Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by medical students: Assessment of antibiotic susceptibility and risk factors

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.

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Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in the community: a survey from central Italy

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268802007434 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 129 (2) ◽

pp. 417-420 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

G. ZANELLI ◽

A. SANSONI ◽

A. ZANCHI ◽

S. CRESTI ◽

S. POLLINI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Central Italy ◽

Rare Event ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

High Rate ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽

Susceptibility Patterns

Recently, concern has increased regarding the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the community. We studied 812 subjects from central Italy to establish the rates of nasal carriage of S. aureus, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns, in the community. The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage was 30.5%. Only one subject, with predisposing risk factors for acquisition, was identified as carrier of MRSA (prevalence of 0.12%). The presence of MRSA in the community of our area still appears to be a rare event. Among methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, a surprisingly high rate (18%) of resistance to rifampin was observed.

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Detection of Methicillin Susceptible and Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Its Antibiotic Sensitivity among Basic and Clinical Years Medical Students

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8020161 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hamed Alzoubi ◽

Mohammad Al Madadha ◽

Asma’a Al-Mnayyis ◽

Muayad Azzam ◽

Amira Aldawoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Medical Students ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

P Value ◽

Susceptibility Data ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students can be asymptomatic carriers in transmitting methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA). Studying epidemiological and antibiotic susceptibility data is necessary to limit the spread of infections, help with treatment and understand the transmission dynamics of MSSA and MRSA. Our study assessed the rate of MSSA and MRSA nasal carriage and its antibiogram among medical students in basic and clinical years at the University of Jordan. Methods: A total of 210 nasal swabs were randomly collected from participants. MSSA and MRSA were identified by culture, biochemical and other phenotypical analysis methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Results: The nasal carriage of MSSA was 6.6% and 11.4% and that of MRSA was 1.9% and 2.8% among basic and clinical years, respectively. There was no significant difference for the nasal carriage of MSSA and MRSA among basic and clinical year students (p value ≥ 0.05). MSSA resistance ranged between 25% and 33% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. For MRSA, the highest resistance was to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (67% to 100%), followed by gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (33% to 67%), in all participants in the study. Conclusion: The difference in the carriage rates of MSSA and MRSA among basic and clinical students was statistically insignificant. The continuous awareness and implementation of infection control procedures and guided patient contact are recommended. The results might also suggest that healthcare workers could be victims in the cycle of MRSA nasal carriage, a theory that needs further study.

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Nasal Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among Healthy School Children in Kathmandu Valley

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v9i0.3177 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 139-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dev Raj Joshi ◽

Suraj Narayan Shrestha ◽

Rajdeep Bomjan ◽

Kamal Poudel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

School Children ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

P Value ◽

Kathmandu Valley ◽

Microbiological Methods

Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the most frequently isolated pathogens in both community and hospital practices. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) continues to be a major cause of serious infections in the community worldwide. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA in school children in Kathmandu valley and, also to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Identification of the S. aureus was confirmed by standard microbiological methods and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institution (CLSI). Of the 324 school children who participated in the study, 38 (11.8%) had S. aureus isolated from nasal swabs. The potential risk factors for the S. aureus carriage showed the antibiotic usage within past 4 weeks to be associated with the rate of the nasal carriage (p value 0.000). Out of 38, two (5.2%) isolates were MRSA. One of the MRSA strains was also resistant to Cloxacillin. Erythromycin and Cloxacillin resistance was present in 3 (7.9%) isolates. Resistance to two or more antibiotics was noted in 2 (5.3%) isolates. However, no strains were resistant to Vancomycin. The results of this study indicated that the carriage of MRSA exists among young healthy school children who lack traditional risk factors for MRSA. Key words: community acquired MRSA; Staphylococcus aureus; nasal carriage; school children DOI: 10.3126/njst.v9i0.3177 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 9 (2008) 139-142

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Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students of a private institution in Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria

African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology ◽

10.4314/ajcem.v21i4.7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 311-317

Author(s):

T.A. Ajani ◽

C.J. Elikwu ◽

V. Nwadike ◽

T. Babatunde ◽

C.G. Anaedobe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Medical Students ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Health Workers ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Methicillin Resistant

Background: Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major factor for its transmission especially from the health workers and medical students to their patients. There are a number of published data on the prevalence of MRSA among health workers but data on nasal colonization of medical students by MRSA are sparse in Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to determine the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA among medical students of the Ben Carson School of Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria, and identify risk factors associated with this nasal carriage. Methodology: A case control study involving 100 clinical (study group) and 100 pre- clinical (control group) medical students was undertaken between March 2018 and October 2019. Structured questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic information and potential risk factors. Nasal swab was collected from each student and cultured for isolation of S. aureus by standard microbiology techniques. Phenotypic MRSA was detected by the cefoxitin 30μg disk diffusion method according to the guideline of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The mecA gene was detected by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results: The prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage among the study group was 14% (14/100) while the prevalence among the control group was 6% (6/100) (p=0.097). The prevalence of phenotypic MRSA among the study group was 4% (4/100) and 1% (1/100) among the control group (p=0.3687) while mecA gene was detected in 3 of the 4 (75%) phenotypic MRSA positive study participants and in the only (100%) phenotypic MRSA positive (1%) control group. Antibiotics usage without prescription, antibiotic treatment of common cold, and use of antibiotics in the previous one year, were significantly associated with MRSA carriage among the study group. Conclusion: Although the prevalence of nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA among clinical and pre-clinical medical students was not statistically significant, the risk factors identified with carriage of MRSA among the study group indicates the need for antimicrobial stewardship program to reduce carriage and transmission of MRSA by medical students. Keywords: methicillin resistant, Staphylococcus aureus, mecA gene, nasal carriage, medical students

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Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in Medical Students of Universiti Teknologi MARA

Journal of Clinical and Health Sciences ◽

10.24191/jchs.v2i1.5875 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zaini Mohd Zain ◽

Muhammad Fikri Johari ◽

Nurul Shahirah Mohd Husin ◽

Nurul Syamimi Rozman ◽

Athirah Ab Rashid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Medical Students ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Tissue Necrosis ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Microbiological Techniques ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

Low Prevalence ◽

Panton Valentine Leukocidin

Introduction: To determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal carriage and detection of S. aureus leukotoxins among medical students of Universiti Teknologi MARA. Methods: Both sides of the anterior nares of 136 volunteers, comprising 68 preclinical and 68 clinical medical students, were swabbed and immediately cultured onto mannitol salt agar for growth of S. aureus. Standard microbiological techniques were conducted to identify and confirm the S. aureus colonies and susceptibility test against oxacillin were conducted by using Kirby-Bauer method to determine their resistance to methicillin. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of leukotoxins, i.e., Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and -haemolysin genes. Results: Nineteen students (14%) consisting of 10 preclinical (14.7%) and 9 clinical (13.2%) were nasal carriers of S. aureus. However, none of the S. aureus isolates were MRSA. No PVL gene was detected but eight of them were positive for -haemolysin gene. Conclusion: There were no MRSA nasal carriers among the medical students, but a low prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriers was detected. These carriers do not pose as high risk because none of the strains of S. aureus possess both the -haemolysin toxin and the PVL toxin that are associated with tissue necrosis.

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