How Shared Economic Beliefs Shape Loan Size, Conditionality, and Enforcement Decisions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Conditional Lending ◽  
Subjective Judgments ◽  
Loan Size ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Imf

This chapter examines how the economic beliefs held by the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) decision makers and the beliefs of the officials at the helm of the borrowing governments shape loan size, conditionality, and enforcement decisions. It first considers two theoretically and empirically informed observations about the IMF-borrower relationship. First, key decisions in the conditional lending process are necessarily informed by the subjective judgments of the staff and management. Second, those judgments are often made in the presence of uncertainty. The chapter then introduces a set of mechanisms that link shared economic beliefs to the measurable outputs of the decisions about each element of the conditional lending process (access, conditionality, and enforcement). It also discusses the rise of neoliberal policymakers in developing countries and why such policymakers get less demanding (and more generous) programs from the IMF.

Understanding the IMF and Its Borrowers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Shared Beliefs ◽  
Core Elements ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Conditional Lending ◽  
Loan Size ◽  
The Imf

This book examines the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) conditional lending, and particularly why each of the three core elements of its lending arrangements—the amount of credit granted to borrowing governments, the number of conditions attached to the loans, and the rigor with which the conditions are enforced—vary significantly. Drawing on both theory and evidence, it shows that shared economic beliefs strongly influence the character of the IMF's relations with its borrowers. The book argues that economic policymakers at both the international and domestic levels rely on shared economic beliefs for guidance in the presence of uncertainty, and that the IMF decision makers' neoliberal ideas are deeply embedded in the organizational culture. It also discusses three testable mechanisms linking shared beliefs to variations in loan size, conditionality, and enforcement. Finally, it explains how the IMF, through its conditional lending programs, influences who governs the economy.

Implications, Extensions, and Speculations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Organizational Culture ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Political Economy ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Two Sides ◽  
The Imf

This book has argued that neoliberal economic beliefs are embedded in the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) organizational culture. It has advanced a framework with pathways showing how these neoliberal ideas shared by IMF decision makers and by policymakers in borrowing governments are linked to variation in the relations between the two sides. It has provided empirical evidence supporting its claim that shared economic beliefs are indeed a powerful explanatory factor. This concluding chapter first review the book's ideational argument and compares it to the sources of systematic variation in IMF-borrower relations. It then analyzes the context for the resurgence of the IMF since 2008 and provides some preliminary statistical evidence suggesting that the IMF is still “playing favorites” when it comes to its conditional lending programs. Finally, it discusses the implications of the book's argument and findings for the study of international political economy and international organizations.

Staying Alive

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Political Survival ◽  
Conditional Lending ◽  
The Imf

This chapter examines how the design and enforcement of the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) lending arrangements affect the political survival of economic policymakers in borrowing governments. It first considers anecdotal evidence on the IMF's impact on the appointment and retention of economic officials in the borrowing country before discussing the variation in the types of officials that occupied the top policymaking posts in developing countries. The evidence suggests that the power of the IMF extends beyond influencing how the borrowing economies are governed. It argues that the IMF, through its conditional lending programs, also influences who governs the economy. It also discusses the association between participation in IMF lending arrangements and the presence of neoliberal policymakers in the borrowing government.

Mobile to Fuel Explosive Ecommerce Growthin india

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Yadav ◽  
Pranjeet Das ◽  
Ravi Kumar Malhotra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Network Technology ◽  
Mobile Terminals ◽  
Doing Business ◽  
Is Security ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Made In

E-commerce is process of doing business through computer networks. Advances in wireless network technology and the continuously increasing number of users of mobile latter on make an ideal platform for offering various high utilityservices in just a snap of a finger to the mobile users and give pace to the rapid development of E-Commerce in India.E-commerce is considered an excellent alternative for companies to reach new customersbut the fact that has hindered the growth of e-commerce is security. Security is the challenge facing e-commerce today and there is still a lot of advancement made in the field of securityfor increasing the use of e-commerce in developing countries the B2B e-commerce is implemented for improving access to global markets for firms in developing countries. With the special characteristics and constraints of mobile terminals and wireless networks and the context, situations and circumstances that people use their hand-held terminalswhich will ultimately fuel explosive ecommerce growth in India This paper highlights the various key challenges and opportunities which Indian e-commerce industry may face in the upcoming years. And also discuss challenges in electronic commerce transactions.

scholarly journals Addressing Poverty in Sudan and Malaysia: A Story of Success and Constraints

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 206
Author(s):  
Hillo Abdelatti ◽  
Yasin Elhadary ◽  
Narimah Samat
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Desk Review ◽  
Made In

Sudan and Malaysia have shown some socio-economic similarities especially when it comes to the issue of addressing poverty. After independence, almost half of the entire population of both countries were living under poverty line. The successive national governments in both countries have embarked on eliminating the extreme poverty. The aim of this paper is to highlight the policies and programmes adopted and implemented by policymakers in both countries in addressing poverty. The overall objective is to uncover the secret of the success and constraints faced both countries in addressing poverty. To achieve such objective, the paper based mainly on a desk review of recent documents and review of some recent researches' result. The paper has come out with that the similarities between both countries manifested itself in that both are classified as Muslim countries, have an agricultural background, inherited the same legacy as been colonized by British, their communities consist of various ethnic groups and minorities with sharp spatial and ethnic inequalities in income and social class. Despite these, Malaysia has succeeded in reducing poverty from over fifty 52.4% in 1970 to around one per cent 1.2 % in 2015, while less progress has been made in side of Sudan. Moreover, unlike Sudan, Malaysia has managed to achieve the MDGs goals in halving a head before the time determined, while Sudan has long way and it seems impossible to fulfil such objective even after 2015. Our findings have shown that, formulated home-grown policies, rejecting imposed policies by international institutions (World Bank), availability and accessibility of up to date poverty data, ability to implement policies and above all the political will are the main drivers behind the secret of success in the side of Malaysia and vice versa for Sudan. Sudan like other countries has to follow the Malaysia model if the decision makers are serious in eliminating poverty. This paper may contribute to the on-going discussion on poverty and open rooms for more comparative study between nations. Comparative study will help the planners in formulating rational policy, benefitting from exchanging ideas and learning from each.

scholarly journals KIAT-KIAT PEMBERDAYAAN PERPUSTAKAAN SEKOLAH

Edulib ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Euis Rosinar
Keyword(s):  
School Library ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Library Services ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Library Design ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Standing Structure ◽  
Academic Area ◽  
Made In

AbstractA combination of experts’ idea-generating, dignitaries in librarianship, and decision makers’ concerns at the level of Government should have been made capable of realizing libraries as the facilitator of teaching-learnig process with promising outcomes. Bright learners by way of efforts made in terms of an ever enhanced curriculum should have been developing to sophisticated personalities and geared towards humans with qualities. What has gone in practice proves to be swerving to some extent in that some sort of comprehensive model of running library services is due needed: a standing structure built in the middle of the scholl; collections including books, non-books, digital; and truly Librarian (i.e. main manager of the intellectual asset). Any most interesting activities possible need to be created to make library an area of “play” being the goal of a means to accelerating a reading habit especially among children in their early age. The librarian’s new paradigm should manage to penetrate the academic area of teachers in order that their collaboration with the teaching staff gives the chance to the library’s functioning in an optimal way.Keywords: School library, school library design, school library activities ABSTRAKPerpaduan rancang-gagas pakar, dignitary kepustakawanan, dan decision makers pada tataran Pemerintah seharusnya telah mewujudkan perpustakaan sebagai fasilitas proses belajar-mengajar yang mumpuni. Pembelajar yang dicerdaskan oleh upaya pencanggihan kurikulum sekolah seyogianya bertumbuh menjadi pribadi yang unggul dan berkembang ke arah insan yang berkualitas. Kenyataan di lapangan saat ini memerlukan suatu model menyeluruh penyelenggaraan perpustakaan: gedung yang berdiri tegap ditengah-tengah sekolah; koleksi buku, non-buku, digital; dan Pustakawan (baca: pengelola utama aset intelektual) seutuhnya. Kegiatan-kegiatan menarik harus dikreasikan untuk menjadikan perpustakaan sebagai area “bermain” yang dimaksudkan sebagai ajang penumbuhan minat baca terutama pembelajar usia dini. Paradigma baru Pustakawan selayaknya merambah ke wilayah akademik pengajar agar kolaborasinya kelak berimbas pada berfungsinya perpustakaan secara optimal.Kata kunci: Perpustakaan sekolah, tata ruang perpustakaan sekolah, kegiatan perpustakaan sekolah

scholarly journals PARTICULATE MATTER: AN APPROACH TO AIR POLLUTION

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Olawale Abulude
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Source Apportionment ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Policy Statements ◽  
Made In

Particulate matter (PM) is one of the problems faced in environmental science. It has health effects on man and animals in both developed and developing countries. Research and efforts have been on it several years back. Policy statements and efforts have been published. This review paper is an added information on air pollution. In it, efforts were made in discussing these: classification, effects, methodology, case studies and source apportionment. It is hoped that this paper would contribute to existing knowledge on PM.

The role of the IMF in developing countries

2004 ◽  
pp. 288-315
Author(s):  
Graham Bird ◽  
Paul Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
The Imf

Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the International Monetary Fund, Forty First Issue Supplement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Executive Board ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
The International Monetary Fund ◽  
Frequent Reference ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Imf

This volume is the Forty-First Issue of Selected Decisions and Selected Documents of the IMF. It includes decisions, interpretations, and resolutions of the Executive Board and the Board of Governors of the IMF, as well as selected documents, to which frequent reference is made in the current activities of the IMF. In addition, it includes certain documents relating to the IMF, the United Nations, and other international organizations. As with other recent issues, the number of decisions in force continues to increase, with the decision format tending to be longer given the use of summings up in lieu of formal decisions. Accordingly, it has become necessary to delete certain decisions that were included in earlier issues, that is, those that only completed or called for reviews of decisions, those that lapsed, and those that were superseded by more recent decisions. Wherever reference is made in these decisions and documents to a provision of the IMF’s Articles of Agreement or Rules and Regulations that has subsequently been renumbered by, or because of, the Second Amendment of the Fund’s Articles of Agreement (effective April 1, 1978), the corresponding provision currently in effect is cited in a footnote.

D Minus Months: Strategic Planning for Weather-Sensitive Decisions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva D. Regnier ◽  
Joel W. Feldmeier
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Analysis ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Sequential Decisions ◽  
Weather Forecasts ◽  
Current State ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Made In

General Eisenhower’s decisions to postpone and, one day later, to launch the “D-Day” invasion of Normandy are a gripping illustration of sequential decisions under uncertainty, suitable for any introductory decision analysis class. They’re also the archetypal example of weather-sensitive decision making using a forecast. This paper develops a framework for analyzing weather-sensitive decisions with a focus on the less-familiar strategic decisions that determine how forecasts are produced and what operational alternatives are available so that decision makers can extract value from forecasts. We tell the story of the decisions made in the months before D-Day regarding how to set up the forecasting process and the myriad decisions implicating nation-level resources that prepared Allied forces not just to invade, but to hold open that decision until the last possible hour so that Eisenhower and his staff could use the critical forecasts. Finally, we overview the current state of the weather-forecasting enterprise, the current challenges of interest to decision analysts, and what this means for decision analysts seeking opportunities to help the weather enterprise improve forecasts and to help operational decision makers extract more value from modern weather forecasts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document