scholarly journals Computational mechanisms of curiosity and goal-directed exploration

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Schwartenbeck ◽  
Johannes Passecker ◽  
Tobias U Hauser ◽  
Thomas HB FitzGerald ◽  
Martin Kronbichler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Gain ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Exploration Exploitation ◽  
High Uncertainty

Successful behaviour depends on the right balance between maximising reward and soliciting information about the world. Here, we show how different types of information-gain emerge when casting behaviour as surprise minimisation. We present two distinct mechanisms for goal-directed exploration that express separable profiles of active sampling to reduce uncertainty. ‘Hidden state’ exploration motivates agents to sample unambiguous observations to accurately infer the (hidden) state of the world. Conversely, ‘model parameter’ exploration, compels agents to sample outcomes associated with high uncertainty, if they are informative for their representation of the task structure. We illustrate the emergence of these types of information-gain, termed active inference and active learning, and show how these forms of exploration induce distinct patterns of ‘Bayes-optimal’ behaviour. Our findings provide a computational framework for understanding how distinct levels of uncertainty systematically affect the exploration-exploitation trade-off in decision-making.

scholarly journals Computational mechanisms of curiosity and goal-directed exploration

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Schwartenbeck ◽  
Johannes Passecker ◽  
Tobias U Hauser ◽  
Thomas H B FitzGerald ◽  
Martin Kronbichler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Gain ◽  
Task Structure ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Uncertainty ◽  
Optimal Behaviour

AbstractSuccessful behaviour depends on the right balance between maximising reward and soliciting information about the world. Here, we show how different types of information-gain emerge when casting behaviour as surprise minimisation. We present two distinct mechanisms for goal-directed exploration that express separable profiles of active sampling to reduce uncertainty. ‘Hidden state’ exploration motivates agents to sample unambiguous observations to accurately infer the (hidden) state of the world. Conversely, ‘model parameter’ exploration, compels agents to sample outcomes associated with high uncertainty, if they are informative for their representation of the task structure. We illustrate the emergence of these types of information-gain, termed active inference and active learning, and show how these forms of exploration induce distinct patterns of ‘Bayes-optimal’ behaviour. Our findings provide a computational framework to understand how distinct levels of uncertainty induce different modes of information-gain in decision-making.

scholarly journals Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Chicken De-Feathering Machine

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 703-711
Author(s):  
Adefuye O.A ◽  
Adedeji K.A ◽  
Fadipe L.O
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Electric Motor ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Calorie Content ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Design Calculations ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rotating Plate

Due to its low fat and calorie content, chicken meat is popular among non-vegetarians all over the world. The design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a chicken de-feathering machine using locally available materials are described in this paper. The design calculations were done correctly to guarantee the right shaft diameter, as this might impact the machine's efficiency. The machine uses rubber fingers to do the actual removal of the feathers. The rubber fingers are attached to a rotating plate against a stationary plucking basin carrying protruding rubber fingers. From the analysis, a 1.0 H.P electric motor is required to drive the machine and this was used to drive the machine. Following the design and fabrication of the machine, three different types of chickens were used to test its performance. The chickens were immersed in hot water between 60 and 90 degrees Celsius and held between the 40s and 60s. The machine removed feathers without any major damage to the chickens. At each trial, the efficiency was calculated. In conclusion, the machine performed efficiently and effectively, leaving behind products that are readily marketable. Keywords: [Chicken, De-feathering, Efficiency. Fingers, Scalding, Rubber.]

scholarly journals Evaluation of five sugar cane planters

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1110-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco L. C. Rípoli ◽  
Tomaz C. C. Rípoli
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Effective Capacity ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
Mechanized System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Planting System

Brazil is the world biggest producer of sugar cane with an area of 7x10(6) hectares. Mainly the system used for planting is the semi-mechanized one, which consists in opening the furrows with a machine, manually allocating the fractioned stalks and then covering the furrows done by the machines. The great amount of human labor used in the semi-mechanized system is becoming harder to find and also more expensive, indicating the need of a fully mechanized operation. Currently in Brazil these agriculture machines industries offers six different types of fully mechanized sugar cane planters (two types of whole stalks for planting and four using mechanized harvested stalks known as billets). All of them plant in two furrows simultaneously in 1.5 m row spacing. This study analyzed five different machines and the following variables: Working Speed (km h-1); Effective Capacity (ha h-1), Drawbar Force (kgf), Draw Bar Power (in HP), Fuel Consumption (L h-1) and Costs (US$ ha-1) comparing them with the semi-mechanized system. This research also characterized the stalks for planting as viable gems number (%), non viable gems number (%) and billet length (m). And lastly the mechanized planting system is cheaper than the conventional one and none of the machines has an adequate mechanism for placing the right amount of sugar cane seed.

scholarly journals MUSIC AS A METAPHOR FOR LEADERSHIP, COLLABORATION, MANAGEMENT AND INNOVATION

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1SE) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Smita Khanwalkar
Keyword(s):  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Senior Leadership ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Collaboration Management ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Working Groups ◽  
The Right

Different types of music are used throughout the world, especially in Western countries, for positive growth in their performance in most working groups. In which the names of many institutions like Google, Oracle, Rolls Royce, Siemens, Lauriel, Dutchbank, BBC, Nokia, Sandoz, Morgan Stanley etc. can be taken. All these institutions have established dominance in their field and not every person in the field of management is untouched by their name.In order to train their senior leadership in these institutions, they are regularly heard (through band and musical instruments). Which definitely motivates them to work with themselves, colleagues and junior colleagues to execute managerial abilities in the right direction. सम्पूर्ण विष्व में विषेषकर पाष्चात्य देषों में अधिकांष कार्यकारी समूहों में उनके कार्यनिष्पादन में सकारात्मक वृद्धि हेतु विभिन्न प्रकार का संगीत प्रयुक्त किया जाता है। जिनमें गूगल, ओरॅकल, रोल्स रायस, सीमेन्स, लाॅरियाल, डचबैंक, बीबीसी, नोकिया, सेन्डोज, मोर्गन स्टेनले आदि कईं संस्थानों के नाम प्रमुखता से लिये जा सकते हैं। ये सभी संस्थान अपने क्षेत्र में वर्चस्व स्थापित कर चुके हैं एवं प्रबन्धन के क्षेत्र का प्रत्येक व्यक्ति इनके नाम से अछूता नहीं है।इन संस्थानों में उनके वरिष्ठ नेतृत्व को प्रषिक्षित करने के लिये उन्हंे प्रकारान्तर से (बैन्ड एवं वाद्यवृन्द के माध्यम से) संगीत सुनवाया जाता है। जो निष्चित तौर पर उन्हें स्वयम्, सहयोगियों तथा कनिष्ठ साथियों के साथ मिलकर प्रबन्धकीय क्षमताओं को सही दिषा में अंजाम देने हेतु प्रेरित करता है।

scholarly journals The Role of Information in Assessing the Risk of Conducting Bankruptcy Proceedings

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Michał Baran ◽  
Kinga Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Right ◽  
Role Of Information

Modern management means making managerial decisions in many situations—including the administrative ordering of matters of a bankrupt enterprise. The situation in which the court approves the opening of bankruptcy proceedings is strictly regulated by law. This does not mean, however, that such a decision is made under conditions of certainty as to its consequences. The risk of making a wrong decision has significant consequences for everyone who is interested in it (the bankrupt company, its partners, employees, banks, the tax office). The purpose of this article is to explain the importance and significance of the various types of information that are used to reliably assess the value of a failing enterprise’s assets. The information of individual types is analyzed in the decision-making process which leads to the right decision on whether to start bankruptcy proceedings. Therefore, in the theoretical part, the authors prepare a list of types of information used in the mentioned process. Then the authors present the results of a survey (103 specialists in the field of bankruptcy), which allows to assess the real meaning of information of individual types. The main contribution for which the present paper is responsible is the description of the verified tool which functioned in the form of the survey that was applied in the study and the result arising from conducting it. This survey was used to achieve the main objective that was focused on constructing the hierarchy of significance of different types of information relating to the risk of conducting bankruptcy proceedings. The main findings show that in general insolvency specialists prioritize the information (financial and also not financial) not originating from financial reporting.

From ‘Notice and Takedown’ to ‘Notice and Stay Down’: Risks and Safeguards for Freedom of Expression

2020 ◽  
pp. 523-543
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kuczerawy
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Limited Liability ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
The Right

Since the emergence of the internet industry, policymakers around the world have introduced limited liability regimes, which provide rightholders with enforcement mechanisms to call upon an internet intermediary directly to remedy a wrongdoing to which they believe they have been subject. These mechanisms go generally under the name of notice and action (N&A). This chapter describes the most commonly encountered N&A mechanisms around the world, namely ‘notice and takedown’ (NTD), ‘notice and notice’ (NN), and ‘notice and stay down’ (NSD). The analysis of each mechanism refers to specific national implementations. As all N&A mechanisms provide for the removal or blocking of content, each mechanism also constitutes a potential interference with the right to freedom of expression. The goal of this chapter is to examine how different types of N&A mechanisms amplify the risks to free expression and what safeguards they include to prevent such risks from manifesting themselves.

Peran Pengawasan Internal Dalam Menghindari Kutukan Sumber Daya Alam

Liquidity ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Andilo Tohom
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Internal Audit ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
Rich Country ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Indonesian Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Policies And Programs ◽  
The Right

Indonesia is one of many countries in the world so called resource-rich country. Natural resources abundance needs to be managed in the right way in order to avoid dutch diseases and resources curses. These two phenomena generally happened in the country, which has abundant natural resources. Learned from Norwegian experiences, Indonesian Government need to focus its policy to prevent rent seeking activities. The literature study presented in this paper is aimed to provide important insight for government entities in focusing their policies and programs to avoid resources curse. From the internal audit perspective, this study is expected to improve internal audit’s role in assurance and consulting.

Knowledge and Awareness of Dengue Fever

2018 ◽  
pp. 219-222
Author(s):  
Y. Arockia Suganthi ◽  
Chitra K. ◽  
J. Magelin Mary
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Transmission ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Prevention ◽  
And Control

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne infection caused by different types of virus in various localities of the world. There is no particular medicine or vaccine to treat person suffering from dengue fever. Dengue viruses are transmitted by the bite of female Aedes (Ae) mosquitoes. Dengue fever viruses are mainly transmitted by Aedes which can be active in tropical or subtropical climates. Aedes Aegypti is the key step to avoid infection transmission to save millions of people in all over the world. This paper provides a standard guideline in the planning of dengue prevention and control measures. At the same time gives the priorities including clinical management and hospitalized dengue patients have to address essentially.

PENERAPAN PRINSIP PERSONA NON GRATA TERHADAP DUTA BESAR DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF HUKUM INTERNASIONAL (STUDI KASUS PENGANIAYAAN TKI OLEH DUTA BESAR ARAB SAUDI DI JERMAN)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Devi Yusvitasari
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Recipient Country ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The World ◽  
Diplomatic Immunity ◽  
The Right

A country needs to make contact with each other based on the national interests of each country related to each other, including among others economic, social, cultural, legal, political, and so on. With constant and continuous association between the nations of the world, it is one of the conditions for the existence of the international community. One form of cooperation between countries in the world is in the form of international relations by placing diplomatic representation in various countries. These representatives have diplomatic immunity and diplomatic immunity privileges that are in accordance with the jurisdiction of the recipient country and civil and criminal immunity for witnesses. The writing of the article entitled "The Application of the Principle of Non-Grata Persona to the Ambassador Judging from the Perspective of International Law" describes how the law on the abuse of diplomatic immunity, how a country's actions against abuse of diplomatic immunity and how to analyze a case of abuse of diplomatic immunity. To answer the problem used normative juridical methods through the use of secondary data, such as books, laws, and research results related to this research topic. Based on the results of the study explained that cases of violations of diplomatic relations related to the personal immunity of diplomatic officials such as cases such as cases of persecution by the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to Indonesian Workers in Germany are of serious concern. The existence of diplomatic immunity is considered as protection so that perpetrators are not punished. Actions against the abuse of recipient countries of diplomatic immunity may expel or non-grata persona to diplomatic officials, which is stipulated in the Vienna Convention in 1961, because of the right of immunity attached to each diplomatic representative.

Chimeras In Time-Honored Societies

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
TUMMALA. SAI MAMATA
Keyword(s):  
Major Elements ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life Changes ◽  
Inner Self ◽  
The World ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Superstitious Beliefs

A river flows serenely accepting all the miseries and happiness that it comes across its journey. A tree releases oxygen for human beings despite its inner plights. The sun is never tired of its duty and gives sunlight without any interruption. Why are all these elements of nature so tuned to? Education is knowledge. Knowledge comes from learning. Learning happens through experience. Familiarity is the master of life that shapes the individual. Every individual learns from nature. Nature teaches how to sustain, withdraw and advocate the prevailing situations. Some dwell into the deep realities of nature and nurture as ideal human beings. Life is a puzzle. How to solve it is a million dollar question that can never be answered so easily. The perception of life changes from individual to individual making them either physically powerful or feeble. Society is not made of only individuals. Along with individuals it has nature, emotions, spiritual powers and superstitious beliefs which bind them. Among them the most crucial and alarming is the emotions which are interrelated to others. Alone the emotional intelligence is going to guide the life of an individual. For everyone there is an inner self which makes them conscious of their deeds. The guiding force should always force the individual to choose the right path.  Writers are the powerful people who have rightly guided the society through their ingenious pen outs.  The present article is going to focus on how the major elements bound together are dominating the individual’s self through Rabindranath Tagore’s Home and the World (1916)

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