scholarly journals Dynamics of indexes of reproduction and selection in three generations of the urbanized population

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 61-66
Author(s):  
N. O. Kozak ◽  
L. A. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. Due to the fact that women's reproductive behavior has been changing with the development of civilization, from natural uncontrolled fertility in the early stages of human development to reproductive technologies in our time, the aim of this work was to study the direction and intensity of natural selection index and changes of the quantitative characteristics of reproduction in women residents of Kharkiv in three successive generations. Methods. Material was collected in 1990 and 2017. The obstetric and gynecological history of the inhabitants of Kharkiv was studied. The first generation included 589 women who were born in 1900–1925, 244 women born in the period 1928–1955, made up the second generation, 288 women who were born in 1956–1979, were assigned to third generation. Results. The total selection index is reduced from 0.56 in the first generation to 0.29 and 0.28 in the second and third generations, respectively. Over the eighty-year period, the differential fertility rate has decreased. The percentage of women with pathological pregnancies increased from 4.9 in the first generation, to 22.5 in the second and 18.4 in the third generation. Conclusions. The total selection index in the Kharkiv population into three successive generations has decreased by half: from 0.56 to 0.28, the index of differential mortality has decreased by almost four times. Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kharkov population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

scholarly journals Indexes of natural selection in Kharkiv population

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 56-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. O. Kozak ◽  
L. A. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
Mortality Index ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ectopic Pregnancies ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. Reproductive behavior of women has particular importance in the reproduction of the population and depends on cultural characteristics and religious views. Number of birth and medical abortions become artificially regulated; nevertheless selection in human populations does not disappear. Therefore, the aim of this task to study the direction and intensity of indexes of natural selection and the dynamics of the gene pool in the Kharkiv population for two adjacent generations. Methods. The material was collected in 2017. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted for women in postreproductive age. The questionnaire includes questions which reflect a woman's gynecological and obstetrical anamnesis. The number of pregnancies and their outcomes was calculated: medical and spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies, number of stillbirths and live births. Results. In one generation, the total selection index decrease from 0.29 to 0.28, while the differential fertility index is much higher than the differential mortality index. The average number of pregnancies and medical abortions reduced in the younger generation with statistically significant difference. Conclusions. The Kharkov population is characterized by a narrow type of reproduction. The dynamics of Crow's indexes are in line with global trends. From the older generation to the younger the total selection index decreases gradually.Keywords: reproductive characteristics,Kharkov population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

scholarly journals Dynamics of natural selection in two generations (on the example of the population of the Kirovograd region)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 152-156
Author(s):  
K. K. Kovleva ◽  
N.A. Kozak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Genetic Load ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Medical Histories ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. In connection with the success of modern medicine, the pressure of natural selection in various civilized human populations is weakening, which leads to the accumulation of a genetic load. The purpose of this work was to trace the change in the intensity of natural selection among population of the Kirovograd region in two successive generations. Methods. The collection of material was carried out in 2020 and 2021. Anonymous questionnaires were conducted and medical histories of women of post-reproductive age of the Kirovograd region were studied. The first generation included 40 women born in 1937–1959; the second generation consists of 273 women born in 1960–1981. Results. The total selection index was 0.27 in the first generation, and 0.37 in the second generation. The percentage of women who have not had pregnancies increased from the first generation to the second from 2.5 to 3.7, respectively. Conclusions. The index of total selection in the Kirovograd region population for one generation increased by almost one and a half times (from 0.27 to 0.37), as well as the index of differential fertility (from 0.25 to 0.35). Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kirovograd population, Crow's index, selection, generations.

scholarly journals Crow’s index in ethnic and social groups of urban population

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
N. O. Kozak ◽  
L. A. Atramentova
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Reproductive Age Women ◽  
Education Of Women ◽  
History Of ◽  
Statistical Indicators ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Total Selection

Aim. According to the data characterizing reproductive behavior of women, assess an impact of ethnicity and level of education on the intensity of selection in the urbanized multinational population of Kharkiv city. Methods. Data from obstetric history of 532 post-reproductive age women was studied. Results. For indicators of the number of pregnancies with favorable and unfavorable outcomes, universally valid statistical indicators were calculated. Crow’s indexes were calculated as indicators of the intensity of selection. The total selection index for Ukrainians living in Kharkiv equal 0.26, for Russians it is 0.32, and for the group formed from representatives of rare nationalities this index is 0.75. In a group of women with secondary education total selection index is 0.26, in a group with highest education it is 0.35. Conclusions. Ethnicity and level of education of women affects reproductive behavior and determine number of pregnancies and their outcomes. Selection indexes differ in ethnic groups and in groups with different levels of education. Keywords: reproductive characteristics, Kharkiv population, Crow's index, selection, nationality, education.

scholarly journals Measuring Selection Intensities Among Kolam Population: Manifested through Differential Fertility and Differential Mortality

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Bharathi K
Keyword(s):  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Differential Mortality ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Differential Fertility ◽  
Total Index ◽  
Postnatal Mortality ◽  
History Of ◽  
Telangana State ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
Modified Formula

The objective of the study is to understand the selection intensities among Kolam, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) of Adilabad district of Telangana State, India. Two prominent methods were employed to understand the intensities by using Crow’s index and modified formula as given by Johnston and Kensinger’s method. The intensities are computed on the basis of the reproductive history of mother with completed fertility and the results were compared with the available works on populations belonging to Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and India. The Crow’s total index (II) value was found to be 0.3863. The mortality (Im) component was found to be 0.2151 while fertility (If) component was found to be 0.1712. The contribution of mortality component is greater than that of fertility component among the present studied population using Crow’s index. According to Johnston and Kensinger, the total index (II) was found to be 0.6017. Fertility component was found to be 0.2368, prenatal mortality component (Ime) and postnatal mortality component (Ime/Pb) where observed to be 0.0675 and 0.0933 respectively. Therefore, it is clear from the results that postnatal mortality contributes more than prenatal mortality for selection, i.e., Johnston and Kensinger’s Index (0.6017) contributes more towards selection intensity than Crow’s index (0.3863). Natural selection takes place when there is variability of fitness observed through the differences in fertility and mortality in any population.

scholarly journals Genotyping-by-Sequencing Identifies Historical Breeding Stages of the Recently Domesticated American Cranberry

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Diaz-Garcia ◽  
Giovanny Covarrubias-Pazaran ◽  
Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
Nicholi Vorsa ◽  
Juan Zalapa
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Wild Germplasm ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
History Of

The cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is a North American fruit crop domesticated less than 200 years ago. The USDA began the first cranberry breeding program in response to false-blossom disease in 1929, but after the first generation of cultivars were released in the 1950s, the program was discontinued. Decades later, renewed efforts for breeding cranberry cultivars at Rutgers University and the University of Wisconsin yielded the first modern cultivars in the 2000’s. Phenotypic data suggests that current cultivars have changed significantly in terms of fruiting habits compared to original selections from endemic populations. However, due to the few breeding and selection cycles and short domestication period of the crop, it is unclear how much cultivated germplasm differs genetically from wild selections. Moreover, the extent to which selection for agricultural superior traits has shaped the genetic and phenotypic variation of cranberry remains mostly obscure. Here, a historical collection composed of 362 accessions, spanning wild germplasm, first-, second-, and third-generation selection cycles was studied to provide a window into the breeding and domestication history of cranberry. Genome-wide sequence variation of more than 20,000 loci showed directional selection across the stages of cranberry domestication and breeding. Diversity analysis and population structure revealed a partially defined progressive bottleneck when transitioning from early domestication stages to current cranberry forms. Additionally, breeding cycles correlated with phenotypic variation for yield-related traits and anthocyanin accumulation, but not for other fruit metabolites. Particularly, average fruit weight, yield, and anthocyanin content, which were common target traits during early selection attempts, increased dramatically in second- and third-generation cycle cultivars, whereas other fruit quality traits such as Brix and acids showed comparable variation among all breeding stages. Genome-wide association mapping in this diversity panel allowed us to identify marker-trait associations for average fruit weight and fruit rot, which are two traits of great agronomic relevance today and could be further exploited to accelerate cranberry genetic improvement. This study constitutes the first genome-wide analysis of cranberry genetic diversity, which explored how the recurrent use of wild germplasm and first-generation selections into cultivar development have shaped the evolutionary history of this crop species.

scholarly journals CSACI position statement: Newer generation H1-antihistamines are safer than first-generation H1-antihistamines and should be the first-line antihistamines for the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael N. Fein ◽  
David A. Fischer ◽  
Andrew W. O’Keefe ◽  
Gord L. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Chronic Urticaria ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
First Line ◽  
H1 Antihistamines ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use

Abstract Oral H1-antihistamines (AHs) are the most commonly used therapy to treat allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria. Older, first-generation AHs (e.g. diphenhydramine, hydroxyzine) have significant and common side effects including sedation, impairment with decreased cognitive function, poor sleep quality, dry mouth, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension. These drugs have also been found to result in death from accidents, intentional or unintentional overdoses, and sudden cardiac death. The unfavourable risk–benefit profile of first-generation AHs led to the development of newer, less-sedating second- and third-generation AHs, which first became available in Canada in the 1980s. High-quality trials have proven that newer generation AHs are superior in safety compared to older first-generation AHs. On average, they have improved potency and efficacy. Second- and third-generation AHs are the recommended first-line treatment for mild allergic rhinitis and acute and chronic urticaria. Despite this evidence, older first-generation AHs continue to be over-utilized because of their over-the-counter (OTC) status and long history of use. The Canadian Society of Allergy Clinical Immunology (CSACI) recommends that newer generation AHs should be preferred over first-generation AHs for the treatment of allergic rhino-conjunctivitis and urticaria. To promote this recommendation, education of health professionals and the public is necessary. Further, given the dangers of older first-generation AHs, we believe they should be used only as a last resort with eventual consideration given to having them only available behind the counter in pharmacies.

scholarly journals On the centenary of the insulin discovery

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
I. I. Dedov ◽  
M. V. Shestakova
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Insulin Analogues ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Action Profile ◽  
Natural Insulin

The discovery of insulin and the beginning of its use in 1921–1922 made a revolution in endocrinology and in medicine in general. This significant event gave millions of patients with diabetes not only the opportunity to live, but also the hope that their life with this disease would be full.The article examines the history of insulin discovery, as well as the evolution of several generations of insulin preparations and the advantages of each of the generations that have radically changed not only life expectancy, but also its quality.The first generation — insulins of animal origin and the solution of the first tasks of their sufficient production and purification. The next generation is human insulins, the purification of which was also a problem. The third generation is insulin analogues, the action of which became closer to the action profile of natural insulin. And the last generation — insulin analogues, most closely mimicking the action of endogenous insulin.Along with the development of insulin preparations, the article traces the evolution of the devices of its administration.

scholarly journals Towards accountability: A point of orientation for post-modern applied linguistics in the third millennium

Literator ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Weideman
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
Third Millennium ◽  
History Of

In this article three difficulties in dealing with post-modern applied linguistics are identified, and three reasons are given for taking the trouble to define this emerging tradition of doing applied linguistics. In the context of earlier analyses of the history of applied linguistics, post-modernism is identified as a sixth generation of applied linguistic work. There are overlapping and unique features in each of these traditions. The discontinuity of a post-modern approach from first generation applied linguistics is noted, as are the numerous continuities with second, fourth, fifth and especially third generation work. These continuities go a long way towards characterising post-modern applied linguistics, yet are not sufficient to define it exhaustively. The biggest difficulty with such a characterisation appears to be a divergence within a post-modern approach. What holds this latest tradition together is the seriousness with which it deals with accountability, and in that lies, at present, its defining characteristic. Wherever one locates one’s work, in earlier or in current traditions within applied linguistics, the premiss must always be to do these labours with integrity. Perhaps the latest trend towards an accountable applied linguistics has contributed more than any previous tradition to make us sensitive to this responsibility.

Third generation of the Web: libraries, librarians and Web 3.0

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqar Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Web 3.0 ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Applications ◽  
The Web

Purpose – This paper aims to explain the historic development of Web from the first generation to the second generation and now to the upcoming, third generation of the Web. It describes the importance of Web 3.0 and its other sub-functions to the librarians and their importance in the libraries. The basic purpose of this study is to give librarians an insight about the upcoming technologies. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is designed as an explanatory study using historic and literature search techniques, and is presented in an essay format containing the brief history of web, its current and coming technologies and its advantages and disadvantages. Findings – The finding and results indicate how the Web was designed into its current form. Findings show that at the next level, the interactions will become three ways. The robotics, artificial intelligence and semantic systems will help human in solving their queries. Research limitations/implications – The Web is spreading while new applications and technologies are inventing every day. This research may not be containing all the Web 3.0 applications, advantages and drawbacks. Practical implications – This paper includes the details of the Web applications that are used in Web 3.0. This article not only gives an insight to the Web applications related to the libraries but also indicates the advantages and drawbacks. Originality/value – This paper points out some very important applications to be used in the libraries in Web 3.0 environment, while a consideration of advantages and drawbacks makes this research more valuable for the librarians.

Transforming Our Models of Learning and Development: Web-Based Instruction as Enabler of Third-Generation Instruction

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Kraiger
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Generation Model ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Learning And Development ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Social Negotiation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Web Based Instruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Based Instruction

In this paper, I suggest that our methods for how to train are based historically on what we understand learning to be. I briefly trace the history of instructional design models, which embody both first-generation objectivist and second-generation cognitive constructivist views of learning. I then suggest we are on the cusp of a third-generation instructional model, one that places greater emphasis on the learner forming understanding largely through a process of social negotiation, either in training or on the job. I argue that Web-based instruction offers a technology ideally suited to the social constructivist approach at the core of this third-generation model. I discuss the importance of interaction in learning and suggest why Web-based networked learning may result in more, not less, interaction during training. Finally, I discuss other applications of third-generation learning such as peer mentoring and professional forums.

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