scholarly journals Villiam Grønbæk: Psykologiske tanker og teorier hos Grundtvig

1952 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-91
Author(s):  
P. G. Lindhardt
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Interest ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
God's Image ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Trinity

Villiam Grønbæk: Psykologiske tanker og teorier hos Grundtvig. (Grundtvig s Psychological Ideas and Theories.) Skrifter udg. Af Grundtvig-Selskabet IV, København 1951. (Publications of the Grundtvig Society IV, Copenhagen 1951). Reviewed by P. G. Lindhardt.This book does not deal with Grundtvig’s own psychological development, but attempts to present Grundtvigs ideas about psychology, and in so doing also prepares the way for a complete presentation of Grundtvig’s anthropological theories. The author, who is well known as an expert on the psychology of religion, uses his thorough knowledge of modern psychology to describe Grundtvig’s theories about “ foreboding” (intuition) and “ longing” (favourite words of the Romantic Movement) and “ experience” and “ self-consciousness” (the leading philosophical concepts of the eighteenth century). Grundtvig in his youth acquired a thorough knowledge of contemporary psychological theories, as is made evident by a series of unpublished notes which Dr. Grønbæk reproduces (with occasional misreadings). But Grundtvig never became the disciple of any particular psychologist; he formed his own theories independently, e. g., his famous tripartite psychological division of man’s mental life into imagination, feeling and understanding. In his treatment of these ideas, which were central in Grundtvig’s work as a writer, the book is of great general interest to all students of Grundtvig.Of great value, too, is the presentation of Grundtvig’s view of man as consisting of body, soul and spirit. For Grundtvig the body is not something base and of no consequence, as it is for so many idealist philosophers; man in his whole nature is created by God and in God’s image (Grundtvig can even conceive of his tripartite psychological division mentioned above as mirroring the Trinity), and his contact with the Divine is maintained, first and last, through the word, which is both physical (spoken by the mouth and apprehended through the ear) and spiritual.The book also discusses Grundtvig’s ideas concerning the will and the conscience, faith and the heart, and the different periods of human life. The fundamental religious experience which Grundtvig describes in the words: “When the heart warmly / Takes hold on the word, / Then we embrace our Saviour” is discussed in the light of the theories of the modern experimental psychologist, W. Gruehn, and his conception of human nature is compared with Stern’s psychology of the individual. Thus the book not only directs its attention to Grundtvig’s own period, but it is also a contribution to modern psychological studies. The author’s comments on the fundamental questions of the psychology of influence are of the greatest interest. The reviewer also considers that the book not only represents a conquest of new territory in Grundtvig research, but also throws light on many obscure points in the more recent history of Grundtvigianism, and should thus be of great help to students of this most singular sociological and psychological phenomenon in the history of our Church.

Schopenhauer and the Unconscious

2020 ◽  
pp. 496-516
Author(s):  
Stephan Atzert
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Arthur Schopenhauer ◽  
Death Drive ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Pleasure Principle ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sabina Spielrein

This chapter explores the gradual emergence of the notion of the unconscious as it pertains to the tradition that runs from Arthur Schopenhauer via Eduard von Hartmann and Philipp Mainländer to Sabina Spielrein, C. G. Jung, and Sigmund Freud. A particular focus is put on the popularization of the term “unconscious” by von Hartmann and on the history of the death drive, which has Schopenhauer’s essay “Transcendent Speculation on the Apparent Deliberateness in the Fate of the Individual” as one of its precursors. In this essay, Schopenhauer develops speculatively the notion of a universal, intelligent, supraindividual unconscious—an unconscious with a purpose related to death. But the death drive also owes its origins to Schopenhauer’s “relative nothingness,” which Mainländer adopts into his philosophy as “absolute nothingness” resulting from the “will to death.” His philosophy emphasizes death as the goal of the world and its inhabitants. This central idea had a distinctive influence on the formation of the idea of the death drive, which features in Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle.

scholarly journals Respiratory Care in Corona

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 613-620
Author(s):  
Mustafa Amdani, Dr. Swaroopa Chakole
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
Respiratory Care ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND The expanse of the coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is huge. The impact is multispectral and affected almost all aspects of human life. SUMMARY Respiratory impact of the COVID-19 is the most felt and widely reported impact. As the novel coronavirus maintained its history of affecting lungs as seen previously in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Ventilators and oxygen support system are required mostly in comorbid patients particularly amongpatientsbearing illnesses like asthma, bronchial impairment and so on. CONCLUSION More study needs to be done in order to assess the impact on the respiratory functioning of the body. Respiratory care must be including proper instruments so that more efficient result can be obtained. Research is needed to promote the invention of specific therapy for targeted action for respiratory functioning improvement.

Body and law in late Anglo-Saxon England

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 209-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine O'Brien O'Keeffe
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Manuscript Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control ◽  
Point Of Departure

This article explores some textual dimensions of what I argue is a crucial moment in the history of the Anglo-Saxon subject. For purposes of temporal triangulation, I would locate this moment between roughly 970 and 1035, though these dates function merely as crude, if potent, signposts: the years 970×973 mark the adoption of the Regularis concordia, the ecclesiastical agreement on the practice of a reformed (and markedly continental) monasticism, and 1035 marks the death of Cnut, the Danish king of England, whose laws encode a change in the understanding of the individual before the law. These dates bracket a rich and chaotic time in England: the apex of the project of reform, a flourishing monastic culture, efflorescence of both Latin and vernacular literatures, remarkable manuscript production, but also the renewal of the Viking wars that seemed at times to be signs of the apocalypse and that ultimately would put a Dane on the throne of England. These dates point to two powerful and continuing sets of interests in late Anglo-Saxon England, ecclesiastical and secular, monastic and royal, whose relationships were never simple. This exploration of the subject in Anglo-Saxon England as it is illuminated by the law draws on texts associated with each of these interests and argues their interconnection. Its point of departure will be the body – the way it is configured, regarded, regulated and read in late Anglo-Saxon England. It focuses in particular on the use to which the body is put in juridical discourse: both the increasing role of the body in schemes of inquiry and of punishment and the ways in which the body comes to be used to know and control the subject.

scholarly journals The concept of labor in the history of social thought

2021 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
E.N. Aubakirov ◽  
◽  
G.A. Adayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Relations ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Thought ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
Moral Category ◽  
Christian Worldview ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to the consideration and analysis of the phenomenon of labor in the historical and philosophical context. The article shows the spiritual and moral foundations of human labor activity, changes and transformation of labor relations throughout history, civilizational and ethno-confessional differences in the organization of economic activity and production. The analysis of labor as a moral category is carried out on the basis of an appeal to the concepts of prominent scientists and thinkers. Thus, the interpretation of labor in the framework of the ancient and Christian worldview is considered from the understanding of labor as a punishment for original sin to its assessment as a godly mission, where it is ontological characteristic of human life. The concept of labor in the theological teaching of Thomas Aquinas is analyzed in detail. Further, in the conditions of theformation of capitalism, a society of commoditymoney relations in the XVIII-XIX centuries there are significant changes in social status and the way of work. In these historical circumstances labor becomes a commodity. Particular attention is paid to the interpretation of the problems of labor in national philosophies. In the development of Russian social thought in this aspect, one can single out the ideas of S.N. Bulgakov, who, at the beginning of the twentieth century, analyzing the origins and spiritual factors of the formation of Russian entrepreneurship, finds its connection with the religiosity of the Old Believers. Kazakh thinkers also attached great importance to the concept of labor. Great Abai, emphasizing the role and importance of labor in the formation of the individual and the development of society, reflected this in his famous «Words of Edification». In modern conditions, among the works of Kazakh researchers, where the problems of labor are considered, one can point to the monograph by Omar Zhalel «Hareket». It focuses on etymological differences in word usage, used in the analysis of the work.

Self-Injuring Body Art

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-170
Author(s):  
Rosemarie Brucher
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam War ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Body Art ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Art Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
Artistic Self

AbstractArtistic self-injury, established as an art form since the late 1960s, polarizes the audience and still raises questions about the motivations behind such actions as well as about the narrative contexts in which they occur. While past research has focused on either specific performers or specific trajectories of violence in the contexts in which each artist was working, for instance, the Vietnam War (Kathy O’Dell), this article localizes artistic self-injury within the larger coherencies of the history of mind with respect to aesthetic theories. Questions of subjectivation and desubjectivation seem especially productive for such a discussion. Read against the backdrop of the aesthetics of the Kantian sublime as a strategy of self-empowerment that sets the independence of the will against the powerlessness of the body, the self-wounding act can also be understood with Georges Bataille as a purposeful desubjectivation, in which the artist strives for a radical disempowerment through pain. A consideration of selected artists sounds out the range between these two theoretical references.

scholarly journals On the nerves

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 434-435
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Direction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Natural Temperature ◽  
The Will ◽  
Voluntary Motion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Tubular Membranes ◽  
The Brain

The author gives the results of his examinations, both microscopical and chemical, of the structure and composition of the nerves; and concludes that they consist, in their whole extent, of a congeries of membranous tubes, cylindrical in their form, placed parallel to one another, and united into fasciculi of various sizes; but that neither these fasciculi nor the individual tubes are enveloped by any filamentous tissue; that these tubular membranes are composed of extremely minute filaments, placed in a strictly longitudinal direction, in exact parallelism with each other, and consisting of granules of the same kind as those which form the basis of all the solid structures of the body; and that the matter which fills the tubes is of an oily nature, differing in no essential respect from butter, or soft fat; and remaining of a fluid consistence during the life of the animal, or while it retains its natural temperature, but becoming granular or solid when the animal dies, or its temperature is much reduced. As oily substances are well known to be non-conductors of electricity, and as the nerves have been shown by the experiments of Bischoff to be among the worst possible conductors of this agent, the author contends that the nervous agency can be neither electricity, nor galvanism, nor any property related to those powers; and conceives that the phenomena are best explained on the hypothesis of undulations or vibrations propagated along the course of the tubes which compose the nerves, by the medium of the oily globules they contain. He traces the operation of the various causes which produce sensation, in giving rise to these undulations; and extends the same explanation to the phenomena of voluntary motion, as consisting in undulations, commencing in the brain, as determined by the will, and propagated to the muscles. He corroborates his views by ascribing the effects of cold in diminishing or destroying both sensibility and the power of voluntary motion, particularly as exemplified in the hybernation of animals, to its mechanical operation of diminishing the fluidity, or producing solidity, in the oily medium by which these powers are exercised.

Advaita: Oneness as a Lived Reality—Examining Aspects of Profound and a Radical Psychology

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-207
Author(s):  
Shilpa Ashok Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Body ◽  
Popular Imagination ◽  
Speculative Philosophy ◽  
Surface Level ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Modern Psychology ◽  
The World ◽  
Being There

It is all good to say, that the world is one! Are these idealistic/poetic ideas or could there be psychological pathways to experience oneness as a continuous realisation? This is not a question of philosophy or intellectual argumentation, but a question of living and being. There has been now interest in non-dual awareness in research as well ( Josipovic, 2014 ). The objective of this article is to introduce a radical worldview—advaita vedānta that leads to profound cognitive, affective and behavioural implications of well-being beyond the surface level ideas of happiness. Advaita—which means ‘not-two’ is the most profound and radical of psychological theories Indic civilization has experienced and accepted as the epitome—the crown jewel. The Vedāntic worldview and practice with the background throb of all Indic values—of inclusion, love and truth vests in Advaita—oneness. In popular imagination, it has been both esoteric-cised and yet has remained un-commodified. Contrary to popular ideas that look at advaita as a speculative philosophy, advaita is understood as a rich psychological theory with a basis in cognition, knowing, as well as a living in oneness. The students of modern psychology, especially, in India are left poorer, if they are unable to review advaita and yet study consciousness, which is a booming area of research in modern psychology. Advaita is a continuous living realisation—termed as Jīvanmukti, the Vedāntic ideal of being free, while living. Examining the primary Saṃskrit text—Jīvanmukti-viveka, I describe Jīvanmukti—of living in continuous realisation of oneness, till the body drops down, as stated by the great muni, whose above-mentioned abhyāsa grantha—the application manual, is used across Hindu spiritual frameworks and monastic orders, till today.

scholarly journals Goethe’s contribution to philosophy: the morphology of individuality

SATS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-52
Author(s):  
Steen Brock
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Cultural Formation ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Natural Child ◽  
Individual Human

Abstract In this essay, I will discuss a variety of considerations that Goethe expressed in his writings. I will with few exceptions address these writings in chronological order. I include both literary and scientific-philosophical works. In this way I hope to show that a certain theme is at the heart of Goethe’s thinking, and that Goethe’s later works expresses a sophisticated and “deep” account of this theme. In addition, I will try to explain how one can ascribe this Goethean theme to major philosophers of the twentieth century – Cassirer, Merleau-Ponty, and Wittgenstein. The theme in question concerns the individuality of a human life in a metaphysical sense, characterizing the individual as situated “in between” Nature and Culture. By being both a child of Nature and a child of Culture, the fate of individuals is the transformation of previously given human concerns and practices. There never is a natural child nor a cultural formation securing human individuality. In Goethe’s words: The history of an individual human being is the individual human being. “Die Geschichte der Wissenschaft ist die Wissenschaft selbst, die Geschichte des Individuums, das Individuum”. See Hamacher (2010, 182). Hamacher’s book has been a major source for me!

Masculinity and Sexual Abuse

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Cossins ◽  
Malory Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Social Learning Theory ◽  
Sexually Abused ◽  
The Body ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Active Engagement ◽  
Deterministic Analysis ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
The Individual

Psychological theories attempt to prove the abnormality of child sex offenders’ behavior through a deterministic analysis, whereby particular psychological characteristics are considered to predict child sex offending. Such a focus ignores the structures of power that influence men’s lives, a man’s active engagement with that social context, and how we might understand child sexual abuse as part of that engagement. By considering the meanings that sexual behavior with children has for offenders’ lives as men, this article discusses how an offender’s body and the body of a child are related to the concepts of sexuality and potency, how those bodies are ascribed meanings by the individual offender and other men, as well as the analytic utility of social learning theory and the power/powerlessness theory for understanding why sexually abused boys rather than sexually abused girls are more likely to become sex offenders with reference to two case studies.

scholarly journals The role of the icon in Byzantine piety

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Lennart Rydén
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Divine Nature ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Trinity

There is a history of doctrinal controversies settled by the six ecumenical councils, from Nicaea (325) to Constantinople (680). It appears that he who makes a picture of a man and calls the man in the picture "Christ" is guilty of heresy. For either he thinks that he can circumscribe Christ's divine nature together with His human and so confuses Christ's two natures, which is monophysitism, or he says that he only wants to make a picture of Christ's flesh. But, in so doing, he gives the flesh of Christ a separate existence and adds a fourth person to the Trinity, and this is Nestorianism. The pictures of Christ that the painters produce are false pictures. What, then, constitutes a true image of Christ? This question was answered by Christ Himself on the eve of His passion, when He took bread, blessed it and said, "This is my body," and distributed wine and said, "This is my blood." The bread and wine that pass from the realm of the common to that of the holy through the blessing of the priest constitute the only true image of the body of Christ. This image does not have the form of man and therefore does not provoke idolatrous practices. It is further pointed out that there is no prayer that could transform the icons from mere matter into something holy. The pictures of the Virgin, the saints and the prophets do not offer the doctrinal dilemma which makes the picture of Christ unacceptable. Yet they must be rejected. The craft of idol-making, which makes what is not present seem to be present, was invented by the pagans, as they had no hope of resurrection.

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