Energy and Society

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaclav Smil
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
New Form ◽  
Organismic Evolution

This chapter shows how energy has shaped society, from prehistoric times through today’s fossil fuel-driven civilization. It suggests that both prehistoric human evolution and the course of history can be interpreted as the quest for controlling greater stores and flows of more concentrated and more versatile forms of energy. It also views human dependence on ever-higher energy flows as an inevitable continuation of organismic evolution. The chapter first provides an overview of how energy flows and storages are measured before discussing how the combustion of fossil fuels and the generation of electricity gave rise to a new form of high-energy civilization whose primary energy sources now include renewable energy such as solar and wind energy. It then considers several first principles that underlie all conversions of energy, including those for calculating energy and power, and concludes with an assessment of complexities and caveats involved in measuring energy storages and flows.

Solução energética híbrida com armazenamento por bombagem

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Helena M. Ramos ◽  
◽  
Mariana Simão
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Pumped Storage

A elevada intermitência das fontes de energia renováveis condiciona a produção de energia elétrica, que continua a depender muito dos combustíveis fósseis. Uma vez que existe complementaridade por parte das fontes de energia renováveis, a sua integração conjunta é, sem dúvida, a melhor solução para reduzir esta dependência. Aliado a este facto, poderá coexistir um sistema de armazenamento por bombagem, capaz de gerar reservas hídricas, que serão aproveitadas quando a procura exceder a oferta energética. Procedeu-se ao desenvolvimento de dois modelos: um sobre custos de turbomáquinas e outro que visa o estudo do potencial de recuperação de energia de uma solução energética híbrida com armazenamento por bombagem combinado com fonte de energia eólica. Foram estudadas diferentes combinações para estas duas fontes de energia renovável, analisando o consumo satisfeito e a energia eólica não consumida, tendo-se concluído que o excedente de energia eólica pode ser aproveitado para bombagem. The high intermittence of renewable energy sources determines the production of electricity, which remains highly dependent on fossil fuels. Since there is complementarity between renewable energy sources, their joint integration is a potential solution to reduce this dependency. Consequentially, a pumping storage system capable of generating water reserves can coexist, which will be used when demand exceeds the energy supply. Two models were developed: one based on turbomachinery costs and the other based on the potential of energy recovery of a hybrid energy solution with pump storage combined with wind energy. Different combinations were studied for these two sources, analysing the satisfied consumption and the wind energy that is not consumed, in which it was concluded that the surplus of wind energy can be used by pumped storage.

scholarly journals Application of Wind Energy

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc ◽  
Phan Thi Thuy Hoa
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Assembly Technology ◽  
Wind Energy Development

Wind is a renewable energy source and its use does not produce toxic substances such as fossil fuels. This is one of the most efficient forms of energy, it can become one of the main energy sources for future generations. Wind energy is one of renewable energy, which is widely used when the device is mass-produced, assembly technology is completed. Developed industrial countries have developed strategies to more actively exploit wind power in the future and gradually replace traditional energy sources such as coal, hydropower, nuclear. This paper examines wind power, applicability, general development trend in the world and assesses from an economic and environmental perspective as well as some recommendations on wind energy development in Vietnam.

Development of a Chassis Mounted Multi Stage Axial Flow Turbine for Wind Energy Harvesting on a Cruising Transport Vehicle: A CFD Based Approach

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shreyas S. Hegde ◽  
Anand Thamban ◽  
Arham Ahmed ◽  
Meet Upadhyay ◽  
Arun Mahalingam
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Harvesting ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Drag Force ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Exhaust Gases

Fossil fuels have been a means of energy source since a long time, and have tended to the needs of the large global population. These conventional sources are bound to deplete in the near future and hence there is a need for producing energy from renewable energy sources like solar, wind, geothermal, tidal etc. Technologies involving renewable energy are a growing subject of concern. Further, the problem is also one of excessive pollution caused by conventional sources of energy and their impact on the environment. In particular, one of the main sources of pollution is harmful gases emitting out of automobiles. Wind energy is one among the renewable energy sources which is implemented in large scale energy production to supplement growing domestic energy needs. Significant amount of research has been done in this field to harness energy to power household and other amenities using wind farms. The aim of this project is to come up with a low cost solution for wind energy harvesting on moving vehicles. The purpose of this study is to consider the use of wind energy along with conventional energy sources to power automobiles. This would help reduce the use of fossil fuels in automobiles and hence reduce the resulting environmental pollution. Also since the turbine adds to the weight of the vehicle the aim also is to minimize the weight of the turbine. Extensive structural analysis is done for this purpose to choose a material which would be both light weight and also be able to withstand the stresses developed. In the current paper the drag force produced in automobiles is harvested by using a convergent divergent nozzle mounted below the chassis of the car. Initially drag analysis is done in order to determine the increase in drag force produced after mounting of the nozzle. It is found from existing literature that the drag increases by 3.4% after the mounting of the nozzle making it possible the mounting of a nozzle beneath the car. Additionally exhaust gases is also allowed to pass through the same duct to increase the mass flow to the turbine and thus generate more energy. This is made to strike the blades of a 2 stage axial flow turbine whose rotation generates energy. The power output from the turbine is the parameter of interest. This energy can also be stored in batteries and be used to run auxiliary equipment of the automobile including the air conditioner. The exhaust gases will be passed through a catalytic converter before striking the blades of the turbine in order to prevent corrosion of the blades. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used to validate the concept and also come up with a design that maximizes energy generation by such turbines. Numerical results obtained by simulation are validated by theoretical calculation based on turbines inlet and outlet velocity triangles. The future scope of the project would include the use of multiple nozzles in order to study its performance.

scholarly journals Problems of renewable energy sources integration in estuary marine ports power supply systems

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
М.С. Харитонов ◽  
А.Ю. Никишин ◽  
И.Е. Кажекин
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Trade Port

В последние десятилетия наблюдается интенсивный рост морской торговли и увеличение объёмов морских грузоперевозок, которые привели к развитию соответствующей береговой инфраструктуры. Развивающиеся морские порты в ряде случаев становятся центрами экономического роста прибрежных территорий. Из-за локализации негативных экологических факторов в портовом регионе особое значение приобретают проблемы обеспечения экологической безопасности и устойчивого развития. Одним из эффективных методов снижения техногенного воздействия на экологию является замещение ископаемых видов топлива возобновляемыми источниками энергии, обеспечивающими электроэнергию для портовых операций и берегового питания морских судов. Однако для устьевых портов, как правило, характерны ограниченность территорий и пониженный потенциал возобновляемых ресурсов, в частности ветроэнергетики, в виду удаленности от прибрежных морских территорий. В статье на примере Калининградского морского торгового порта рассмотрены вопросы использования возобновляемых источников энергии для целей электроснабжения. Дана оценка потенциала солнечной и ветроэнергетики. Выполнен анализ системы электроснабжения порта и даны рекомендации по внедрению систем распределенной генерации на основе возобновляемых источников энергии. Recent decades have shown rapid growth of maritime trade and an increase in sea freight volumes, which led to the development of coastal infrastructure. Developing seaports in some cases become centers of economic growth in coastal areas. Due to the localization of negative environmental factors in the port region, problems of ensuring environmental safety and sustainable development are of particular importance. One of the effective methods to reduce the technogenic impact on the environment is the replacement of fossil fuels with renewable energy sources that provide electricity for port operations and onshore power supply of ships. However, estuarine ports have limited territories and a reduced potential of renewable resources, in particular wind energy, due to the remoteness from coastal marine territories. The article examines the use of renewable energy sources for power supply using the example of the Kaliningrad Sea Trade Port. An assessment of the potential of solar and wind energy is given. The analysis of the power supply system of the port was carried out and recommendations were given for the implementation of distributed generation systems based on renewable energy sources.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass for production of Biogas: Progress and Advantages

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Kumar Gaurav
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources

A major share of world’s primary energy requirement is dependent on fossil fuels which is not only a non renewable source of energy and on the verge of extinction but also associated with serious environmental concerns. To combat these issues, alternative renewable energy sources are required. Certain examples of renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, hydro and thermal energy, biofuels etc. Biomass is one such alternative which is freely and abundantly available. It is mainly the agricultural waste and vegetable waste which are perishable and create a lot of nuisance. Tapping this biomass for energy production will be beneficial in two ways; it will be an excellent source of energy generation and it will also help in waste management for environment protection. Energy generation from Biomass can take place either chemically or thermo-chemically. In the present paper advantages of anaerobic digestion of biomass are discussed for biogas production.

scholarly journals Production of Bioethanol from Waste Potato

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merve Duruyurek ◽  
Cihan Dusgun ◽  
Mehmet Fuat Gulhan ◽  
Zeliha Selamoğlu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Potato Producer

Using primary energy sources in World as fossil fuels, causes air pollution and climate change. Because of these reasons, people looking for renewable energy suppliers which has less carbondioxide and less pollution. Carbon in biofuels is producing from photosynthesis. For this, burning biofuels don’t increase carbondioxide in atmosphere. Scientists predict that plants with high carbonhydrate and protein contents are 21. centuries biofuels. Potatoes are producing over 280 million in whole world and Turkey is 6th potato producer. Turkey produces 5250000 tonne of potatoes. Approximately 20% of potatoes are waste in Niğde. Our study aimed to produce bioethanol from Solanum tuberosum by using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As a result renewable energy sources can be produced from natural wastes.

Weibull distribution for determination of wind analysis and energy production

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faruk Oral ◽  
İsmail Ekmekçi ◽  
Nevzat Onat
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Electrical Energy Production

In recent years, decreasing reserves and environmental problems related with fossil fuels have increased the demand for clean and renewable energy sources, as with all over the world and also in Turkey. Wind energy is the one of the most rapidly growing among the renewable energy sources in terms of technological and utilization. Turkey is one of the rich countries in Europe in respect to wind energy potential. Productive and effective use of this potential is very important for Turkey that is depended on foreign countries especially in respect to fossil energy sources. Wind speed values are the most important data in calculation of electrical energy from wind turbines. In this study, latest developments and energy-power equations related to wind turbines are investigated. Using of the data obtained from the wind measurement station installed in Sakarya-Esentepe region, annual electrical energy production of an example wind plant is predicted.

Il costo dell'elettricitŕ prodotta da fonti rinnovabili in Italia: una stima dei costi delle "inefficenze" del sistema

2009 ◽  
pp. 57-77
Author(s):  
Arturo Lorenzoni ◽  
Laura Bano
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Generation Costs ◽  
The Eu

- The promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources (RES) is a high European Union (EU) priority for several reasons, including the security and diversification of energy supply, environmental protection and social and economic cohesion. The EU Council's decision of 9 March 2007 points towards increasing renewable penetration to 20% of total primary energy supply by 2020 (binding target). There are both costs and benefits associated with the achievement of such an ambitious target. For renewable technologies, the industrial cost is often higher compared to other energy sources. however, due to learning curve effects and market diffusion, technology related costs are coming down considerably. In some cases, when the external costs are taken into account by the price system, renewables can now be close to competitive with fossil fuels. With particular reference to renewable electricity in Italy, its development is often hampered by burdensome and time consuming authorisation procedures with the consequence of a high "mortality" rate for the investments in the sector, leading to increased costs for the project management. Therefore, in these projects an important cost factor is the high cost of capital due to risk. The analysis of the various renewables' support mechanisms currently in place in the EU shows that some types of incentive have proven to be more efficient than others in reducing the risk perception of investors and financing institutions, therefore making projects less expensive by reducing the cost of capital (both debt and equity). Therefore the focus here is on the electricity generation costs of some renewable technologies and on the costs related to the "additional" risk perceived by investors/lenders in the sector. The authors estimate the additional cost of capital which investors pay when operating in a risky environment. Some policy indications are finally given to reduce the non-technology related costs for a faster and more efficient growth of the sector. JEL Class. L98, Q28, Q48 Key words: renewable energy, electricity cost, administrative procedures, system inefficiency

scholarly journals Designing high energy density flow batteries by tuning active-material thermodynamics

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 5432-5443
Author(s):  
Shyam K. Pahari ◽  
Tugba Ceren Gokoglan ◽  
Benjoe Rey B. Visayas ◽  
Jennifer Woehl ◽  
James A. Golen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Energy Density ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Active Material ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Density Flow ◽  
The Cost

With the cost of renewable energy near parity with fossil fuels, energy storage is paramount. We report a breakthrough on a bioinspired NRFB active-material, with greatly improved solubility, and place it in a predictive theoretical framework.

Surface overgrowth on gold nanoparticles modulating high-energy facets for efficient electrochemical CO2 reduction

Nanoscale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woong Choi ◽  
Joon Woo Park ◽  
Woonghyeon Park ◽  
Yousung Jung ◽  
Hyunjoon Song
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Co2 Reduction ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Chemical Energy ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Electrochemical Co2 Reduction

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) has been considered one of the potential technologies to store electricity from renewable energy sources into chemical energy. For this aim, designing catalysts with high...

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