scholarly journals Wild reindeer in Norway – population ecology, management and harvest

Rangifer ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Eigil Reimers
Keyword(s):  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Wild Reindeer

Wild reindeer in Norway, presently (winter 2005-06) numbering some 25 000 animals, are found in 23 more or less separated areas in the mountainous southern part of the country (see map in appendix). All herds are hunted and management is organized in close cooperation between owner organizations and state agencies. I will provide a historical review of the wild reindeer management and research in Norway and conclude with the present situation. We identify 3 types of wild reindeer on basis of their origin: (1) the original wild reindeer with minor influence from previous domestic reindeer herding activities (Snøhetta, Rondane and Sølenkletten), (2) wild reindeer with some influx of animals from past domestic reindeer herding in the area (Nordfjella, Hardangervidda, Setesdal-Ryfylke) and (3) feral reindeer with a domesticated origin (reindeer released or escaped from past reindeer husbandry units; Forolhogna, Ottadalen North and Ottadalen South, Norefjell-Reinsjøfjell and several smaller areas). In Norway, genetic origin (wild or domesticated), body size and reproductive performance of reindeer differ among areas. Feral reindeer have higher body weights and enjoy higher reproductive rates than their originally wild counterparts. These differences may partially be explained by differences in food quality and availability among the populations. However, there is a growing suspicion that other explanatory factors are also involved. Wild reindeer are more vigilant and show longer fright and flight distances than feral reindeer. Number of animals harvested was 4817, or ca. 20% of the total population in 2005, but varies between 40% in feral reindeer areas to below 20% in some of the "wild" reindeer areas. Causal factors behind this variation include differences in age at maturation, postnatal calf mortality and herd structure. The Norwegian Institute for nature research (NINA) in cooperation with the Directorate for nature management (DN) allocate considerable resources to monitoring 36 wild reindeer herds and pastures, especially winter pastures. A total of 8 wild reindeer areas are monitored annually (the monitoring program was initiated in 1991), recording calf recruitment rates in nursery bands in June/July from aerial photographs and herd composition from ground counts of rutting groups in September/October. Carcass weights and mandibles are sampled at regular intervals from harvested animals in the same areas in order to investigate reindeer body weight development. The botanical part of the monitoring program is concentrated on renewal growth of lichen in areas under variable reindeer grazing pressure, and annual measurements of radiocesium load in plants and reindeer meat from fall-out areas following the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Reindeer research relating to the wild reindeer herds in southern Norway is mainly conducted by NINA in Trondheim and the Biology Institute, University of Oslo. Most mountain ranges and wild reindeer populations in Norway are experiencing an increase and expansion of human use, including infrastructure such as road and power-lines, and private cabins, tourism/recreation, etc. Present research activities focus on wild reindeer area use, behaviour and activity budgets in selected areas on a 24 hour and a seasonal basis by use of GPS-technology. An important part of the ongoing projects emphasizes a close monitoring and investigation of reindeer behaviour and activity in relation to human activities and infrastructure. Furthermore, development and quality control of methods for measurement of response towards anthropogenic activities and population reproduction and early calf mortality are included in the research activities.Villrein i Norge; Populasjonsøkologi, forvaltning og jaktAbstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Villreinen i Norge utgjør i 2005-06 en vinterbestand på ca. 25 000 dyr fordelt på 23 stort sett isolerte villreinområder (kart i appendiks) som jaktelig sett forvaltes enkeltvis og i et samarbeid mellom rettighetshavere og statlige forvaltningsorganer. Presentasjonen gir en historisk fremstilling av villreinforvaltningen i Norge og den forskningsutvikling som ligger bak dagens situasjon. Vi har 3 typer villrein i Norge: (1) den opprinnelige med liten tamreininnblanding karakterisert ved områdene Snøhetta, Rondane og Sølenkletten, (2) villrein med varierende innslag av tamreinpåvirkning (Nordfjella, Hardangervidda, Setesdal-Ryfylke) og (3) villrein med tamreinopphav (dvs. forvillet tamrein; Forolhogna, Ottadalen Nord og Ottadalen Syd, Norefjell-Reinsjøfjell og en rekke mindre områder). Reinens kroppsvekter i kategori 3-områdene er vesentlig høyere enn de i kategori 1 og 2. Forskjeller i beiteforhold områdene i mellom er nok medvirkende årsak, men adferdsundersøkelser som omfatter vaktsomhetsadferd og frykt- og fluktadferd i ulike områder tyder på at vaktsomhet og aktivitetsmønster kan være andre viktige påvirkningsfaktorer. Avkastningen i form av felte dyr var i 2005 ca. 20% av samlet vinterbestand, men varierer mellom 40% i områder der kroppsvektene er store til under 20% der reinen har lavere kroppsvekter. Forklaringsfaktorer omfatter forskjeller knyttet til alder for kjønnsmodning og reproduksjon, postnatal kalvedødlighet og kjønns- og alderssammensetning i de ulike villreinområdene. Norsk villreinforvaltning i regi av Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA)/Direktoratet for naturforvaltning (DN) satser store ressurser på overvåkning av villrein og deres beiter, særlig vinterbeiter. Til sammen 7 spesielt utvalgte villreinområder overvåkes årlig (start 1991) med flyfotografering av fostringsflokker i juni/juli for å bestemme kalvetilvekst og bakkeregistreringer om høsten for å bestemme bestandsstruktur. Med jevne mellomrom innsamles også kjever og slaktevekter fra høstjakten for å vurdere reinens kondisjonsutvikling i overvåkningsområdene. I den botaniske del av overvåkningsaktivitetene måles gjenvekst av lav i områder utsatt for vekslende beitepress og radiocesiumbelastningen etter Tsjernobylulykken i 1986 i næringsplanter og i kjøttprøver fra felt villrein i de områdene som ble hardest rammet av nedfall. Villreinforskningen er særlig lokalisert til NINA og Universitetet i Oslo. Forskningsaktivitetene omfatter måling av reinens adferd og aktivitet gjennom døgnet og dyrenes sesongmessige områdebruk i relasjon til menneskelig infrastruktur i utvalgte områder ved hjelp av bl.a. GPS-instrumentering og utvikling og kvalitetskontroll av metodeverktøy til bestemmelse av reproduksjon og tidlig kalvedødlighet.

scholarly journals Коренные народы Охотско-колымского края в годы Великой Отечественной войны

2020 ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
L. N. Khakhovskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Collective Farming ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Government

Based on archival sources, the author analyzes the situation of the indigenous peoples of the Okhotsk-Kolyma territory during the Great Patriotic War. The government continued to implement paternalistic social policies: the development of housing and social infrastructure in the areas where indigenous peoples live, improvement of medical care and education, and vocational training. It is shown that most indigenous peoples, involved with collective farming worked disciplinedly and responsibly in areas related to traditional nature management (reindeer herding, fishing, fur hunting). With their labor and personal donations, the indigenous people made a feasible contribution to the victory. The indigenous peoples also fought on the front and served in the rear troops.

scholarly journals Technical Considerations on the Management of Coastal Areas Rehabilitation Projects

2021 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
pp. 07008
Author(s):  
Georgiana Grigoras ◽  
Ionuţ Cristian Mihalache ◽  
Eduard Edelhauser
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Coastal Erosion ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Infrastructure ◽  
Marine Wildlife ◽  
Technical Considerations

Coastal erosion contributes to the loss of particularly valuable land, which can damage coastal ecosystems and cause economic and social damage to the area where they occur. Coastal erosion is a natural process that affects shores around the world. The article present aspects of coastal erosion in Romania as well as some solutions proposed to reduce this phenomenon. Submerged structures are exposed to erosion therefore a close monitoring is necessary. A malfunction will result in the damage of the structure as well as endangering marine wildlife. The proposed solutions are meant to protect the coastal area against erosion, protecting the shore, adjacent land and ecosystems. These solutions will also protect the economic infrastructure and social objectives endangered by marine erosion. A monitoring program will be implemented for a medium and long term, supporting the maintenance operations.

scholarly journals The impact of large carnivores on the mortality of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus L.) calves in Kainuu, southeastern reindeer-herding region of Finland

Rangifer ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauri Nieminen
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Annual Variation ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Large Carnivores ◽  
Reindeer Herding ◽  
Eurasian Lynx ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
The Impact

During 2006-2008 the survival of reindeer calves was studied in the reindeer-herding cooperative of Halla in Kainuu area where totally 546 calves were equipped with radio mortality collars mainly at the age of 1-3 days. The survival was monitored from the calving in May until winter round-ups in October to January. The rate, timing and causes of mortality of reindeer were assessed. In 2006-08 totally 177 radio-collared calves were found dead (mean mortality 32.4%) until mid-January. The results showed significant annual variation in calf mortality and predation. Independent of year the mortality of radio-collared calves was highest during the first two months after birth, and the total mortality was 30.7% at the end of October and reached 34.6% by mid-January. The sex of calves and pelt colour did not affect significantly survival of calves. Predation comprised 70.0% of total mortality. Predation by wolf, bear, lynx and wolverine comprised on average 38.4%, 20.3%, 9.0% and 2.3%, respectively. Birth weight of calves lost or killed by predators did not differ from surviving calves. However, birth weight of calves killed by brown bears was significantly lighter (mean 5.84 kg), whereas calves killed by Eurasian lynx was significantly heavier (mean 6.67 kg) than birth weight of calves that survived (mean 6.26 kg). Bears killed calves mainly in May to July, wolves in July to October and lynx in August to December. Of 209 radio-collared adult females, 17 were found dead (8.0%). These females had calved in May and they were killed mainly by wolves (52.0%) in August to October.

scholarly journals Implementation of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Program at a Safety Net Hospital During Covid 19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A345-A346
Author(s):  
Erin E Finn ◽  
Lindsay Schlichting ◽  
Rocio Ines Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Continuous Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
Surgical Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Safety Net Hospital ◽  
Urban Safety

Abstract Background: COVID 19 disproportionately impacts individuals with diabetes leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Hyperglycemia is common in hospitalized patients with COVID requiring intensive monitoring and management. Close monitoring of glucoses requires increased use of personal protective equipment (PPE), which has been in limited supply since the beginning of the pandemic. The FDA granted conditional allowance for use of continuous glucose monitors (CGM) in hospital settings during the COVID pandemic to allow for preservation of PPE. We present the process of implementing a continuous glucose monitoring program in an urban safety net hospital. Methods: The program was implemented at a county urban safety net hospital. Patients were eligible to be started on Dexcom G6 CGM if they had hyperglycemia requiring multiple insulin injections daily, were in contact isolation, and were located in 1 of 3 units of the hospital (medical intensive care unit [MICU], surgical intensive care unit, COVID 19 floor unit). Initial program was started in the MICU and subsequently expanded. Nurses and staff underwent training using videos, in-person demonstrations, and written guides. Informational Technology modified the electronic medical system to allow for ordering and documentation of CGM values by nurses. Supplies were stored both on unit and in central supply allowing for primary team to initiate monitoring independent of diabetes team. Records of patients participating in program were maintained by the diabetes team. Amount of PPE saved was estimated to be 10 instances/day while on insulin drip and 3/day when using subcutaneous insulin. Results: A total of 69 patients used a CGM during their hospital course. Average age was 56 years old, 69 % were male, average BMI 31, and 84% had known diabetes prior to admission. The majority of patients were critically ill with 68% intubated, 48% on vasopressors, 6% requiring dialysis, 38% on insulin drip, 46% were on tube feeds, and 74% received steroids. The racial demographics of the patients were 72% White, 3% Black, 4% Native American, 4% Asian, and 14% other. For ethnicity, 73% identified as Hispanic and half spoke Spanish as their primary language. An estimated 2600 instances of PPE were saved. Challenges that were faced in implementing the program included consistent training of large numbers of staff, maintaining supplies in stock, troubleshooting discordant values, and restricting use of CGM to patients who met qualifications. Conclusion: Overall, the implementation of CGM was successful and received a positive response. Staff in the primary units quickly became comfortable with the application of the technology. Potential challenges in the future include ongoing training, improving troubleshooting of technology, validating the accuracy of the devices, and developing funding for CGM equipment and interpretation.

scholarly journals Economic regulators of nature management of countries and regions of the Economic corridor

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 04021
Author(s):  
Svetlana Ayusheeva ◽  
Anna Mikheeva
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Nature Management ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Significant Excess ◽  
Management Tools ◽  
Economic Tools ◽  
Compensation Payments

The article actualizes scientific and practical approaches to the use of economic tools of nature management of countries and regions of the Economic Corridor. The features of economic regulation of environmental protection in Mongolia, the effect of some nature management tools in Russia and China are shown. An environmental and economic assessment of damage from anthropogenic activities, compensation payments and environmental protection investments of countries and regions is given. Positive dynamics are revealed, allowing to compensate for the amount of economic damage due to environmental pollution. Negative tendencies are identified that show a significant excess of economic damage from air pollution over pollution charges.

scholarly journals Spatial variability of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate concentrations in water of Batang Arau River, West Sumatera, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1484-1492
Author(s):  
Denny Helard ◽  
Shinta Indah ◽  
Michella Oktavia
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Nitrite Concentration ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Maximum Permissible Concentrations ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Abstract The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial variability of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations along the Batang Arau River, one of the most important rivers in West Sumatera, Indonesia. The results showed that the ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate concentrations were in the range of 0.180–0.510 mg/L, 0.0–0.178 mg/L, and 0.675–1.165 mg/L, respectively. The ammonium and nitrate concentrations were still below the maximum permissible concentrations for the river water quality standard of class II established by the Regulation Governor of West Sumatera at all of the sampling locations, except at midstream for ammonium, while the nitrite concentration had exceeded the quality standard from midstream to downstream of the river. The increase of the nitrogen concentration was observed from upstream to downstream of the river. Spatial analysis shows significant differences in nitrogen concentrations were obtained between the upstream and the midstream of the Batang Arau River (p < 0.05) but were not observed between the midstream and the downstream. This indicates the effect of different anthropogenic activities along the river. Based on the obtained results, for an effective monitoring program of the nitrogen concentration along the Batang Arau River, reducing the sampling locations from eight to five could be implemented.

Horseshoe crabs as potential sentinel species for coastal health: juvenile haemolymph quality and relationship to habitat conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 894 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy K. Y. Kwan ◽  
Virginia K. Y. Un ◽  
S. G. Cheung ◽  
Paul K. S. Shin
Keyword(s):  
Horseshoe Crab ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Sentinel Species ◽  
Crab Species ◽  
Horseshoe Crabs ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lead Nickel ◽  
Further Development

As an interface between terrestrial and marine environments, coastal and estuarine areas are particularly prone to various pollution stresses. Identification of sentinel species is, therefore, essential to provide precautionary information on coastal health conditions. Given their significant ecological roles in estuarine ecosystems, horseshoe crabs are a potential species to indicate the general health status of coastal habitats. The present study demonstrated that the changes in haemolymph composition pattern of two Asian juvenile horseshoe crab species (Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda) are sensitive to reflect heavy metal (lead, nickel and iron) and nutrient (nitrate and ammonia) concentrations of intertidal sediments. In particular, a significant negative correlation was found for the amebocyte viability and ratio of granular–spherical to granular–flattened and degranulated dendritic-like morphological states of amebocytes in juvenile haemolymph with nitrate and lead concentrations respectively. There were also significantly higher concentrations of haemolymph haemocyanin and plasma protein in juvenile C. rotundicauda than in T. tridentatus on the same shore, possibly being related to the difference in foraging habitats of these two horseshoe crab species. Such non-lethal sampling of haemolymph from juvenile horseshoe crabs can be useful for a further development of the monitoring program in assessing potential environmental impacts by anthropogenic activities.

Tourism and little penguins: a comparative study of survival and reproductive parameters

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 349
Author(s):  
Philippa Agnew ◽  
David M. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Success ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Nest Sites ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Wildlife Viewing

Abstract ContextTourism operations that provide the opportunity for wildlife viewing can support conservation management through public education, habitat protection, population management, research activities and revenue generation. However, alongside these potential benefits there can be negative effects on the species that include the possibility of reduced breeding success, survival and, subsequently, population growth. AimWe sought to establish whether a tourism operation affected little penguins Eudyptula minor by comparing reproductive and survival parameters of two managed populations in Oamaru, New Zealand. One population was the focus of a tourism operation, whereas the other (located nearby) did not provide any public access. The tourism operation implemented strategies to reduce human disturbance, including the reduction of noise, light and movement from visitors during viewing, and by ensuring that visitors were restricted to designated viewing areas. MethodsNesting boxes were installed at both colonies that facilitated weekly monitoring of the populations. The monitoring program (1993–2017) included weekly checks of every nesting box in the colony for the presence of eggs, chicks and adults. Chicks were weighed before fledging, and both fledglings and breeding adults were individually marked. Key resultsLay dates, breeding success, chick fledge mass and survival rates were not measurably different between the two populations, indicating that there was little evidence of negative effects on the penguins at the tourist site. ConclusionsThe slight differences observed between the colonies during the time series were attributed to environmental damage sustained at the non-tourist site and a difference in the proportion of un-monitored nest sites available to the penguins when the study was initiated. ImplicationsNotwithstanding the present findings, long-term and consistent monitoring of wildlife populations facing increasing pressure from tourism is essential to ensure effects are detected and that management procedures implemented to reduce potential effects.

Students learning phenology for becoming citizen scientists: an example of Italian High School students and CNR researchers teamwork experience

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Cesaraccio ◽  
Annalisa Canu ◽  
Grazia Pellizzaro ◽  
Pierpaolo Masia ◽  
Maria Leonarda Fadda
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Pollen Monitoring ◽  
School Work ◽  
Research Activities

<p>Citizen science is the scientific research that involves the participation of the public assisting professional scientists. This typically occurs in helping to data collection and/or data analysis, and an increasingly popular use of citizen science is the collection of phenological data, like wildflowers blooming in summer or leaves changing color in fall. Studying the life cycles of plants (phenology) reveals some consequences of climate change.</p><p>The PCTO (Percorsi per le Competenze Trasversali e per l'Orientamento) is a school-work alternation program and represent an innovative teaching method, introduced in 2015 by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research. This program, through practical experience, helps to consolidate the knowledge acquired at school and to enrich the student training. The school-work alternation is compulsory for all the students of the last three years of high school (13-17 years age). This program is a cultural change that incorporates good European practices, aimed at creating a synergy between school and work in order to encourage students to follow program learning inside of a public/private company.</p><p>The National Research Council of Italy is a partner of this program and each year students from high school are involved in technical and research activities. During the years 2015-2019, the Institute for the BioEconomy of Sassari, offered a School-Work learning program dedicated exclusively to Phenological and Pollen monitoring to groups of students of High School. While they employed their skills at work, they learnt to implement the specific protocols of a scientific project. These experiences increased their awareness of the essential role they can play by acquiring new knowledge of the environment and skills through scientific tools of citizen science. In this paper, results of the Phenological and Pollen monitoring program held at IBE-CNR Sassari are illustrated.</p><p>In the future, citizen scientists can provide reliable observations when following scientific methods and standardized protocols. Phenological monitoring programs based on volunteers support will become increasingly important in providing open‐access, standardized data sets capable of supporting the process of answering ecological and global change questions.</p>

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