Brain Injuries in American Football: Understanding the Injury, Difficulty in Helmet Optimization, and Current Communication Practices – A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kali M. Sebastian ◽  
Reuben F. Burch V ◽  
Preston “Stick” Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Football ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Forces ◽  
The Brain

Background: Over 2.7 million people suffer traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) annually in the United States. TBI involves the application and generation of external forces and impulse loads respectively to the head whereby the brain moves relative to the skull. Despite numerous studies, further understanding of TBIs is necessary, requiring consistent attention. Objective: The purpose of this article is to investigate the history of American football helmets and provide an academic and practitioner review as it relates to TBIs. This study is a literature review that also considers perspectives from an autoethnographic frame. Method: An extensive literature review was performed to assess the history of TBI as it relates to American football. This article evaluates helmet design optimization and American football safety as well as an exploration into the sports’ education methods for players and staff alike. Results: Despite developing helmet designs that can better attenuate impact forces, reducing linear and rotational movement, the skull and brain move very differently relative to one another. Helmet designs and tools for measuring forces require further validation techniques to determine resultant forces and movement for the brain. Current biomechanics research lacks sufficient methodology for defining TBI thresholds, making helmet optimization difficult. Conclusion: According to past research, no helmet can eliminate all TBI risk; however, processes are in place lead by the National Football League (NFL) and NFL Players Association to educate players, coaches, and staff at all levels of competition of the protective capabilities of available helmet options.

Monopoly and Rivalry in American Football in History and Nowadays

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 364-370
Author(s):  
Kh. Khimenes ◽  
◽  
Yu. Briskin ◽  
M. Pityn ◽  
I. Hluhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Football League ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Football ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Study Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Precautionary Measures

Professional sports leagues today are trying to increase their income and looking for new sources for this. In the United States, most leagues in one sport are monopoly structures. Considering the National Football League in this context, it is worth noting its rather strict policy towards possible competitors at the football market. At the same time, throughout the history of American football, there have been attempts to organize competing structures that have been more or less successful. The purpose of the study was to identify the features of the formation American football organizations in North America at different times, the factors of successes and failures. Material and methods. The main material on which the study was based was data from the Internet, official websites of American football organizations and official ratings of Forbes magazine. To achieve the stated purpose, we used the following research methods: data analysis and generalization; theoretical interpretation and explanation; analysis of documentary materials. Results and discussion. The study results showed that during the formation and development of American football in the United States, except for the National Football League, six other organizations tried to create competition for it at one time or another. Among them were All-American Football Conference, American Football League, World Football League, United State Football League, Xtreme Football League, and Alliance of American Football. All these organizations generally sought to be better than National Football League through more progressive steps towards the development of football, but the conservatism of the National Football League always allowed it to remain the winner. Most of the newly formed leagues could not withstand the uncompromising financial struggle for high-class athletes, but the XFL and AAF, which was created in the 21st century, were defeated by precautionary measures during the COVID-19 pandemic and the game seasons were canceled. Conclusion. The key factors formation of organizations that sought to develop American football in the United States (except the National Football League) were: the growing popularity of this sport; a large number of athletes, who aspired to develop in this sport, but could not do it in National Football League; the emergence of enthusiasts with significant financial resources, who sought to invest in football projects and at the same time increase their own resources; technological progress, in particular in football. However, none of these organizations stayed long in the football business and lost to the National Football League. The reasons for this were: improper distribution of financial resources in the middle of the leagues; unjustified steps in the desire to be more progressive than the National Football League; the dominant authority of the National Football League; external factors (wars, epidemics / pandemics, global economic and political crises, etc.)

Effect of Turf Toe on Foot Contact Pressures in Professional American Football Players

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 405-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Brophy ◽  
Seth C. Gamradt ◽  
Scott J. Ellis ◽  
Ronnie P. Barnes ◽  
Scott A. Rodeo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Peak Pressure ◽  
American Football ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Turf Toe ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Contact Pressures

Background: The relationship between turf toe and plantar foot pressures has not been extensively studied. Two hypotheses were tested in a cohort of professional American football players: first, that a history of turf toe is associated with increased peak hallucal and first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) plantar pressures; second, that decreased range of motion (ROM) of the first MTP correlates with increased peak hallucal and first MTP plantar pressures. Materials and Methods: Forty-four athletes from one National Football League (NFL) team were screened for a history of turf toe during preseason training. Dorsal passive MTP ROM and dynamic plantar pressures were measured in both feet of each player. Anatomical masking was used to assess peak pressure at the first MTP and hallux. Results: First MTP dorsiflexion was significantly lower in halluces with a history of turf toe (40.6 ± 15.1 degrees versus 48.4 ± 12.8 degrees, p = 0.04). Peak hallucal pressures were higher in athletes with turf toe (535 ± 288 kPa versus 414 ± 202 kPa, p = 0.05) even after normalizing for athlete body mass index ( p = 0.0003). Peak MTP pressure was not significantly different between the two groups tested. First MTP dorsiflexion did not correlate with peak hallucal or first MTP pressures. Conclusion: This study showed that turf toe is associated with decreased MTP motion. In addition, increased peak hallucal pressures were found. Further study is warranted to determine whether these pressures correlate with the severity of symptoms or progression of turf toe to first MTP arthritis.

Concurrence of Sports and Entertainment Industries

2014 ◽  
pp. 72-88
Author(s):  
Guven Buyukbaykal ◽  
Yildiray Kesgin
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
American Football ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Super Bowl ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Festive Occasion

Modern entertainment is defined as the experience that is marketed to entertain a large and heterogeneous group of human beings. Products might be evaluated in different ways by those who have different cultural and historical backgrounds. The meanings evoked by a particular branch of sports may differ according to the demographic aspects and experiences of individuals, and even the history of their counties along with their cultures. On that note, the sports branch intertwined with American culture is undoubtedly American football. The Super Bowl, which might be considered an ordinary sports activity, has turned into a huge organization that is discussed for days and experienced as a festive occasion. In this chapter, the Super Bowl is analyzed with a literature review through the ideas of intellectuals as well as the figures and examples within the context of the concurrence between the sports and entertainment industries.

New Opportunities, the Brain Drain, and the Guptas

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Jennifer B. Saunders
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Community ◽  
The Family ◽  
Key Players ◽  
History Of ◽  
Race And Religion ◽  
The Brain

This chapter provides information about the significant contexts of the Hindu American community’s narrative performances. Reviewing reasons behind why people immigrate, it begins with general theories of immigration and then concentrates on the specific reasons why Indians left India during the period after 1947. The chapter then shifts its focus to the context in the United States as a receiving site for immigrants from India with particular attention to race and religion, two dominant themes in American immigration that have contributed to the Guptas’ experiences and the dynamics of their community-making activities. This leads to a discussion of the significance of religion for migrants in the United States before introducing the more specific religious context of the Guptas’ community. Finally, the chapter expands its lens to their transnational extended family with family trees, a description of their social community, and a specific history of key players in the family.

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis Prevalence in Retired National Football League Players With a History of Ankle Injuries and Surgery

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (11) ◽  
pp. 1165-1170
Author(s):  
Kyeongtak Song ◽  
Erik A. Wikstrom ◽  
Joshua N. Tennant ◽  
Kevin M. Guskiewicz ◽  
Stephen W. Marshall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
American Football ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Exposure Variable ◽  
History Of ◽  
Estimate Prevalence

Context Ankle injuries are common at all levels of American football, and retired National Football League (NFL) players have a high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA), but little is known about how ankle injuries influence OA prevalence and daily activities in this population or how surgical interventions for such injuries alter the risk of OA. Objective To examine (1) the association of ankle-injury history with OA prevalence, (2) the association of surgical intervention after ankle injury with OA prevalence, and (3) the relationships among ankle injuries, reported OA, and daily activities in retired NFL players. Design Case-control study. Setting Survey. Patients or Other Participants Data from the Retired NFL Players General Health Survey. Main Outcome Measure(s) We created a 7-category main exposure variable that differentiated respondents by football-related ankle injury and surgical intervention. Multivariable binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Among those reporting OA, we examined the distribution of responses regarding whether OA affected daily activities. Results Among the 2446 respondents, 920 participants experienced OA in any joint during their lifetime. Compared with those reporting no ankle injuries, the prevalence of OA was higher among those with a history of ankle injury. Also, the prevalence of OA was higher among those who had undergone surgery versus those who had not. The number of retired NFL players who reported that OA often affected their daily activities increased with the number of ankle injuries. Conclusions Among former NFL players, a history of ankle injury increased the prevalence of OA. More ankle injuries increased the probability that OA negatively affected daily activities. Future prospective research is needed to better determine the influence of surgical intervention at the ankle or foot on OA.

An agenda for women’s history in Ireland, 1500–1900: Part I: 1500–1800

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 (109) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret MacCurtain ◽  
Mary O’Dowd
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Women's History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Women's Lives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Women’S History

In the last twenty years women’s history has emerged as a major field of scholarly inquiry. An extensive literature has accumulated on the history of women in western Europe and North America, and the contribution which women have made to many different aspects of western society has been rediscovered. New areas of study have been developed as the gender differences in men’s and women’s lives have been recognised and researched. The expanding secondary literature has also led to a lively debate about the purpose, methodology and theory of women’s history. A central focus of discussion has been the relationship between women’s history and mainstream history. Initially research on the history of women tended to work within the parameters of traditional history: to be fitted into its ‘empty spaces’. But dissatisfaction with the male-centred and patriarchal nature of the predominant historical discourse has led women historians to seek out new methodologies and to argue that consideration of history from the perspective of women, as well as of men, is a major challenge to the whole nature of historical inquiry. As Gerda Lerner, a pioneer of women’s history in the United States, put it, women’s history challenges the traditional assumption that man is the measure of all that is significant, and that the activities pursued by men are by definition significant, while those pursued by women are subordinate in importance. It challenges the notion that civilization is that which men have created, defended, and advanced while women had babies and serviced families and to which they, occasionally and in a marginal way, ‘contributed’.

Simulating Axonal Stretch During Traumatic Brain Injury Events

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Dollé ◽  
Jeffrey Barminko ◽  
Rene Schloss ◽  
Martin L. Yarmush
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Axonal Injury ◽  
Diffuse Axonal Injury ◽  
The United States ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Inertial Forces ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Rapid Deceleration ◽  
The Brain

Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI) affect up to 1.5 million people annually within the United States with as many as 250,000 being hospitalized and 50,000 dying [1]. TBI events occur when the brain experiences a sudden trauma such as a rapid deceleration of the brain that typically occurs during motor vehicle accidents. During rapid deceleration events, the brain is subjected to high inertial forces that can result in a shearing or elongation of axons that is commonly known as Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) [2,3].

scholarly journals Origin, Domestication, and Dispersing of Pear (Pyrusspp.)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Silva ◽  
Tatiane Medeiros Souza ◽  
Rosa Lía Barbieri ◽  
Antonio Costa de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Cultural Importance ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
History Of

The pear (Pyrus communisL.) is a typical fruit of temperate regions, having its origin and domestication at two different points, China and Asia Minor until the Middle East. It is the fifth most widely produced fruit in the world, being produced mainly in China, Europe, and the United States. Pear belongs to rosaceous family, being a close “cousin” of the apple, but with some particularities that make this fruit special with a delicate flavor. Thus, it deserves a special attention and a meticulous review of all the history involved, and the recent research devoted to it, because of the economic and cultural importance of this fruit in a range of countries and cultures. Therefore, the purpose of this literature review is to approach the history of the origin, domestication, and dispersal of pears, as well as reporting their botany, their current scenario in the world, and their breeding and conservation.

scholarly journals Violation in the axis of the "microbiota of the digestive tract-brain" under conditions of ischemia-reperfusion of the brain (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
O. Tkachuk ◽  
S. Tkachuk ◽  
M. Povar ◽  
O. Denysenko ◽  
V. Shtefaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
T Cell Homeostasis ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Intestinal Lymphocytes ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study is to analyze current views concerning interrelations between the state of intestinal microbiota and the course of ischemic-reperfusion brain injury.   Conclusion. Literary data are indicative of disputable scientific opinions existing nowadays concerning the role of dysbacteriosis (neuroprotective or neurodegenerative) in the course of ischemic brain injuries. Meanwhile, the studies are in common concerning the evidenced role of the intestinal microbiota in disturbances of T-cell homeostasis, ratio changes of their Treg-Th17 subpopulations, and migration of intestinal lymphocytes to the ischemic brain.  

scholarly journals Neuro-Anatomical Changes of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning on Advanced Imaging: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
James McKivigan ◽  
Gregory Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Issue ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Co Poisoning ◽  
Major Public Health Issue ◽  
The Brain

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is a major public health issue in the United States that accounts for approximately 50% of poisoning cases in the nation each year and around 50,000 emergency room visits. In most instances of CO poisoning, the culprit is a malfunctioning or poorly tended heating system within the home or, occasionally, commercial building, which causes the system to leak this hazardous gas. One of the more insidious aspects of CO poisoning is that the gas is odorless and colorless, and victims of CO poisoning often do not realize that there is a problem until they begin to experience the effects of poisoning and have no choice but to seek medical attention. Unfortunately, many victims of CO poisoning die before they are able to seek treatment. This paper makes use of a qualitative, systematic literature review to examine the four major parts of the brain that are most severely affected by CO poisoning. Overall, the literature review showed that the white matter, globus pallidus, basal ganglia, and cortex are the parts of the brain most severely impacted by CO poisoning. While many CO poisoning victims do make it to the hospital on time and are treated, they may nonetheless suffer long-term neurological consequences as a result of their exposure. As such, CO poisoning is a major public health issue.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document