scholarly journals Nation in a sheep’s coat: The Icelandic sweater

Author(s):  
Gudrun Helgadottir

The Icelandic sweater is presented and received as being traditional—even ancient—authentically Icelandic and hand made by Icelandic women from the wool of Icelandic sheep. Even so, the sweater type, the so-called ‘Icelandic sweater’ in English, only dates back to the mid-20th century and is not necessarily made in Iceland nor from indigenous wool. Nevertheless, the sweater is a successful invention of a tradition (Hobsbawm & Ranger, 1983), popular among Icelanders and tourists alike since its introduction in the mid-20th century. It has gained ground as a national symbol, particularly in times of crisis for example in the reconstruction of values in the aftermath of the Icelandic bank collapse of 2008. I traced the development of the discourse about wool and the origins of the Icelandic sweater by looking at publications of the Icelandic National Craft Association, current design discourse in Iceland and its effect on the development of the wool industry. I then tied these factors to notions of tradition, authenticity, national culture, image and souvenirs.

2011 ◽  
Vol 473 ◽  
pp. 209-216
Author(s):  
Eugen Oswald ◽  
Mathias Liewald ◽  
Oliver Stephan

In the automotive industry, current design and dimensioning of forming tools and bearing tool components occurs according to guidelines. Possible interactions between arising loads as well as dimensioning are empirically estimated. Simulative computations, which are based on CAE-methods, are only realized in special cases. Therefore, most often current standards lead to oversized tools. In consequence, new studies based on CAE-analyses are supposed to investigate new possibilities to design forming tools and components optimized in their structure corresponding to the right distribution of forces and stress. This is made in order to increase reliability during the manufacturing process, as well as the tools’ stiffness and contribute to decrease of investment costs.


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Zarisnov Arafat ◽  
Muhammad Gary Gagarin Akbar

Ekstradisi secara universal hingga saat ini mengalami perubahan yang semakin baik, terutama setelah kehidupan bernegara sudah mulai tampak lebih maju sampai abad 20 ini. Hubungan dan pergaulan internasional menemukan bentuk dan substansinya yang baru dan berbeda dengan zaman sebelum Perjanjian Perdamaian Westphalia tahun 1648. Negara-negara yang berdasarkan atas prinsip kemerdekaan kedaulatan dan kedudukan sederajat mulai menata dirinya masing-masing terutama masalah domestik dengan membentuk dan mengembangkan hukum nasionalnya, yang salah satunya di bidang hukum pidana nasional. Hukum pidana nasional masing-masing negara, terutama jenis-jenis kejahatan atau tindak pidananya, disamping pula ada kesamaan dan perbedaannya. Semakin menguat batas wilayah dan kedaulatan teritorial masing-masing negara, semakin menguat pula penerapan hukum nasionalnya di dalam batas wilayah negara masing-masing. Semakin banyaknya perjanjian-perjanjian yang dibuat oleh negara-negara baik bilateral ataupun multilateral untuk mengatur suatu masalah tertentu yang sudah, sedang, dan akan dihadapi. Dalam pembuatan perjanjian tersebut mulai dilakukan pengkhususan atas substansinya, jadi tidak lagi satu perjanjian mencakup berbagai macam substansi yang berbeda-beda. Di Indonesia peraturan mengenai Ekstradisi dibuat pada tahun 1979, mengingat hingga saat ini belum terjadi perubahan di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1979 padahal PBB telah membuat suatu model pembuatan perjanjian ekstradisi pada tahun 1990, sehingga sudah selayaknya peraturan mengenai ekstradisi di Indonesia harus mengalami pembaharuan ke depan yang lebih baik. Kata Kunci: Ekstradisi, Politik Hukum, Hukum Pidana.   Abstract Extradition is universally up to now experiencing increasingly good changes, especially after the state of life has begun to appear more advanced until the 20th century. International relations and relationships find new and different forms and substance from the times before the Treaty of Peace of Westphalia in 1648. Countries that are based on the principle of freedom of sovereignty and equal position begin to organize themselves, especially domestic problems by forming and developing national laws, which one of them is in the field of national criminal law. The national criminal law of each country, especially the types of crime or criminal acts, besides there are similarities and differences. The stronger regional boundaries and territorial sovereignty of each country, the stronger the application of national laws within the borders of each country. The increasing number of agreements made by countries both bilaterally and multilaterally to regulate a particular problem that has been, is being, and will be faced. In making these agreements, specialization of the substance began to be carried out, so no more than one agreement covers a variety of different substances. In Indonesia, the Extradition regulation was made in 1979, considering that until now there had been no changes in Law Number 1 of 1979 even though the United Nations had made a model for making an extradition treaty in 1990, so that proper regulations on extradition in Indonesia must undergo reform better future.                                   Keyword: Extradition, Politics of Law, The Criminal Law.                                                                        


2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Nurul Fajriah

This article is a study of literature describing religious harmony: the relevance of Article 25 of the Medina Charter and Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. The Medina Charter was made in the 7th century (classical century) and Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution was born in modern times, around the 20th century. Both have relevancy which states that every citizen is free to adhere to their respective religions. The plurality of society in Indonesia has similarities and differences from the plurality of society in Medina around 622 AD. The stability and harmony of religious communities in the Medina at that time was regulated in the Medina charter which is the constitution of the Medina state. Harmony among religious communities in Indonesia is also an important concern of the Indonesian government as stipulated in Article 29 of the 1945 Constitution. Freedom of religion is guaranteed by the state because the state believes that religious diversity is not a disintegrating factor for the Indonesian people.Abstrak: Artikel ini adalah kajian literatur yang mendeskripsikan kerukunan umat beragama: relevansi pasal 25 Piagam Madinah dan Pasal 29 UUD 1945. Piagam Madinah dibuat pada abad VII (abad klasik) dan pasal 29 UUD 1945 baru lahir pada zaman modern, sekitar abad XX. Keduanya memiliki relevansi yang menyatakan bahwa setiap warga negara bebas menganut agamanya masing-masing. Kemajemukan masyarakat di Indonesia mempunyai sisi-sisi persamaan dan perbedaan dengan kemajemukan masyarakat di Madinah sekitar tahun 622 M. Keberlangsungan dan keharmonisan umat beragama di negara Madinah pada waktu itu diatur dalam piagam Madinah yang merupakan konstitusi negara Madinah. Kerukunan antar umat beragama di Indonesia juga menjadi perhatian penting pemerintah dengan adanya kebijakan Negara Republik Indonesia dari segi agama yang tertuang dalam pasal 29 UUD 1945. Kebebasan beragama ini dijamin oleh negara karena keyakinan bahwa keberagaman agama tidak akan menjadi disentegrating factor bagi bangsa Indonesia


Diacronia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisc Gafton ◽  
Adina Chirilă

When it comes to evolutionism, the common belief holds that Neo-Darwinism is still the best evolutionist explanation, because it contains the Darwinist explanation, improved through adjustments and additions provided by the current scientific research, which wouldn’t be but thorough, objective, and completely non-ideological. In fact, throughout its existence, Neo-Darwinism has failed in maintaining a clear line of thinking, oriented by pure facts. At some point, it became obvious that, by following its original paradigm, the problem of evolution could not be resolved; thus, during the second half of the 20th century, a few attempts were made in order to improve Neo-Darwinism, without the expected results. The failure can be explained through one of the current’s drawbacks: the inflexible and arrogant rejection of the Lamarckian position on the matter of evolution. Recent research, as well as logical deductions issued from the observation of what Nature produces urge the revision of paradigms and the repeal of any dogma. The gain would be that of the science and of the human knowledge.


Author(s):  
Natalija Malets ◽  
Oleksandr Malets

The article analyses the dynamics of ethnic composition and ethnic processes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, as well as ethno-cultural processes of national consolidation of Ukrainians of the region as part of the Ukrainian nation. The paper evaluates the practice of the Soviet state and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to determine the nature, content and directions of all ethno-national and ethno-cultural policies in Transcarpathia. While researching the consolidation processes of Transcarpathian Ukrainians as part of the Ukrainian nation, the authors showed that the development of the traditions of Ukrainian national culture was seen in the environment of the creative intelligentsia and the majority of the people as an alternative to ideological communication. It is justified that the main goal of the communist authorities in Transcarpathia in 1945-1991 was to establish socialist, economic, political and ideological regime in the region. In order to accelerate this process, a Russian (Russian-speaking) national minority was hastily created in the region by the state authorities, which, having occupied leading political, ideological and economic positions, became a reliable support for the new communist regime. The article analyses the dynamics of ethnic composition and ethnic processes in Transcarpathia in the second half of the 20th century, as well as ethno-cultural processes of national consolidation of Ukrainians of the region as part of the Ukrainian nation. The paper evaluates the practice of the Soviet state and the ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) to determine the nature, content and directions of all ethno-national and ethno-cultural policies in Transcarpathia. While researching the consolidation processes of Transcarpathian Ukrainians as part of the Ukrainian nation, the authors showed that the development of the traditions of Ukrainian national culture was seen in the environment of the creative intelligentsia and the majority of the people as an alternative to ideological communication. It is justified that the main goal of the communist authorities in Transcarpathia in 1945-1991 was to establish socialist, economic, political and ideological regime in the region. In order to accelerate this process, a Russian (Russian-speaking) national minority was hastily created in the region by the state authorities, which, having occupied leading political, ideological and economic positions, became a reliable support for the new communist regime.


Author(s):  
Peter Jones

The Dutch artist Piet Mondrian was one of the pioneers of abstract art, producing some of the most radical painting of the 20th century. The early influence of Cubism led him to adopt a semi-abstract linear style, as in the paintings of trees and buildings he made in Paris and Holland over 1912–1914. During the inter-war years, Mondrian developed an esoteric theory of art and an austere style of geometric abstraction he called Neo-Plasticism. In this work, for which he is best known, Mondrian abandoned all reference to nature and aimed to express a higher reality beyond the world of appearances. He reduced his painting to basic elements and their interplay: black horizontal and vertical lines, planes of primary colors, grey and white as exemplified in Composition C (III) with Red, Yellow and Blue from 1935. His final paintings, made in America in the early 1940s, are characterized by vibrant grids animated by small colored squares reflecting an interest in the syncopated rhythms of popular music and urban life. Mondrian was also a consummate draughtsman, prolific writer and member of the influential De Stijl [The Style] group, which sought to reform the arts and society.


1999 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
S. L. Amosun

In many African countries, there has been an increase in the number of older persons because of the gains in life expectancy made in the 20th century. The increase has led to concerns about how to provide necessary care for older persons as many on-going changes in the society threaten to erode the traditional support network. The paper identifies some of the many challenges facing physiotherapists in improving the status of older persons in Africa, and gives suggestions on overcoming the challenges.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (14) ◽  
pp. 29-58
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Urbaniak

The instrument built in 1728 by the Gdańsk organbuilder Andreas Hildebrandt and quite well preserved to this day in Pruszcz Gdański is the first example of the architectonic concept, which Jan Janca described as the Grańsk prospect (Danziger Prospekt). The organ from Pruszcz Gdański was probably partly rebuilt as early as in the 18th century and the changes were made in the instrument’s disposition. Around 1900 the maintenance work was completed by Otto Heinrichsdorff from Gdańsk. In 1929 the organ was once more restored, this time by Josef Goebel from Gdańsk. It was probably during the maintenance work at the beginning of the 20th century that the position of some registers of the windchest was changed. In 1972, Józef Mollin’s organbuilder company reconstructed the pipes looted in 1945 based on the then current state of knowledge, and in 1999 the same company did maintenance work of the instrument again. Further maintenance work was completed between 2009 and 2010 by Tomasz Szałajda and in 2016 by Zdzisław Mollin. In its initial one-manual version, the instrument had direct counterparts, one of them was the instrument built in 1738-1739 in Wocławy and the second one was the organ made by Cahman and preserved in Lövstabruk. The article presents the results of new instrumental studies on the construction changes made to the organ from Pruszcz Gdański throughout the instrument’s history and it outlines maintenance-related perspectives connected with its future. The importance of Hildebrandt’s organ in Pruszcz Gdański is enormous in the context of huge losses in Gdańsk’s landscape resulting from WWII. It is the only existing example of a larger type of organ from the 18th century near Gdańsk, which still allows for recognising its initial shape and having enough source information about its reconstruction.


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