scholarly journals Skolen for livet. Anmeldelse af K. E. Bugges disputats.

1965 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-111
Author(s):  
A. Pontoppidan Thyssen
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Development ◽  
Educational Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
School Teaching ◽  
Folk High School ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sound Foundation

The School for Life By A. Pontoppidan Thyssen. The present treatise is a critical contribution to the debate on a thesis which was defended by K. E. Bugge, June 8, 1965, at the University of Copenhagen. This thesis deals with Grundtvig’s views on education and falls into three main parts. The first part purports to show how, chiefly under the influence of Romantic ideas, Grundtvig’s earliest development led him to an idealistic type of educational theory which made the development of personality the aim of any kind of education. The second part seeks to demonstrate that afterwards, 1808-30, he gradually developed away from this standpoint; and finally the third part describes Grundtvig’s real educational endeavours in the 1830’s and 40’s as a process of clarification consolidating the difference between Grundtvig and earlier and contemporary educational theory which attached special importance to the development and education of personality. In his criticism the author emphasizes the value of Bugge’s work. As we have seen it aims at giving a connected account of Grundtvig’s educational development, and its thorough treatment of Grundtvig’s early thoughts on education deserves special mention. Besides, Bugge has sought, through a comprehensive illustration of Grundtvig’s sources of inspiration and background in contemporary educational theory, to disengage him from the isolation so often surrounding his thoughts. He has also, and rightly, pointed to the difference between Grundtvig’s view and Romantic-Idealistic educational theory, but at this point the question is asked whether, in his way of presenting the problem, Bugge has got to the heart of the matter. The objections raised centre on this point in particular. Against Bugge’s chief point of view stress is laid on the connection between Grundtvig’s educational ideas and his general attitude as a critic of the age which is in opposition less to Romanticism than to the materialistic outlook of the Enlightenment. Already in the writings of the Langeland period this attitude towards the Enlightenment is there and should be considered more important than the influence from educational theory concentrating on the development of personality. The following period, 1808-30, should rather be looked upon as an elaboration of Grundtvig’s “ culture criticism” than as an increasing dissociation from the Langeland period. After the crisis of 1810-11 Grundtvig, the Christian, departs from Romantic religious idealism, but the structure of his views on education and “ Aandsudvikling” (spiritual development) is still determined by Romanticism. Christianity is now the foundation and chief expression of spiritual life, which also, however, expresses itself through poetry, “ Videnskabelighed” and national achievements. The more detailed exposition of these ideas in the Danne-Virke period is also, more or less, inspired by Romanticism. Grundtvig’s basic attitude is still that of the critic, and the chief object of attack is the materialism and “ falske Oplysning” (false enlightenment) of the age. The same is largely true of the Folk High-school writings of the 1830’s and 40’s. Here Bugge has demonstrated that Grundtvig’s ideas about school teaching develop through three phases, connected with the years 1832, 1834, and 1836 (-38), but attached little importance to the strong controversy which has left its mark on them all: in 1832 (Nordens Mythologi) against “den Romersk-Italienske Videnskabelighed” (Romano-Italian learning), where reason seeks to rule over life, i. e. the outlook of the Enlightenment which Grundtvig now traces back to the Renaissance and ancient Rome; in 1834 (esp. “Den danske Stats-Kirke upartisk betragtet” ) against the socially subversive wilfulness produced by “ Forstandstiden” (the age of reason), and in 1836-38 (the first school writings proper) also against “ den mathematiske Realskole” representing in Grundtvig’s opinion the same arid “Bogormevæsen” (book-worm attitude) as Latin education. Thus the study of Grundtvig’s polemical situation is a necessary condition of understanding the positive content of his views on school teaching, which has also received a rather summary treatment in Bugge’s thesis. But these objections do not detract from the value of the work presented. It has laid a sound foundation for all future examinations within the field.

Estetyka wobec feminizmu

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 40-66
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Dziamski
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feminist Art ◽  
Women's Art ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Judy Chicago ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Feminist Aesthetics

When we talk today about women’s art, we think about three phemonena, quite loosely related. We think about feminist art, about the way that the feminist’s statements and demands were expressed in the creativity of Judy Chicago and Nancy Spero, Carolee Scheemann and Valie Export, Miriam Schapiro and Mary Kelly, and in Poland in the creativity of Maria Pinińska-Bereś, Natalia LL or Ewa Partum. We think about female art, the forgotten, abandoned, neglected artists brought back to memory by the feminists with thousands of exhibitions and reinterpretations. Lastly, we think about the art created by women – women’s art. However, we do not know and will never know, whether the latter two phenomena would develop without the feminist movement. What is more, it is about the first wave of feminism called “the equality feminism”, as well as the dominating in the second wave – “the difference feminism”. The feminist art was in the beginning a critique of the patriarchal world of art. In a sense it remains as such (see: the Guerilla Girls), yet today we are more interested in the feminist deconstruction of thinking about art, and thus the question arises: should feminism create its own aesthetics – the feminist aesthetics, or should it develop the gender aesthetics, and as a result introduce the gender point of view to thinking about art? In this moment the androgynous feminism regains its importance, one represented by Virginia Woolf, and referring – in the theoretical layer – to Freud as read by Lucy Irigaray. Freudism, which the feminists became aware of in the 1970s, is the only philosophical movement, which assumes a dual subject, that is, in the starting point assumes the existence of two subjects – man and woman, even if the woman is defined in a purely negative way, by the deficit, as a “not a man”. Freudism replaces the Cartesian thinking subject (consciousness) by the corporeal and sexual being, and forces us to re-think the Enlightenment beginnings of the European aesthetics.

scholarly journals The axiological diversity of the European far right in the first half of the 20th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-205
Author(s):  
Marcin Pisarski
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Real Form ◽  
Far Right ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

AbstractThe subject of the article is the issue of axiological diversity of political movements of the far right, understood on the basis of metapolitics, i.e. religious, philosophical or civilizational values. The far right considered on this ground allows us to define the so-called ideological core, i.e. the characteristics of this political trend. The fundamental features of the far right in this approach are the primacy of spiritual values over material ones and radical social and political anti-egalitarianism, expressed in opposition to subsequent ideologies referring to the egalitarian ideals of the Enlightenment. The opposition to modernity, in its real form, was common to all the factions of the far right. The difference is visible, however, between the supporters of the restoration of old socio-political institutions and those who, under the influence of nihilism, rejected the possibility of returning to the past institutions, postulating the creation of new forms expressing the eternal traditional principles. From this point of view, it is possible to indicate the fundamental paths of development of the far right, which began in the first half of the 20th century, yet still retain their cognitive value in relation to the contemporary movements of this trend.

ESTHETICS TOWARDS FEMINISM

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (25) ◽  
pp. 40-66
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Dziamski
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Feminist Art ◽  
Women's Art ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Judy Chicago ◽  
The Difference ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Feminist Aesthetics

When we talk today about women’s art, we think about three phemonena, quite loosely related. We think about feminist art, about the way that the feminist’s statements and demands were expressed in the creativity of Judy Chicago and Nancy Spero, Carolee Scheemann and Valie Export, Miriam Schapiro and Mary Kelly, and in Poland in the creativity of Maria Pinińska-Bereś, Natalia LL or Ewa Partum. We think about female art, the forgotten, abandoned, neglected artists brought back to memory by the feminists with thousands of exhibitions and reinterpretations. Lastly, we think about the art created by women – women’s art. However, we do not know and will never know, whether the latter two phenomena would develop without the feminist movement. What is more, it is about the first wave of feminism called “the equality feminism”, as well as the dominating in the second wave – “the difference feminism”. The feminist art was in the beginning a critique of the patriarchal world of art. In a sense it remains as such (see: the Guerilla Girls), yet today we are more interested in the feminist deconstruction of thinking about art, and thus the question arises: should feminism create its own aesthetics – the feminist aesthetics, or should it develop the gender aesthetics, and as a result introduce the gender point of view to thinking about art? In this moment the androgynous feminism regains its importance, one represented by Virginia Woolf, and referring – in the theoretical layer – to Freud as read by Lucy Irigaray. Freudism, which the feminists became aware of in the 1970s, is the only philosophical movement, which assumes a dual subject, that is, in the starting point assumes the existence of two subjects – man and woman, even if the woman is defined in a purely negative way, by the deficit, as a “not a man”. Freudism replaces the Cartesian thinking subject (consciousness) by the corporeal and sexual being, and forces us to re-think the Enlightenment beginnings of the European aesthetics.

Pleasure as a Sign of Efficacy of Mental Activity

1997 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Cabanac ◽  
Chantal Pouliot ◽  
James Everett
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Magnitude Estimation ◽  
Mental Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Macintosh Computer ◽  
Science Students ◽  
Cognitive Efficiency ◽  
Sensory Pleasure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mental Tasks

Previous work has shown that sensory pleasure is both the motor and the sign of optimal behaviors aimed at physiological ends. From an evolutionary psychology point of view it may be postulated that mental pleasure evolved from sensory pleasure. Accordingly, the present work tested empirically the hypothesis that pleasure signals efficacious mental activity. In Experiment 1, ten subjects played video-golf on a Macintosh computer. After each hole they were invited to rate their pleasure or displeasure on a magnitude estimation scale. Their ratings of pleasure correlated negatively with the difference par minus performance, i.e., the better the performance the greater the pleasure reported. In Experiments 2 and 3, the pleasure of reading poems was correlated with comprehension, both rated by two groups of subjects, science students and arts students. In the majority of science students pleasure was significantly correlated with comprehension. Only one arts student showed this relationship; this result suggests that the proposed relationship between pleasure and cognitive efficiency is not tautological. Globally, the results support the hypothesis that pleasure is aroused by the same mechanisms, and follows the same laws, in physiological and cognitive mental tasks and also leads to the optimization of performance.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

TO THE PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ANTI-CORRUPTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author reflects the existing problems of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation. He focuses on the opacity of the work of state bodies, leading to an increase in bribery and corruption. The topic we have chosen is socially exciting in our days, since its significance is growing on a large scale at all levels of the investigated aspect of our modern life. Democratic institutions are being jeopardized, the difference in the position of social strata of society in society’s access to material goods is growing, and the state of society is suffering from the moral point of view, citizens are losing confidence in the government, and in the top officials of the state.

ЕКАТЕРИНА ВЕЛИКАЯ И ДИАЛЕКТИКА ПРОСВЕЩЕННОЙ МОНАРХИИ

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
С. И. Дудник ◽  
И. Д. Осипов
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The People ◽  
Specific Interpretation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Conservative Values

The article discusses the problems of evolution and the formation of the ideology of an enlightened monarchy in Russia. In this regard, the philosophical and political ideas of Catherine the Great, as well as their theoretical and ideological premises, are analyzed. It is noted that the philosophy of education in Russia was closely connected with the concepts of Voltaire, Didro, Montesquieu, Beccaria, Bentham, their views on natural law and human freedom, humanism and the rule of law. These concepts in the philosophy of Catherine received a specific interpretation, due to the sociocultural conditions of Russia. This was manifested in the famous work of Catherine the Great “The Nakaz”, which recognized Montesquieu's argument in favor of the autocracy, but at the same time, his point of view on the separation of powers was rejected. The specificity of the doctrine of enlightened monarchy lies in the combination of liberal and conservative values, which form eclectic forms. This was the dialectic of the supreme power, the difference between the enlightened monarchy and the ideology of absolutism. The article also notes that education in Russia is associated with fundamental socio-political reforms, processes of secularization of culture. At this time, the natural and human sciences are developing. The changes positively influenced the development of medicine, beautification of towns and public education. Also considered are the views on the autocracy of the opposition nobility intelligentsia: A. N. Radishchev and noted that his criticism of the autocracy was determined by an alternative cultural policy, proceeding from the protection of the interests of the people. The doctrine of enlightened monarchy is characterized by internal worldview inconsistency and political inconsistency, which did not allow solving the pressing social problems of the establishment of legal state, democratization of society and the abolition of serfdom.

Defending the Difference

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
True Nature ◽  
Natural Entities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodological Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Dreyfus argues that there is a basic methodological difference between the natural sciences and the social sciences, a difference that derives from the different goals and practices of each. He goes on to argue that being a realist about natural entities is compatible with pluralism or, as he calls it, “plural realism.” If intelligibility is always grounded in our practices, Dreyfus points out, then there is no point of view from which one can ask about or provide an answer to the one true nature of ultimate reality. But that is consistent with believing that the natural sciences can still reveal the way the world is independent of our theories and practices.

scholarly journals Grounding semantic transparency in context

Morphology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossella Varvara ◽  
Gabriella Lapesa ◽  
Sebastian Padó
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Distributional Semantics ◽  
Semantic Transparency ◽  
Inclusion Measure ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Point ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe present the results of a large-scale corpus-based comparison of two German event nominalization patterns: deverbal nouns in -ung (e.g., die Evaluierung, ‘the evaluation’) and nominal infinitives (e.g., das Evaluieren, ‘the evaluating’). Among the many available event nominalization patterns for German, we selected these two because they are both highly productive and challenging from the semantic point of view. Both patterns are known to keep a tight relation with the event denoted by the base verb, but with different nuances. Our study targets a better understanding of the differences in their semantic import.The key notion of our comparison is that of semantic transparency, and we propose a usage-based characterization of the relationship between derived nominals and their bases. Using methods from distributional semantics, we bring to bear two concrete measures of transparency which highlight different nuances: the first one, cosine, detects nominalizations which are semantically similar to their bases; the second one, distributional inclusion, detects nominalizations which are used in a subset of the contexts of the base verb. We find that only the inclusion measure helps in characterizing the difference between the two types of nominalizations, in relation with the traditionally considered variable of relative frequency (Hay, 2001). Finally, the distributional analysis allows us to frame our comparison in the broader coordinates of the inflection vs. derivation cline.

Thermodynamic Estimate of Minimal Dissipation for Heat Exchange System

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei A. Akhremenkov ◽  
Anatoliy M. Tsirlin ◽  
Vladimir Kazakov
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Exchange System ◽  
Heat Exchange System ◽  
Heat Exchange Surface ◽  
Minimal Dissipation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Exchange Surface

In this paper we consider heat exchange system from point of view of Finite-time thermodynamics. At first time the novel estimate of the minimal entropy production in a general-type heat exchange system with given heat load and fixed heat exchange surface is derived. The corresponding optimal distribution of heat exchange surface and optimal contact temperatures are also obtained. It is proven that if a heat flow is proportional to the difference of contacting flows’ temperatures then dissipation in a multi-flow heat exchanger is minimal only if the ratio of contact temperatures of any two flows at any point inside heat exchanger is the same and the temperatures of all heating flows leaving exchanger are also the same. Our result based on those assumptions: 1. heat transfer law is linear (17); 2. summary exchange surface is given; 3. heat load is given; 4. input tempretures for all flows are given; 5. water equivalents for all flows are given.

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