scholarly journals Prebiotic supplementation effect on Escherichia coli and Salmonella species associated with experimentally induced intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10714
Author(s):  
Shawky M. Aboelhadid ◽  
Shaymaa Hashem ◽  
El-Sayed Abdel-Kafy ◽  
Lilian N. Mahrous ◽  
Eman M. Farghly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Fecal Examination ◽  
E Coli

Background Coccidian infection may enhance the proliferation of gut Enterobacteriaceae. Bacterial infections in rabbits can negatively affect the body condition and cause high mortality, especially at young ages. Therefore, the effect of prebiotic supplementation on the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella species in rabbits experimentally infected with intestinal coccidiosis was investigated. Methods Thirty male rabbits aged 35–40 days were divided into three equal groups. These groups were; prebiotic supplemented (PS), positive control (PC), and negative control (NC) groups. The prebiotic group was supplemented with 2 g/L of Bio-Mos® until the end of the experiment. At day ten post prebiotic supplementation; the PS and PC groups were inoculated orally with 5.0 × 104 sporulated oocysts of mixed species of rabbit Eimeria. The daily fecal examination was carried out from the day 4 post-infection (PI) until the day 8 PI. At day 5 and day 8 PI, 5 rabbits from each group (PS, PC, and NC) were humanely slaughtered and parts of intestinal tissue were collected for microbiological analysis. Results There was a significant decrease (P≤ 0.05) in the oocyst count in the PS group (25.12 × 104 ± 10.36) when compared with the PC group (43.43 × 104 ± 11.52) and this decrease was continued till the end of the experiment. Eleven E. coli isolates were detected in the collected samples with an overall prevalence of 24.4%. The highest prevalence of E. coli was in the PC group (13.33%) while the lowest one was in the PS group (4.44%). Meanwhile, four Salmonella serovars were isolated with an overall prevalence of 8.89%. The NC group showed one serovar (2.22%) and PC revealed three serovars (6.67%) while the prebiotic supplemented group didn’t show any salmonella isolate. Of E. coli isolates, five isolates (O78, O125, O152, O115 and O168) showed high resistance to florfenicol and neomycin (100%). Also, of salmonella serovars, thee serovars (Salmonella entrica subsp. enterica serovar Macclesfield, Salmonella entrica Subsp. enterica serovar Canada and Salmonella entrica Subsp. enterica serovar Kisangani) showed high resistance to sulphamazole, amoxicillin and flumequin (75%) while it was sensitive to levofloxacin and ciprofloxacine (75%). The bacterial colony in this study was the same results at days 5 and 8 PI. Conclusion The use of prebiotic as prophylaxis in this experiment significantly reduced the prevalence of E. coli and salmonella associated with the intestinal coccidiosis in rabbits.

scholarly journals Evaluation of antipyretic activity of hydroalcoholic extract of Corchorus depressus Linn. in Escherichia coli–induced pyretic rabbits

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 205873921879295
Author(s):  
Saeed Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Syed Muhammad Ali Shah ◽  
Sabira Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Antipyretic Effect ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antipyretic Activity ◽  
Experimental Treatments

This study was conducted to investigate the antipyretic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Corchorus depressus Linn. against Escherichia coli ( E. coli)-induced pyrexia in rabbits. Hydroalcohalic extracts of C. depressus were given orally at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for antipyretic affect in E. coli-induced fever in rabbits. The animals were divided into five groups of five each. Among these five groups, three received various doses of experimental treatments, whereas the fourth one served as positive control and received paracetamol. The fifth group of animals served as negative control and received no treatment. The body temperature of the rabbits was measured rectally over a period of 5 h. C. depressus exhibited better effects at dose rate of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg. The hydroalcoholic extract of C. depressus has significant antipyretic effect. These results lend support to the popular use of C. depressus in traditional medicine as a remedy for pyrexia and suggest that the characterization of the principles for such activity deserves further investigation.

Protective Effect of Curcumin on Carbapenem-Resistant Escherichia coli–Induced Lung Injury in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 304-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cagla Bali ◽  
Nejat Altintas ◽  
Ozlem Ozmete ◽  
Ibrahim Gelincik ◽  
Hakan Yabanoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Positive Control Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant

Curcumin has remarkable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of curcumin on a rat model of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli–induced acute lung injury (ALI). Thirty-two rats were randomly allocated to 4 groups to induce an ALI: negative control group (rats not infected with E coli with no antibiotic treatment), positive control group (rats infected with E coli with no antibiotic treatment), imipenem group (rats infected with E coli that received intraperitoneal injection of imipenem), and the imipenem+curcumin group (rats infected with E coli that received intraperitoneal injection of imipenem and were fed on curcumin).The rats were killed, and lung tissues samples were harvested for biochemical analyses and histopathologic examination. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-6 (IL6) were measured. TOS increased in the positive control group (P < 0.001) and decreased in the imipenem and imipenem+curcumin groups (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). TAS decreased in the positive control group (P = 0.005). Imipenem treatment did not increase TAS, but the imipenem+curcumin group increased TAS (P = 0.014). TNFα and IL6 increased in the positive control group compared with the negative control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.010, respectively). Imipenem decreased TNFα (P < 0.001), but did not decrease IL6 (P = 0.418). Imipenem+curcumin decreased TNFα (P < 0.001); this decrease was more pronounced compared with the imipenem group (P = 0.008). IL6 decreased in the curcumin group compared with the positive control group (P = 0.011). Curcumin combined with imipenem can be an alternative therapeutic agent to overcome the resistance of E coli strains.

scholarly journals Effects of alphamune G on the performance, serum and haematological parameters of Escherichia coli challenged turkey poults

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-121
Author(s):  
S. A. Bolu ◽  
M. T. Adelakun
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Turkey Poults ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Haematological Indices

A study was conducted to determine the response of Turkey poults to graded levels of Alphamune G (0.00+, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06 and 0.00 %-) when challenged with Escherichia coli orally for 7 days. The graded levels were the treatments viz 0.00%+ (positive control), Alphamune G at 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06% and 0.00%- (negative control; infected without Alphamune G supplementation). Each treatment was allotted 3 replicates of 6 poults. The experiment which was conducted for 56 days employed a completely randomized design. E. coli was isolated from the intestinal digesta of a colisepticaemic chicken. 108 turkey poults were used in this study. Poults were infected with E.coli for 7 days through the drinking water and given the treatment. The performance parameters of Alphamune G supplementation were significantly affected. The cumulative weight, Feed intake and weight gain were highest for turkey poults fed 0.06% Alphamune G supplementation. These values were also directly proportional to the supplementation levels of Alphamune G. The birds given the negative treatment (0.00 %-) had relatively poor performance compared to the other treatments. The specific enzymes studied were significantly affected (p<0.05) by the treatments. ALT and AST were significantly highest for turkey poults fed the negative control. Enzyme values became optimum at 0.05% Alphamune G supplementation. At 0.06% of Alphamune G supplementation, cellular mitigations of the effects of E. coli was measurable. Urea and creatinine were not significantly (p>0.05) influenced by the treatments. Haematological indices such as WBC and specific differential counts (lymphocytes and neutrophils) were affected significantly (P<0.05) by supplemental levels of Alphamune G The Inclusion of Alphamune G at 0.06% in the diets improved performance of turkey poults when challenged with Escherichia coli.

scholarly journals PEMBERIAN RANSUM KOMBINASI HERBAL DENGAN MINERAL ZINK TERHADAP PERFORMANS AYAM BROILER YANG DIINFEKSI Escherichia coli

ZOOTEC ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
M. N. Regar ◽  
R. Mutia ◽  
S. D. Widhyari ◽  
Y. H. S. Kowel
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Garlic Powder ◽  
Ipomea Batatas ◽  
Sweet Potato Leaves ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian kombinasi herbal dengan mineral zink dalam ransum broiler yang diinfeksi Escherichia coli (E. coli). Dua ratus ekor d.o.c (day old chick) dibagi secara acak ke dalam lima perlakuan, masing-masing perlakuan diulang empat kali sehingga terdapat 20 unit percobaan, setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 10 ekor d.o.c. Anak ayam percobaan dipelihara selama 35 hari. Ransum perlakuan terdiri dari R1 = Pakan basal/ ayamsehat (kontrolnegatif); R2 = Pakan basal/ ayamdiinfeksiE.coli (kontrolpositif); R3= Pakan basal + serbukkunyit 1.5% + ZnO 180 ppm/ ayamdiinfeksiE.coli; R4 = Pakan basal + serbukbawangputih 2.5% + ZnO 180 ppm/ ayamdiinfeksiE.coli; R5 = Pakan basal + antibiotik/ ayamdiinfeksiE.coli.Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Peubah yang diamati konsumsi ransum, pertambahan bobot badan, dan konversi ransum. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi kunyit 1.5% dengan ZnO 180 ppm dan kombinasi bawang putih 2.5% dengan zink 180 ppm dalam ransum mampu memperlihatkan performa yang lebih baik.Kata Kunci:Daun ubi jalar, Pertambahan berat badan, Konsumsi ransum, Konversi ransum, Ayambroiler.ABSTRACTTHE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTA-TION SWEET POTATO LEAVES MEAL (Ipomea batatas) ON BROILER PERFORMANCE.This experiment was conducted to study the combination of herbal with zink in poultry diet on the performance of Escherichia coli – challenged broiler. Two hundred d.o.c unsexed were devided into five treatments and four replications, with ten chicks in each replicates. The treatments were R1 (basal diet as a negative control/ healhty chickens), R2 (basal diet as a positive control/ Escherichia coli challenged), R3 (basal diet +1.5% turmeric powder + ZnO 180 ppm/ Escherichia coli challenged), R4 (basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder + ZnO 180 ppm/ Escherichia coli challenged), and R5 (basal diet + antibiotic/ Escherichia coli challenged). Data were collected during 35 days, diet and water were offered ad libitum. The results of this research indicated that chickens fed basal diet + 1.5% turmeric powder + ZnO 180 ppm/ challenged Escherichia coli and chickens fed basal diet + 2.5% garlic powder +ZnO 180 ppm/ challenged Escherichia coli showed performances better than control .Keywords: Sweet potato leaves, Body weight, Consumtion ration, Convertion ration, Broiler

scholarly journals The Effect of Various Concentrations of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Paederia foetida L. on the Growth of Escherichia Coli Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Hertina Silaban
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Paederia Foetida ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria ◽  
The One

Bacterial infection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the cause of gastrointestinal disorders in humans has increased their prevalence. Treatment using natural ingredients can be a choice of therapy because of the minimal side effects. One of the rare plants believed by the community as an antibacterial is stinking vin’e known as the ‘leaf fart’. The purpose of this research is for knowing the activity of the ethanol extract of Paederia foetida L can affect the growth of E.coli. The serial diffusion disc method is being used as the antibacterial activity test. The concentration  of this extract are 10%, 20%, 40%, 80%, 100% with positive control (ciprofloxacin) and negative control (aqua dest). The inhibition zone diameter characterized the effect of Extract on bacterial growth were 6.16 mm of the concentration 10%, 6.667 mm of the concentration 20%, 7.10 mm of the concentration 40 %, 7.78 mm of the concentration 80%, and 10.03 mm of the concentration 100%. As for the negative control has no effect. The study stated that the higher concentration of antibacterial agent used, the greater the inhibition zone formed. Based on the result of the analysis of the data by using the One-Way ANOVA Test showed a probability value (p) = 0.000 or value (p) < 0.05, that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. The conclusion is that the Extract of stinking vin’e has an antibacterial effect on the growth of E.coli. Keywords: Antibacterial, E.coli, Extract of  Sembukan leaf

scholarly journals Mus musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Immune Responses Caused by Escherichia coli (Migula, 1895) Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 285
Author(s):  
Zuni Mitasari ◽  
Abdul Gofur ◽  
Dwi Listyorini
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spleen Weight ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carl Linnaeus

<p><em>Escherichia coli</em> (<a title="Walter Migula" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Migula">Migula</a>, 1895) is a negative gram bacteria which have an ability to cause some deseases, such as meningitis, urinary tract infection and digestive tract infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its cell wall induces immune responses in many ways. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of <em>E. coli</em> infection on lymphocyte numbers and spleen weight in mice [<em>Mus musculus</em> (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Twenty five male mice were grouped into negative control, positive control group treated with PBS, and three experimental groups injected intraperitonially with <em>E. coli</em> 1.5 × 10<sup>3 </sup>cfu/mL,1.5 × 10<sup>5 </sup>cfu/mL or 1.5 × 10<sup>7 </sup>cfu/mL respectively.  About 5 d after the injection, the spleen were collected. Spleen were weighed using digital balance, number of lymphocyte were counted using hemocytometer. <em>E. coli</em> infection significantly increase both weight of the spleen and number lymphocyte. In conclusion,  mice responded to <em>E. coli</em> infection by increasing the number of its lymphocyte.</p><div><p class="Els-keywords"><em> </em></p><p class="Els-keywords"><strong>Keywords:</strong><em> Escerechia coli </em>(<a title="Walter Migula" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Migula">Migula</a>, 1895);<em> </em>immune respone; infection; <em>Mus musculus </em>(<a title="Carl Linnaeus" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a title="10th edition of Systema Naturae" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae">1758</a>).</p></div>

scholarly journals Influence of Sago in Improving a Weight Gain of Rats and the Health Profile of the Small Intestine of Rats Infected by Enteropathogenic Escherichia Coli (O127:H6)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Baseline Weight

Background: Sago is one potential source of traditional food contain carbohydrates and have benefits as an anti-diarrheal. Escherichia coli are a member of the normal intestinal flora. However, one of the serotypes of this bacterium, E. coli (O127: H6) can be an important cause of diarrhea in infants. Objective: To analyze the sago effect on weight gain of rats and the profile morphology of small intestine that infected by E. coli (O127: H6). Methods: An experimental research using 20 wistar rats from April to June 2015. Rats were divided into four groups; Negative control 14 days (A), giving sago for 14 days (B), giving E. coli (O127: H6) and body weight lowered 20% from baseline weight for 7 days (C), giving E. coli (O127: H6) and body weight lowered 20% from baseline weight for 7 days simultanly with giving sago for 14 days (D). Weight gain measured daily, tissue biopsy of the small intestine is processed by using paraffin embedding and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Varian (ANOVA) and to determine the differences in respectively group continued with the Last Significant Different (LSD). Results: Total body weight increase: (A) 19.80gr ± 1.64, (B) 12.80gr ± 1.64, (C) 27.40gr ± 2.40, (D) 14.20gr ± 0.44. Percentage villi damage (%): (A) 1.80 ± 0.44, (B) 1.60 ± 0.54, (C) 28.00 ±6.70, (D) 3.80 ± 0.83. Sago decreased percentage of small intestine villi damage 24.20%. Conclusion: Sago can increase the body weight and protect the small intestine villi damage from E.coli.

scholarly journals Uji Ekstrak Bawang Putih Tunggal (Allium sativum L.) Terhadap Bakteriuria Escherichia coli Pada Calon Pekerja Migran Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Indah Sulistiyawati ◽  
Muhammad Falah ◽  
Ari Dwi Nurasih
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
The Body ◽  
Garlic Extract ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
P Value ◽  
E Coli

Garlic (Allium sativum L) is a tested type of phytopharmaca because it is proven to have beneficial benefits as antibacterial and protect the body from pathogens. The majority of Indonesian Migrant Workers, especially Prospective Indonesian Migrant Workers (CPMI), are indicated to be susceptible to Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), which is caused by the bacteriuria Escherichia coli. In this study, the crude extract of single garlic (A. sativum L) will be used as an antibacterial against E. coli bateriuria in the urine sample of CPMI, with variations in the concentration of single crude extract of garlic, namely; 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. This research was conducted in a period of 1 (one) year from January to December 2020, with urine research samples from CPMI in the Banyumas Regency area. Extraction was carried out by extracting a single garlic using 96% ethanol solvent in a ratio of 1: 1, then evaporated to produce a filtrate that would be tested with a varied concentrate composition. Isolation of bacteriuria in urine samples using EMBA selective media. From a total of 37 urine samples, 17 about 46% were positive for E. coli, and 20 samples were 54% negative for E. coli. Bacteriuria that was found challenged with crude garlic extract resulted in differences in the antibacterial test at several extract concentrations with amoxicillin positive control, with One Way Anova a P-value = 0.000 <0.05, and continued with the analysis of the Post Hoc Test and the Tuckey Test, that the garlic extract The single most effective used as an anti-bacterial agent is the concentration of 100%, resulting in an average inhibition of 12.81 mm. The ability of single garlic extract to inhibit increases with increasing extract concentrate.

Impact of Reducing the Level of Wet Distillers Grains Fed to Cattle Prior to Harvest on Prevalence and Levels of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Feces and on Hides†

2011 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1611-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. WELLS ◽  
S. D. SHACKELFORD ◽  
E. D. BERRY ◽  
N. KALCHAYANAND ◽  
J. M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Distillers Grains ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Finishing Diets ◽  
Dietary Switch ◽  
Wet Distillers Grains

Cattle fed finishing diets with wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) have been shown to harbor increased Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in the feces and on the hides. To determine if feeding a lower level of WDGS at the end of the feeding period reduces E. coli O157:H7 load at harvest, 608 heifers were sorted into one of five treatments and fed 0, 40, or 70% WDGS (dry matter basis). For three of the treatments, WDGS was reduced midway through the study. Treatment 0W0W heifers (positive control) were fed a corn grain–based diet continuously, and 40W40W heifers (negative control) were fed 40% WDGS continuously. Heifers subjected to treatments 40W0W, 40W15W, and 70W15W were fed either 40 or 70% WDGS for the first 56 days and switched to 0 or 15% WDGS, respectively, for the last 56 days. Prior to the switch in diets, animals fed diets with 40 or 70% had higher prevalence and percent enumerable fecal samples for E. coli O157:H7. After the dietary switch, animals fed 40W0W, 40W15W, and 70W15W diets had fecal prevalence and percent enumerable samples (33.4 and 6.3%, 31.0 and 9.7%, and 34.9 and 8.4%, respectively) similar to those of animals fed 0W0W diets (10.2 and 3.2%, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), whereas animals fed 40W40W had the highest fecal prevalence and percent enumerable samples (70.1 and 29.2%, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Similar relationships between the treatments were observed for hide samples. Time after dietary switch was important, as animals fed lower levels had significantly lower fecal prevalence and percent enumerable samples after 56 days, but not after 28 days. The study indicates that cattle can be switched to lower levels of dietary WDGS (15% or less) 56 days prior to harvest to significantly reduce E. coli O157:H7 in feces and on hides.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity Test of the C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene Compound Modified by Hexadecyltrimethylammonium-Bromide against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Bacteria

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryadi Budi Utomo ◽  
Mita Fujiyanti ◽  
Warih Puji Lestari ◽  
Sri Mulyani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

<p>This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of C-4-methoxyphenylcalix-[4]resorcinarene modified by Hexadecyltrimethylammonium-Bromide (Resorcinarene-HDTMA-Br) against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> bacteria. The study was conducted by testing the inhibition zone diameter with paper disc diffusion method. Variations in the concentration of the sample used were 10%; 15%; 20%; 25%; and 30% b/v. In this study, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (sampel solvent) was used as a negative control and Chloramphenicol as a positive control. It was found that Resorsinarene-HDTMA-Br had higher antibacterial activity than the unmodified C-4-methoxyphenylcalix[4]resorcinarene (CMFKR) against the <em>S.</em><em> </em><em>aureus</em> bacteria. Both CMFKR and Resorcinarene-HDTMA-Br are not active against <em>E. coli</em>.</p>

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