n-hexane, toluene and methanol, respectively. The composition of these fractions from silica gel column chromatography of oil obtained by nitrogen pyrolysis was characterized by FTIR.

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Pyrolysis of Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) in a Vertical Fixed Bed Reactor

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.228 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 695 ◽

pp. 228-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Azduwin ◽

Mohd Jamir Mohd Ridzuan ◽

A.R. Mohamed ◽

S.M. Hafis

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Pyrolysis Temperature ◽

Hold Time ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Bio Oil

Uncontrolled uses of fossil fuels lead to serious energy problems and since Malaysia is one of the largest producers of palm oil in the world, it has caused a lot of waste such as empty fruit bunches (EFB) which can actually be converted into renewable energy via pyrolysis. In this work, firstly the characterizations of the EFB were analyzed such as elemental, proximate and component analysis. The pyrolysis experiment of empty fruit bunch using vertical fixed-bed reactor was conducted at different pyrolysis temperature range from 300 - 600 °C and the particle size of EFB was also varied from 125-250 μm with constant nitrogen flow rate of 100 cm3/min, heating rate of 30 °C/min, and 30 minutes hold time. For the effect of temperature, the optimum pyrolysis temperature was 500 °C to produce maximum yield of bio-oil which is 39.2 wt. % while 46.13 wt. % is the highest bio-oil yield produced at size of 500-710 μm for the effect of particle size. The analysis on bio-oil was conducted by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) with the results shows for the presents of phenol/alcohol group, ketones and C-O bond. The bio-oil obtained is in the acidic condition with pH 3.5.

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The Effect of Temperature-Pressure Conditions on the RDF Gasification in the Atmosphere of Steam and Carbon Dioxide

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14227502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (22) ◽

pp. 7502

Author(s):

Katarzyna Śpiewak ◽

Grzegorz Czerski ◽

Karol Bijak

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Mercury Content ◽

Steam Gasification ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Refuse Derived Fuel ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Main Components

This research aimed to assess the process conditions, temperature and pressure, on the gasification of alternative refuse-derived fuel (RDF) in the atmosphere of steam and carbon dioxide on a laboratory scale using a fixed bed reactor. For this reason, the selected RDF were analysed, including proximate and ultimate analysis, mercury content and ash composition. After that, isothermal gasification measurements using the thermovolumetric method were performed under various temperatures (700, 750, 800, 900 °C) and pressures (0.5, 1, 1.5 MPa), using steam and carbon dioxide as gasifying agents. The obtained results showed that in the entire analysed range, the increase in temperature positively affect both the steam and CO2 gasification of RDF. The formation rates of main components (H2 and/or CO) of the resulting gas, as well as yields of gas components and maximum carbon conversion degrees increase. However, this positive effect was the greater, the lower the process pressure was. In turn, the effect of pressure was more complex. In the case of RDF steam gasification, an increase in pressure had a negative effect on the process, while when using carbon dioxide as a gasifying agent, an improvement of most analysed parameters was observed; however, only at low temperatures, 700–750 °C.

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RECYCLING OF WASTE TIRES FOR BIO CRUDE FUEL PRODUCTION THROUGH A PYROLYSIS SYSTEM

Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development ◽

10.31272/jeasd.conf.2.3.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (Special) ◽

pp. 3-21-3-30

Author(s):

Dunya A. Khalaf ◽

◽

Zaidoon N. Aboodi ◽

Saadi M. Daher ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Solid Waste Management ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Complex Mixture ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

Waste Tires ◽

Valuable Compounds

Recycling of solid waste is one of the most valuable method which is used in worldwide for integral solid waste management. Waste tires are considered to be a source of energy and valuable chemical products. In this study waste tire samples of mixed types (passenger, truck, and heavy vehicles etc.) were decomposed thermally in a fixed bed reactor made up of stainless steel placed inside an electrical heater. Thermal pyrolysis on tire waste samples with (1-2) cm of particle size was carried out at temperatures of 330 ᵒC, 430ᵒC, 530ᵒC, and 630 ᵒC under Argon flow rate of 0.5 L/min and retention time of 15 min to study the effect of temperature on the distribution of pyrolysis products yield. Three main products were obtained by tire pyrolysis pyro oil, gas, and solid residue. Chemical compositions of pyrolysis oil product were characterized by Gas chromatography mass and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses, it is a complex mixture of alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, cycloalkane, alcohol, ester, and aromatic compounds which are preferable in fuel. If found that a limonene compound occupies the largest proportion of the oil product which is considered as a more valuable compounds.

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Effect of Temperature on Yield Product and Characteristics of Bio-oil From Pyrolysis of Spirulina platensis Residue

Elkawnie ◽

10.22373/ekw.v6i1.6323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Siti Jamilatun ◽

Yeni Elisthatiana ◽

Siti Nurhalizatul Aini ◽

Ilham Mufandi ◽

Arief Budiman

Keyword(s):

Spirulina Platensis ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Pyrolysis Product ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Water Phase ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Nickel Wire ◽

Pyrolysis Process ◽

Bio Oil ◽

Oil Water

Abstract : Dependence on the use of fossil fuels in Indonesia is still quite high, especially crude oil; if no new energy reserves found, it will disrupt long-term energy availability. Biofuel is a renewable energy source derived from biomass, such as the type of microalgae spirulina platensis (SP). Solid residues from SP extraction still contained high levels of protein and carbohydrates. This solid residue can be processed by pyrolysis to produce bio-oil, water phase, charcoal, and gas. Bio-oil and gas products can use as fuel, charcoal can use for pharmaceutical needs, and the water phase as a chemical can use in food and health. The pyrolysis process carried out in a fixed-bed reactor with temperature ranging from 300-600°C. Heating was carried out by electricity through a nickel wire wrapped outside the reactor. Pyrolysis product in the form of gas condensed in the condenser, the condensate formed measured by weight. Char weight measured after the pyrolysis process completed. At the same time, non-condensable gas calculated by gravity from the initial weight difference of SPR minus liquid weight (bio-oil and water phase) and char. SPR samples were analyzed proximate and ultimate, while bio-oil products examined by the GC-MS method. The experimental results showed that the optimum pyrolysis temperature at 500ºC produced by 18.45% of bio-oil, 20% of the water phase, 32.02 of charcoal, and 29.54% of gas by weight. GC-MS results from bio-oil consisted of ketones, aliphatics, nitrogen, alcohol, acids, while PAHs, phenols, and aromatics not found.Abstrak : Ketergantungan penggunaan bahan bakar fosil di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi terutama minyak mentah, jika tidak ditemukan cadangan energi baru maka akan mengganggu ketersediaan energi jangka panjang. Biofuel adalah salah satu sumber energi terbarukan yang berasal dari biomassa seperti jenis mikroalga spirulina platensis (SP). Residu padat dari ekstraksi SP masih mengandung protein dan karbohidrat yang cukup tinggi. Residu padat ini dapat diproses dengan pirolisis untuk menghasilkan bio-minyak, fase air, arang, dan gas. Produk bio-minyak dan gas dapat digunakan untuk bahan bakar, arang dapat digunakan untuk kebutuhan farmasi, dan fase air sebagai bahan kimia dapat digunakan di bidang makanan dan kesehatan. Proses pirolisis dilakukan dalam reaktor fixed-bed dengan suhu 300-600°C. Pemanasan dilakukan dengan listrik melalui kawat nikel yang dibungkus di luar reaktor. Produk pirolisis berupa gas dikondensasi dalam kondensor, kondensat yang terbentuk diukur beratnya. Berat char diukur setelah proses pirolisis selesai, sementara gas yang tidak dapat dikondensasi dihitung beratnya dari perbedaan bobot awal SPR dikurangi bobot cair (bio-oil dan fase air) dan char. Sampel SPR dianalisis proksimat dan ultimat, sedangkan produk bio-minyak dianalisis dengan metode GC-MS. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa suhu optimum pirolisis adalah 500ºC yang menghasilkan bio-oil, water phase, arang, dan gas berturut-turut adalah 18,45; 20; 32,02 dan 29,54 % berat. Hasil GC-MS dari bio-oil terdiri dari keton, alifatik, nitrogen, alkohol dan asam, sedangkan PAH, fenol dan tidak ditemukan.

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Enhanced Yield of Hydrogen From Wastes Using High Temperature Steam Gasification

Journal of Energy Resources Technology ◽

10.1115/1.2134733 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 128 (3) ◽

pp. 179-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

W. Jangsawang ◽

A. Klimanek ◽

Ashwani K. Gupta

Keyword(s):

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Calculated Data ◽

Steam Gasification ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Gas Composition ◽

Wood Pellets ◽

Feed Composition ◽

High Yields

Equilibrium calculations using the element potential method have been used to determine optimum conditions for the gasification of wood pellets and to understand the limitations and influence of preheated gasifying agent on the product gas composition. The calculations were carried out under isobaric (1 atm) and isothermal conditions using cellulose as the waste fuel. For each isothermal case results were obtained for the effect of feed gas composition. Various mixtures of steam/cellulose [mol/mol] and oxygen/steam [mol/mol] were examined to determine conditions for high yields of H2 and CO at a given temperature. The yield of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with different input feed composition and temperature of the process are therefore considered. The results showed strong effect of temperature on hydrogen and carbon monoxide yield in the gasified product stream. High temperatures resulted in high yields of hydrogen. Pure steam resulted in higher yields of hydrogen than steam-air gasifying agent. The experimental results using a fixed bed reactor showed good trends with the calculated data. These results assist in the design and development of enhanced hydrogen production from steam gasification of wastes.

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Synthesis of disodium phosphonate functionalized graphene oxide as an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst for mercaptan removal from the gas stream

Functional Materials Letters ◽

10.1142/s1793604719500279 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (03) ◽

pp. 1950027

Author(s):

Masoumeh M. Mirzaeian ◽

Ali Morad Rashidi ◽

Masud Zare

Keyword(s):

Graphene Oxide ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Space Velocity ◽

Fixed Bed Reactor ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Functionalized Graphene ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Spectroscopy Analysis ◽

Functionalized Graphene Oxide ◽

Mercaptan Removal

Mercaptans are commonly present in natural gas. Their high corrosiveness make them the most undesirable sulfur compounds, so they should be removed because of harmful effects on the environment. Disodium phosphonate functionalized graphene oxide (GO-P(Na)2) nanocatalyst was synthesized and adsorption of mercaptan on nanocatalyst was studied in this work. The nanocatalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The experiments were carried out in a fixed-bed reactor and the effect of temperature and Gas Hour Space Velocity (GHSV) parameters on mercaptan removal under nanocatalyst were investigated, demonstrating that increasing the temperature and decreasing the GHSV improves the rate of the reaction. Moreover, the kinetic parameters relevant to catalytic reaction for mercaptan removal under nanocatalyst were reported. The experimental results displayed that the maximum of mercaptan removal was obtained under GO-P(Na)2 nanocatalyst at the temperature of 100∘C and GHSV of 1000[Formula: see text]h[Formula: see text]. The concentration of output mercaptan under nanocatalyst reduced from 16,800[Formula: see text]ppm to less than 25[Formula: see text]ppm.

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