scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF BENZO(A)PYRENE ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POPULATION HEALTH (BY EXAMPLE OF IVANOVO)

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Izvekova ◽  
Nataliya A. Kobeleva ◽  
Andreiy A. Gushchin ◽  
Mariya S. Gerasimova ◽  
Vladimir I. Grinevich
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Environmental Objects

The paper presents the results of measurements of the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the snow cover in the territory of the Ivanovo city. It was revealed that the concentration of BaP at the controlled points is 2.7 times higher than the background level on average. The degree of pollution of the snow cover in Ivanovo is much less than in Moscow (the level of excess varies in the range 2.3 - 89 times). The intake levels (from 0.02 μg/m2 to 3.76 μg/m2) and deposition density (0.02 - 1.88 ng/m2 · day-1) of BaP are estimated that are commensurate with the values typical for such areas, as urban areas of Germany and Canada. Interpolation the BaP concentrations in snow is allowed to reveal anomalies in the city with BaP content of 35 ng/l, which is 7 times higher than the average value for the whole city. The obtained data made it possible to estimate the BaP concentration in atmospheric air, which on the average is 0.7· 10-6 mg/m3, which is 0.7 fraction of the maximum permissible concentration. The values of individual carcinogenic risk for public health were calculated, which amounted to 0.6·10-6 and 1.6·10-6, which corresponds to negligible individual risk (for the adult population) or corresponds to the maximum allowable level (for children), respectively. The obtained results allowed to evaluate the environmental risk from pollution of the snow cover with BaP, the level of which corresponds to a moderate one, however, indicates a potential public health hazard related to the ability of the BаP to accumulate in environmental objects. It is established that the most likely source of BaP is automobile transport. The contribution of the fuel and energy complex should be much less.

Organization of monitoring of carcinogens in the atmospheric air of the city and assessment of the health risk

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Oleg Vladimirovich Klepikov ◽  
Yuriy Ivanovich Stepkin ◽  
Semen Aleksandrovich Kurolap ◽  
Sergey Aleksandrovich Yeprintsev
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Probable Presence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

The aim of the study was to assess the carcinogenic risk to the health of the population of an industrialized city, caused by the probable presence of carcinogens in the ambient air. The results of laboratory control of the content of carcinogens in the atmospheric air of the city of Voronezh for 2017–2020 were used as the initial data. The carcinogenic risk was assessed in accordance with the provisions of Guideline R. 2.1.10.1920–04 «Guidelines for assessing the risk to public health when exposed to chemicals that pollute the environment.» Taking into account the regional peculiarities of the composition of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air, 1,3-butadiene (source — production of synthetic rubber) should be classified as priority carcinogens requiring systematic monitoring and measures to reduce the volume of emissions and, accordingly, concentrations in the surface layer of atmospheric air and chromium 6+ compounds (the main source is an aircraft plant). These substances, depending on the territory (transport or industrial), contribute 69.9–75.7 % and 21.7–26.9 %, respectively, to the total values of the individual carcinogenic risk (from 4.27 × 10 –3 to 4.90 × 10 –3 for the adult population, from 3.38 × 10 –4 to 3.82 × 10 –4 for children 6 years old). For the rest of the laboratory controlled carcinogens (formaldehyde, lead, soot, styrene), the risks do not exceed the maximum permissible value. It was found that the territorial coverage of the urban area of Voronezh by monitoring the content of carcinogens in the atmospheric air (5 stationary and 5 route observation posts) and the number of laboratory-determined carcinogens (6 out of 18 taken into account in the projects of maximum permissible emissions of enterprises) is insufficient to obtain reliable information on the value carcinogenic risk to public health. To reduce the associated uncertainties in assessing the carcinogenic risk, further studies of the content of 8 carcinogens (1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, lead, carbon black, chromium 6+, benzene, benz/a/pyrene, styrene) are planned at 13 additional control points of the urban area.

scholarly journals Assessment of carcinogenic risk caused by the impact of the environmental factors on urban population health

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
Valery N. Rakitskii ◽  
Yuriy I. Stepkin ◽  
Oleg V. Klepikov ◽  
Semyon A. Kurolap
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Laboratory Control ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. The high level of environmental pollution in industrial cities, including carcinogens, causes an unacceptable risk to public health. In this regard, a quantitative risk assessment is required to develop preventive measures to reduce it. The aim of the study was to assess the carcinogenic risk to the health of the population of an industrialized city, caused by the probable presence of carcinogens in the ambient air, drinking water of the centralized water supply system, and the soil of the residential area. Material and research methods. The laboratory control of the content of carcinogens in environmental objects of the city of Voronezh for 2017-2020 was used as the reference data. The carcinogenic risk was assessed under the provisions of Guideline R. 2.1.10.1920-04 “Guidelines for assessing the risk to public health when exposed to chemicals that pollute the environment.” Results. Taking into account the regional peculiarities of the composition of pollutant emissions into the atmospheric air, 1,3-butadiene (source - production of synthetic rubber) should be classified as priority carcinogens requiring systematic monitoring and measures to reduce emissions and, accordingly, concentrations in the surface layer of atmospheric air and chromium6+ compounds (the main source is an aircraft plant), which contribute 69.9-75.7% and 21.7-26.9%, respectively, to the total values of the individual carcinogenic risk, which exceeds the maximum permissible level (1 • 10-4). The carcinogenic risk from exposure to drinking water pollutants (halogenated organic substances) and soil (under the scenario of accidental ingestion by preschool children) is below the maximum permissible risk (1 • 10-4). Conclusion. It is necessary to pay attention to increasing the sensitivity of the applied laboratory control methods, expanding the list of controlled carcinogenic pollutants, improving the monitoring system of carcinogens, and implementing measures to reduce the carcinogenic risk associated with atmospheric air pollution.

scholarly journals Rising burden of overweight and obesity among Indian adults: empirical insights for public health preparedness

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Rai ◽  
Chandan Kumar ◽  
Lucky Singh ◽  
Prashant Kumar Singh ◽  
Subhendu Kumar Acharya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Rising Incidence ◽  
Women In India

Abstract With simultaneous efforts to address a huge burden of malnutrition, especially among children and younger women, India also encounters a mushrooming prevalence of overweight and obesity among the adult population. This study analysed data from two consecutive rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted in 2005–06 and 2015–16, to present the burden of overweight and obesity among adult men and women in India. The findings highlight a rising burden of overweight and obesity, although the level and the extent of change over the study period varied across states. The district-wise analysis revealed geographical clusters of overweight and obesity. Further investigation suggests that overweight or obesity are not exclusive to urban areas, and economically well-off populations are more inclined to be overweight or obese. The trends and patterns of overweight and obesity in India argue for timely public health preparedness and interventions to avoid the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases in India.

scholarly journals Study of Risk Assessment of Indoor NH3 in Two Urban Households of NCR-Delhi

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-175
Author(s):  
ANKITA KATOCH ◽  
UMESH CHANDRA KULSHRESTHA
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Indoor Air Pollution ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Gaseous Ammonia ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Average Value

Indoor air pollution is a matter of serious concern in the mega cities which are grappling with poor air quality. There are very few reports available that discuss the indoor air quality of gaseous ammonia (NH3). This study reports the abundance and risk assessment of NH3 in two distinct urban households of Delhi city during July 2017 to June 2018. Results showed that the NH3 concentrations were consistently higher during entire sampling period at the Dwarka household (DH) site which represented the residential sector having an average value of 102.5 µg/m3, as compared to the Mayapuri household (MH) site which represented the industrial sector having an average value of 57.2 µg/m3. The spatio-temporal analysis suggested a characteristic seasonal influence as indoor concentrations were very high during monsoon season following the order, monsoon > summer > post-monsoon ≥ winter, at DH site but indoor NH3 at MH site did not show any remarkable seasonal variation except a sweeping increase during monsoons. Short term and long term health risk characterisation using multiple appropriate toxicological end limits for NH3 in the two households showed that at its present concentrations indoor NH3 cannot be a health hazard to the inmates. However, it does not fail to escape our notice that mushrooming urban areas with their complex problems such as poor sanitation, industrialisation, waste management, high vehicular traffic, high occupant density, etc. have become major hubs of continual rise in indoor ammonia.

Carcinogenic risk assessment in population living in the ecologically problematic areas of Irkutsk region

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
N. V. Yefi mova ◽  
I. V. Myl’nikova ◽  
M. V. Kuz’mina ◽  
L. G. Lisetskaya ◽  
Ye. Ye. Loznevaya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Area ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Regional Population ◽  
Drinkable Water ◽  
Route Of Exposure ◽  
Risk Parameters

Irkutsk region is among territories of intense industrial development. Considerable part of the regional population is long exposed to chemical pollutants of environmental objects. Th e authors evaluated carcinogenic risk for the population of industrial centers and rural area. Findings are that maximal carcinogenic risk is carried by the urban population. Aggregated carcinogenic risk parameters evaluation proved inhalation to be a priority route of exposure. Irkutsk region appeared to have territories with high carcinogenic risk for public health. Among a list of chemicals in the ambient air are priority carcinogens: six-valent chromium and lead. The evidences necessitate measures on the risks minimization. Due to absent data on carcinogens content of drinkable water in some rural area, the necessity is to evaluate risk for the rural population by studies of drinkable water quality that does not match hygienic regulations, because oral one is a main route of carcinogens intake.

Urban Greening and Human-Wildlife Relations in Philadelphia: From Animal Control to Multispecies Coexistence?

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hunold
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Runoff ◽  
Urban Wildlife ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Urban Greening ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Animal Control

City-scale urban greening is expanding wildlife habitat in previously less hospitable urban areas. Does this transformation also prompt a reckoning with the longstanding idea that cities are places intended to satisfy primarily human needs? I pose this question in the context of one of North America's most ambitious green infrastructure programmes to manage urban runoff: Philadelphia's Green City, Clean Waters. Given that the city's green infrastructure plans have little to say about wildlife, I investigate how wild animals fit into urban greening professionals' conceptions of the urban. I argue that practitioners relate to urban wildlife via three distinctive frames: 1) animal control, 2) public health and 3) biodiversity, and explore the implications of each for peaceful human-wildlife coexistence in 'greened' cities.

Incidence of Staphylococcus aureus and its Enterotoxins in Chicken Meat and its Products

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Isolation Technique ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Unsaturated Fat ◽  
Permissible Limits ◽  
Production Activity ◽  
Different Types

Chicken meat are being widely consumed as they contain high protein and a healthier unsaturated fat type. Chicken burger represent a consumer palatable chicken product. Both chicken and its products are liable to different types of contamination during their preparation and processing. Contamination by S. aureus and its enterotoxins poses a major public health hazard to chicken meat consumes. During this study 100 different samples of chicken fillet, deboned thigh, wing, mechanically deboned meat (MDM) and chicken burger (20 each) was collected from market and investigated for their S. aureus count and ability of the isolated strains to produce enterotoxins using conventional plating and isolation technique as well as using SET-RPLA toxin detection kit. Results revealed that mean values of S. aureus count in all samples exceeded the permissible limits and hence being unacceptable. MDM isolated exhibited staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) production of three different types SEA, SEC and SED. Meanwhile chicken burger S. aureus isolates produced only SEA and SEC enterotoxins. While isolated S. aureus from chicken fillet and deboned thigh didn’t exhibit any enterotoxin production activity. It’s recommended to follow the hygienic practices during different processing stages to avoid the risk of S. aureus and its enterotoxins.

Can increases in Twitter posts predict increases in cumulative incidence of COVID-19 in the United States? Evidence that social media can inform epidemic surveillance. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoyan Sun ◽  
Henna Budhwani
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Education Attainment ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Per Capita

BACKGROUND Though public health systems are responding rapidly to the COVID-19 pandemic, outcomes from publicly available, crowd-sourced big data may assist in helping to identify hot spots, prioritize equipment allocation and staffing, while also informing health policy related to “shelter in place” and social distancing recommendations. OBJECTIVE To assess if the rising state-level prevalence of COVID-19 related posts on Twitter (tweets) is predictive of state-level cumulative COVID-19 incidence after controlling for socio-economic characteristics. METHODS We identified extracted COVID-19 related tweets from January 21st to March 7th (2020) across all 50 states (N = 7,427,057). Tweets were combined with state-level characteristics and confirmed COVID-19 cases to determine the association between public commentary and cumulative incidence. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 cases varied significantly across states. Ratio of tweet increase (p=0.03), number of physicians per 1,000 population (p=0.01), education attainment (p=0.006), income per capita (p = 0.002), and percentage of adult population (p=0.003) were positively associated with cumulative incidence. Ratio of tweet increase was significantly associated with the logarithmic of cumulative incidence (p=0.06) with a coefficient of 0.26. CONCLUSIONS An increase in the prevalence of state-level tweets was predictive of an increase in COVID-19 diagnoses, providing evidence that Twitter can be a valuable surveillance tool for public health.

Peri-urban water, sanitation and hygiene in Lusaka, Zambia: photovoice empowering local assessment via ecological theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 175797592199571
Author(s):  
Sikopo Nyambe ◽  
Taro Yamauchi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Ecological Theory ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Minimal Impact ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Definition Of

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors are responsible for 11.4% of deaths in Zambia, making WASH a key public health concern. Despite annual waterborne disease outbreaks in the nation’s peri-urban (slum) settlements being linked to poor WASH, few studies have proactively analysed and conceptualised peri-urban WASH and its maintaining factors. Our study aimed to (a) establish residents’ definition of peri-urban WASH and their WASH priorities; and (b) use ecological theory to analyse the peri-urban WASH ecosystem, highlighting maintaining factors. Our study incorporated 16 young people (aged 17–24) residing in peri-urban Lusaka, Zambia in a photovoice exercise. Participants took photographs answering the framing question, ‘What is WASH in your community?’ Then, through contextualisation and basic codifying, participants told the stories of their photographs and made posters to summarise problems and WASH priorities. Participant contextualisation and codifying further underwent theoretical thematic analysis to pinpoint causal factors alongside key players, dissecting the peri-urban WASH ecosystem via the five-tier ecological theory ranging from intrapersonal to public policy levels. Via ecological theory, peri-urban WASH was defined as: (a) poor practice (intrapersonal, interpersonal); (b) a health hazard (community norm); (c) substandard and unregulated (public policy, organisational); and (d) offering hope for change (intrapersonal, interpersonal). Linked to these themes, participant findings revealed a community level gap, with public policy level standards, regulations and implementation having minimal impact on overall peri-urban WASH and public health due to shallow community engagement and poor acknowledgement of the WASH realities of high-density locations. Rather than a top-down approach, participants recommended increased government–resident collaboration, offering residents more ownership and empowerment for intervention, implementation and defending of preferred peri-urban WASH standards.

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