Farming practices affect the amino acid profiles of the aquaculture Chinese mitten crab

Farming operation and amino acid profiles of pond-reared Chinese mitten crabs, Eriocheir sinensis (Milne Edwards, 1853), collected from different areas in Jiangsu Province, China were investigated and compared with the aim to elucidate how farming practices affected the nutritional values of three edible tissues (muscle, hepatopancreas and gonad) of crab. The crab pond aquaculture practices including snail input, macrophytes coverage, total commercial feed, the ratio of trash fish to total feed, were much higher in Gaochun and Jintan than that in other sites (having larger pond size), which leads to higher average individual body weight and commercial yields. Further, the mean body weight, muscle weight, carapace length and width, and the ratio of gonad to hepatopancreas were significantly higher in Jintan, Suzhou and Gaochun areas than in other regions. Amino acid assessment showed that all crabs collected delivered high-quality protein (Amino acid score >1 except Valine), the main amino acids being glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine. Significant differences in amino acid profiles were observed between sites, tissues and sexes. Muscles were rich in total amino acids, essential amino acids, and delicious amino acids, followed by gonads and hepatopancreas. The contents of essential amino acids in crab muscles from Gaochun, Jintan, Suzhou and Guannan were significantly higher than those from Suqian, Sihong and Xinghua. All the amino acids except Serine and Glycine were significantly higher in gonads from males than from females. The redundancy analysis revealed that the snail input, trash fish ratio to the total feed, macrophytes coverage and total trash fish supply explained 84.3% of the variation in the amino acid content and structure in crabs from Gaochun, Jintan and Suzhou. Overall, our results show that mitten crabs collected in Jiangsu province had good nutritional quality suitable for human dietary needs, and that farming practices, especially degree of fish-source protein feeding, influence the amino acids composition of crabs.

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Evaluation of the Antinutrients, Amino Acid Profile and Physicochemical Properties of Hura crepitan Seed

Archives of Current Research International ◽

10.9734/acri/2020/v20i530192 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

E. C. Nwokenkwo ◽

J. N. Nwosu ◽

N. C. Onuegbu ◽

I. A. Olawuni ◽

A. F. Ofoedum

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Research Work ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

Seed Flour ◽

University Of Technology ◽

Amino Acid Profiles

The Objectives of the Study: To evaluate the Antinutritional components, Amino acid profiles and the physic-chemical properties of Hura crepitan (Sand box) seed. Design of the Study: This study was structured to fit into using a combination of T-test and one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the data obtained from the laboratory analysis. Place and Duration of Study: This research work was done at the Department of Food Science and Technology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria, between May 2019 and November 2019. Methods: The mature dry fruits of the Hura crepitan seeds were harvested from the plants on Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State campus. The Hura crepitan seeds were sorted in order to remove dirts and foreign other foreign contaminants. The cleaned seeds were divided into four portions and stored in separate glass containers for further processing. The first portion of the seeds were dried at 60°C in Gallen Kamp moisture extraction oven for 6 hours at and pulverised in a Monilex blended into flour, some seeds were boiled while some portions were roasted and processed into fine flour and subsequently subjected to analysis to evaluate the antinutritional contents, amino acid s as well as determining the physic-chemical properties of the samples. Results: The results obtained suggested that the anti-nutrients in the raw seed-flour were flavonoids with 17.50%, alkaloid (6.20%), tannin (5.24%), and cyanogenic glycoside (1.76%). Fermentation and moist cooking were found to be more effective in the reduction of the anti-nutrients in the Hura crepitan seeds. The amino acid profiles were evaluated, and twenty amino acids were identified in the seed flour. The three major ones implicated were arginine (3.25 g/100 g in cooked and 8.05 g/100 g in fermented), glutamic acid (6.05 g/100 g in cooked and 10.2 g/100 g in fermented) and valine (8.03 g/100 g in raw and 8.58 g/100 g in fermented). The limiting amino acid is methionine with a chemical score of 44.52%. the physicochemical properties of the sandbox seeds evaluated suggested that the free fatty acids values ranged from 3.60% to 6.03% and there were no significant differences (P>0.05) among the samples, the iodine value ranged from 104.94% to 126.90%, the peroxide value for the sample varies between 2.96% to 44.81%. Conclusion: This study suggested that the Hura crepitan seed contains appreciable amounts of essential amino acids as well as having good physicochemical properties while the use of moist heat and/or fermentation can reduce the antinutritional components to the bearest minimum. Hence, can be utilized some areas of food industries where protein (amino acids) are critically required.

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Nutritional evaluation of whole soybean curd made from different soybean materials based on amino acid profiles

Food Quality and Safety ◽

10.1093/fqsafe/fyaa011 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41-50

Author(s):

Meili Li ◽

Hongming Dong ◽

Dingtao Wu ◽

Hong Chen ◽

Wen Qin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Principal Component ◽

Protein Digestibility ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid Profile ◽

Amino Acid Pattern ◽

Amino Acid Profiles ◽

Relay Cropping

Abstract Objectives Amino acid profiles of whole soybean curds (WSCs) and conventional soybean curds (CSCs) were comparatively studied to 1., evaluate their nutritional value and 2., study the suitable soybean material to fabricate WSCs. Materials and Methods Nine types of soybean materials were selected to make WSCs and CSCs. Protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) and principal component analysis were selected to perform the comparative analysis of amino acid profiles of the products. Results Total contents of amino acids in WSCs and CSCs were 41.24–54.87 mg/g and 27.77–36.82 mg/g. Content ranges of essential amino acids were 13.59–19.38 mg/g and 8.46–11.76 mg/g for WSCs and CSCs. The essential amino acid pattern of WSCs was basically close to amino acid pattern spectrum requirements except valine and sulfur amino acids. As a limiting amino acid, methionine represented less than 0.4 for PDCAAS in all soybean curds except WSCs made from relay-cropping Nandou12 and Nandou25. Conclusions The overall quality of amino acids in WSCs was higher than that in CSCs, indicating that WSCs indeed exhibited higher nutritional value than CSCs from the viewpoint of amino acid profile. WSCs with the high nutritional value could be made using Nandou25 and relay-cropping Nandou12 as materials.

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Amino Acid Profiles of the Flesh of the Heterosexual Pairs of Neopetrolisthes maculatus

International Letters of Natural Sciences ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.61.23 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 ◽

pp. 23-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Emmanuel Ilesanmi Adeyeye

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Efficiency Ratio ◽

Amino Acids Composition ◽

Amino Acid Requirements ◽

Amino Acid Profiles ◽

Limiting Amino Acid ◽

Acid Index

This paper reports on amino acid profiles of the flesh of heterosexuals of porcellanids collected from the Atlantic Ocean at Orimedu beach in Ibeju-Lekki, Lagos, Nigeria. Results showed that high values of amino acids were observed in the heterosexual flesh of Neopetrolisthes maculatus (g 100g-1 protein): 17.7 – 17.8 (Glu), 9.90 – 10.0 (Asp), 8.70 – 9.07 (Arg), 7.23 – 7.94 (Leu) and 5.81 – 6.06 (Gly). Total essential amino acid values ranged from 45.2 – 46.2 g 100-1g. Predicted protein efficiency ratio was 3.82 – 4.14, the range of essential amino acid index was 86.9 – 89.9, the biological values ranged from 83.0 – 86.3. The Lys/Trp was 3.31-4.27. Serine was limiting amino acid (0.513 – 0.516) in the egg score comparison; under the essential amino acids scores, Lys (0.840) was limiting in female but Val (0.823) was limiting in the male; Lys (0.796 – 0.905) was limiting in both samples in the pre-school child amino acid requirements. It was observed that out of the twenty parameters determined, male flesh was more concentrated in 60% values than the female flesh and 40% better in female than male. Correlation coefficient result showed that significant differences existed in the amino acids composition at r = 0.01 of the N. maculatus samples.

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Co-occurrence of organic and inorganic N sources influences asparagine uptake and internal amino acid profiles in white clover

10.1101/577114 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Weronika Czaban ◽

Jim Rasmussen

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

White Clover ◽

Uptake Rate ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Organic N ◽

Inorganic N ◽

Total N ◽

Amino Acid Profiles ◽

N Status

AbstractDirect plant uptake of organic nitrogen (N) is important for plant N nutrition, but we lack knowledge of how the concentration of external N forms (organic and inorganic) -influence organic N uptake and plant N status. We investigated the uptake of the amino acid asparagine (Asn) in white clover in the presence of different nitrate (NO3-), Asn, and total N concentrations. White clover seedlings were for one week exposed to combinations of NO3-(3-30 µmol N kg-1sand DW) and Asn (3-30 µmol N kg-1sand DW), where after the Asn uptake rate was determined by addition of13C4-Asn. Shoot and root Asn content and amino acid profiles were also analyzed. Increasing external NO3-and total N concentrations decreased13C4-Asn uptake rates and internal clover Asn content. Furthermore, total N affected clover amino acid profiles from non-essential amino acids at low N doses to the dominance of essential amino acids at increasing N doses. Asn uptake rate in white clover is reduced by increasing inorganic N, but not by increasing organic N concentrations. Furthermore, plant amino acid profiles are likely to be a more sensitive indicator of N supply and descriptor of the N status.

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Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19670068 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 661-670 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

John H. Ashley ◽

Hans Fisher

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Body Weight ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Aspartic Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acid ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid Mixture ◽

Acid Mixture ◽

Fish Protein

1. Body-weight changes and nitrogen balance were studied, together with the concentration of various nitrogenous muscle components, in adult cocks before and after a 6-day period on a N-free diet and again after a 16-day repletion period on diets supplying various amounts and types of dietary N.2. In the first experiment a comparison was made during the repletion period between a fish-protein supplement and a supplement of glycine + glutamic acid added to an essential amino acid mixture.3. During the depletion period the muscle concentration of RNA, DNA and of two transaminase enzymes decreased significantly; during the repletion period these components increased again significantly, and usually to levels greater than the pre-depletion concentration. There were no differences in these responses obtained during repletion with the two N supplements, although the cocks given the glycine–glutamic acid supplement differed from those receiving fish protein in being in Negative N balance and in losing body-weight during the repletion period.4. In the second experiment one group of depleted cocks was given an essential amino acid mixture alone as the dietary N source and a second group this mixture supplemented by aspartic acid.5. A decrease in RNA and in the transaminase enzymes during depletion was followed by a significant increase during repletion, but the increase was greater for the group receiving the aspartic acid than for that receiving only the essential amino acid mixture.6. It was concluded that adding non-essential amino acids to a maintenance mixture of essential amino acids will permit greater repletion in mature cocks.7. The fluctuations in concentration of RNA and of certain enzymes with dietary protein supply may well be controlling factor in the regulation of N losses and accretions during protein deficiency and sufficiency.5. The relative constancy of muscle DNA in contrast to the fluctuations in other nitrogenous muscle constituents provides additional support for the concept of protein reserves.

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Screening of amino acid constituents from date palm fruits

International Journal of Bioassays ◽

10.21746/ijbio.2016.10.0011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

pp. 4972

Author(s):

Lata Birlangi

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

United Arab Emirates ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Date Palm ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Palm Fruits ◽

Social Part

The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is one of mankind’s oldest cultivated plants. The fruit of the date palm is an important crop of the hot arid and semi-arid regions of the world. It has always played a genuine economic and social part in the lives of the people of these areas. The present objective in examining the amino acid content of different varieties of date palm fruits from Middle-East region; is to determine whether its protein could effectively supplement the nutritional value and it is also aimed in finding which variety is rich in number of amino acids. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of eight essential amino acids and five non-essential amino acids in the date fruits. Among all the date fruit varieties taken as samples for the study, Dabbas cultivar of United Arab Emirates found to exhibit eight types of amino acids which includes five as non-essential ones. Total of thirteen amino acids were detected in the seven date cultivars. Determination of amino acid can serve as a guide to the possible nutritional value.

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Progress towards reduced-crude protein diets for broiler chickens and sustainable chicken-meat production

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-021-00550-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sonia Yun Liu ◽

Shemil P. Macelline ◽

Peter V. Chrystal ◽

Peter H. Selle

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Meat Production ◽

Accurate Identification ◽

Reduced Crude Protein

AbstractThe prime purpose of this review is to explore the pathways whereby progress towards reduced-crude protein (CP) diets and sustainable chicken-meat production may be best achieved. Reduced-CP broiler diets have the potential to attenuate environmental pollution from nitrogen and ammonia emissions; moreover, they have the capacity to diminish the global chicken-meat industry’s dependence on soybean meal to tangible extents. The variable impacts of reduced-CP broiler diets on apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients are addressed. The more accurate identification of amino acid requirements for broiler chickens offered reduced-CP diets is essential as this would diminish amino acid imbalances and the deamination of surplus amino acids. Deamination of amino acids increases the synthesis and excretion of uric acid for which there is a requirement for glycine, this emphasises the value of so-called “non-essential” amino acids. Starch digestive dynamics and their possible impact of glucose on pancreatic secretions of insulin are discussed, although the functions of insulin in avian species require clarification. Maize is probably a superior feed grain to wheat as the basis of reduced-CP diets; if so, the identification of the underlying reasons for this difference should be instructive. Moderating increases in starch concentrations and condensing dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-CP diets may prove to be advantageous as expanding ratios appear to be aligned to inferior broiler performance. Threonine is specifically examined because elevated free threonine plasma concentrations in birds offered reduced-CP diets may be indicative of compromised performance. If progress in these directions can be realised, then the prospects of reduced-CP diets contributing to sustainable chicken-meat production are promising.

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Changes in Amino Acid Profiles and Bioactive Compounds of Thai Silk Cocoons as Affected by Water Extraction

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26072033 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 2033

Author(s):

Chuleeporn Bungthong ◽

Sirithon Siriamornpun

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Silk Protein ◽

Extraction Time ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Silk Cocoon ◽

Amino Acid Profiles

Silk proteins have many advantageous components including proteins and pigments. The proteins—sericin and fibroin—have been widely studied for medical applications due to their good physiochemical properties and biological activities. Various strains of cocoon display different compositions such as amino-acid profiles and levels of antioxidant activity. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to find a suitable silk protein extraction method to obtain products with chemical and biological properties suitable as functional foods in two strains of Bombyx mori silk cocoon (Nangsew strains; yellow cocoon) and Samia ricini silk cocoon (Eri strains; white cocoon) extracted by water at 100 °C for 2, 4, 6 and 8 h. The results showed that Nangsew strains extracted for 6 h contained the highest amounts of protein, amino acids, total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC), plus DPPH radical-scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), anti-glycation, α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition. The longer extraction time produced higher concentrations of amino acids, contributing to sweet and umami tastes in both silk strains. It seemed that the bitterness decreased as the extraction time increased, resulting in improvements in the sweetness and umami of silk-protein extracts.

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Further evidence that mechanisms of host/symbiont integration are dissimilar in the maternal versus embryonic Acyrthosiphon pisum bacteriome

EvoDevo ◽

10.1186/s13227-020-00168-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Celeste R. Banfill ◽

Alex C. C. Wilson ◽

Hsiao-ling Lu

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Developmental Time ◽

Follicular Epithelium ◽

Future Research ◽

Buchnera Aphidicola ◽

Bacterial Endosymbionts ◽

Asexual Embryogenesis

Abstract Background Host/symbiont integration is a signature of evolutionarily ancient, obligate endosymbioses. However, little is known about the cellular and developmental mechanisms of host/symbiont integration at the molecular level. Many insects possess obligate bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients. To advance understanding of the developmental and metabolic integration of hosts and endosymbionts, we track the localization of a non-essential amino acid transporter, ApNEAAT1, across asexual embryogenesis in the aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Previous work in adult bacteriomes revealed that ApNEAAT1 functions to exchange non-essential amino acids at the A. pisum/Buchnera aphidicola symbiotic interface. Driven by amino acid concentration gradients, ApNEAAT1 moves proline, serine, and alanine from A. pisum to Buchnera and cysteine from Buchnera to A. pisum. Here, we test the hypothesis that ApNEAAT1 is localized to the symbiotic interface during asexual embryogenesis. Results During A. pisum asexual embryogenesis, ApNEAAT1 does not localize to the symbiotic interface. We observed ApNEAAT1 localization to the maternal follicular epithelium, the germline, and, in late-stage embryos, to anterior neural structures and insect immune cells (hemocytes). We predict that ApNEAAT1 provisions non-essential amino acids to developing oocytes and embryos, as well as to the brain and related neural structures. Additionally, ApNEAAT1 may perform roles related to host immunity. Conclusions Our work provides further evidence that the embryonic and adult bacteriomes of asexual A. pisum are not equivalent. Future research is needed to elucidate the developmental time point at which the bacteriome reaches maturity.

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The screening and preliminary construction of quality mutant population for cultivar “Nipponbare” in japonica rice (Oryza sativa)

Biologia ◽

10.2478/s11756-012-0106-x ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 67 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Da Zhang ◽

Jian Wu ◽

Guan Li ◽

Chun Shi

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Oryza Sativa ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Mutation Frequency ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Japonica Rice ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance ◽

Mutant Population ◽

Nonessential Amino Acids

AbstractProgenies of Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare induced with 0.4% ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) were screened for quality mutants and the preliminary quality mutant population was constructed in present experiment. A total of 2210 materials were first screened using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) from which 208 quality mutants were obtained for a second screening and then yielded 73 quality mutants including amylase content (AC), gel consistency (GC), gelatinization temperature (GT), protein content (PC), rapid viscosity analysis (RVA) parameters and amino acid contents. The screening yielded 11 PC mutants with a mutation frequency of 4.98‰, followed by 7 rice floury viscosity mutants (3.17‰), 5 AC mutants (2.26‰), 4 chalky mutants, GT and GC mutants (1.81‰), and 2 ASV mutants (0.9‰). The relative contents of 17 kinds of amino acid mutations, including 7 kinds for essential amino acids and 10 kinds for nonessential amino acids were identified. With the variation of 10% as the screening standard, mutants were obtained for lysine and leucine at 0.45‰ and for valine at 4.98‰, but no mutants were found for isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine. For nonessential amino acids, mutants of glutamic (0.45‰), arginine (3.62‰), alanine (3.17‰), serine (0.45‰), glycine (0.45‰), tyrosine (1.81‰), proline (2.71‰), and histidine (0.45‰) were obtained, but none was found for aspartic, phenylalanine nor threonine. At 100% as the screening standard for methionine and cysteines, the mutation frequency of these two amino acid mutants were 0.9‰ and 4.98‰ respectively. Quality mutants in this preliminary library of rice could play important role in gene function and breeding of rice quality.

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