scholarly journals The determination of thiocyanate in the blood plasma and holding water of Amphiprion clarkii after exposure to cyanide

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12409
Author(s):  
J. Alexander Bonanno ◽  
Nancy E. Breen ◽  
Michael F. Tlusty ◽  
Lawrence Andrade ◽  
Andrew L. Rhyne
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Amphiprion Clarkii

The illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues throughout the Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a reliable test to detect whether a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. We report on the toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure and chronic thiocyanate (SCN) exposure, the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 s or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days and blood plasma levels of SCN were measured. SCN blood plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (301–468 ppb) 0.13–0.17 days after exposure to CN and had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life. The half-life of blood plasma SCN after chronic exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days. Interestingly, we observed that when a fish, with no previous CN or SCN exposure, was placed in holding water spiked to 20 ppb SCN, there was a steady decrease in the SCN concentration in the holding water until it could no longer be detected at 24 hrs. Under chronic exposure conditions (100 ppm, 12 days), trace levels of SCN (∼40 ppb) were detected in the holding water during depuration but decreased to below detection within the first 24 hrs. Our holding water experiments demonstrate that low levels of SCN in the holding water of A. clarkii will not persist, but rather will quickly and steadily decrease to below detection limits refuting several publications. After CN exposure, A. clarkii exhibits a classic two compartment model where SCN is eliminated from the blood plasma and is likely distributed throughout the body. Similar studies of other species must be examined to continue to develop our understanding of CN metabolism in marine fish before a reliable cyanide detection test can be developed.

scholarly journals Where does it go? The fate of thiocyanate in the aquarium water and blood plasma of Amphiprion clarkii after exposure to cyanide

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Alexander Bonanno ◽  
Nancy E. Breen ◽  
Michael F. Tlusty ◽  
Lawrence J. Andrade ◽  
Andrew L. Rhyne
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Direct Exposure ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Aquarium Water ◽  
Acquity Uplc ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Amphiprion Clarkii

ABSTRACTThe illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues to damage coral reef ecosystems throughout the Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a simple, reliable test to detect whether or not a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. This study analyzed the toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure as well as chronic exposure to thiocyanate (SCN), the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 seconds or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days. Blood plasma levels of SCN were measured following derivatization to SCN-bimane using an Acquity UPLC I-Class and Q-Exactive hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap HRAM mass spectrometer or directly by HPLC-UV. After exposure to CN, depending on the duration of exposure, SCN plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (300–470 ppb) 0.13–0.17 days after exposure, had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life, and often did not return to baseline levels. The half-life of plasma SCN after direct exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days, similar to the CN exposure, and that SCN in the holding water would often drop below detection. Finally, we observed that when a fish, never exposed to SCN, was placed in aquarium water spiked with SCN, there was a steady decrease in aqueous SCN concentration over 24 hours until it could no longer be detected. This pattern was repeated with a second sequential dose. These results demonstrate that A. clarkii do not excrete SCN after CN exposure, but in fact can absorb low concentrations of SCN from water, refuting several publications. It appears that A. clarkii exhibit a classic two compartment model where SCN is rapidly eliminated from the blood plasma and is distributed throughout the tissue but not excreted in their urine. This study demonstrates that SCN may be used as a marker of CN exposure only if fish are tested shortly after exposure. There is species specific variability in response to CN, and studies of other taxa need to be performed before this test can be deployed in the field.

Pharmacokinetic studies on Sulfamonomethoxine in rabbits

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
M Amer ◽  
M Elsayed ◽  
S Kazawaki ◽  
W Fathy ◽  
Eman El-Ashry
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Studies ◽  
Plasma Drug ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Two Compartment Model

The present study was performed to determine the pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine (20mg/kg) in 5 rabbits after its oral and intravenous administration. Blood samples were collected immediately before (time 0) and at 0.08, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 5 and 8 hours post-dosing to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of sulfamonomethoxine. Plasma sulfamonomethoxine concentrations were quantified with HPLC-UV, and plasma drug concentration versus time data after IV was best fitted to the two-compartment model, characterized with the distribution phase (α) equaled to 2.05 h-1 with a distribution half-life [t0.5(α)] equaled to 0.61 h. The volume of distribution of (V1c) was 0.15 ml/kg., whereas the volume of distribution at a steady – state [Vdss] was 0.20 ml/kg, and the body clearance was 0.03 ml/ kg / h. After oral administration of SMM, plasma drug concentrations were best fitted to a two-compartment model, of which the mean half-life of absorption (t1/2ab) and elimination (t1/2β) were 0.02 and 1.99 h, respectively. The maximal absorption concentration (Cmax) was estimated as 114.06 µg/ml at 0.12 h, and the Area under the curve (AUC) was 340.42 µg/ml/h.

Clearance and Non-Invasive Determination of the Hepatic Extraction of Indocyanine Green in Baboons and Man

1983 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Grainger ◽  
P. W. N. Keeling ◽  
I. M. H. Brown ◽  
J. H. Marigold ◽  
R. P. H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Indocyanine Green ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Liver Blood Flow ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Hepatic Extraction ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Hepatic Extraction Ratio ◽  
Plasma Disappearance Curve

1. The disposition of an intravenous bolus of indocyanine green (ICG) has been studied in healthy man and baboons using a novel analysis of a two compartment pharmacokinetic model. 2. This analysis enabled the hepatic extraction ratio (ER) of dye to be determined solely from the plasma disappearance curve, and the ER determined did not differ from that measured by hepatic vein catheterization. 3. When compared with clearance measured at steady state, the two compartment model gave a significantly more accurate determination of plasma clearance than did the conventional one compartment model. 4. It is concluded that, in health, liver blood flow may be calculated accurately and noninvasively after a single intravenous injection of ICG.

scholarly journals Kinetics and secretion of placental growth hormone around parturition

2006 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Fuglsang ◽  
Puk Sandager ◽  
Niels Møller ◽  
Sanne Fisker ◽  
Hans Ørskov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Placental Growth Hormone

Objective: During pregnancy, placental growth hormone (PGH) is secreted into the maternal circulation, replacing pituitary GH. It is controversial whether PGH levels decline during vaginal birth. After placental expulsion, PGH is eliminated from the maternal blood. GH binding protein (GHBP) and body mass index (BMI) influence GH kinetics, but their impact on PGH kinetics is unknown. The present study was undertaken to define the kinetics of PGH during vaginal delivery and Caesarian section and to relate these kinetics to GHBP and BMI. Design: A short term, prospective cohort study. Methods: Twelve women had repeated blood samples drawn during vaginal delivery. From 26 women undergoing planned Caesarian delivery (CS) repeated blood samples were withdrawn before, during and after the CS, allowing PGH half-life determination. Results: During vaginal delivery, median PGH values did not change before expulsion of the placenta, although individual fluctuations were seen. Clearance of PGH from the maternal circulation was best described by a two-compartment model. The initial half-life of serum PGH was (mean ± s.d.) 5.8 ± 2.4 min, and the late half-life was (median) 87.0 min (range: 25.1–679.6 min). The late half-life was correlated to the pre-gestational BMI (r = 0.39, P = 0.047), but not to the serum GHBP concentration. Conclusions: Serum PGH did not decrease significantly during vaginal delivery. Elimination of PGH fitted a two-compartment model, with an estimated initial half-life of 5.8 min. The late phase serum half-life of PGH was related to BMI, suggesting a role for maternal fat mass in PGH metabolism.

A Physiologically Based, Recirculatory Model of the Kinetics and Dynamics of Propofol in Man

2005 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard N. Upton ◽  
Guy Ludbrook
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Blood Flows ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Physiologically Based ◽  
Kinetics And Dynamics ◽  
In Series ◽  
Recirculatory Model

Background The disposition of propofol in man is commonly described using a three-compartment mamillary model. However, these models do not incorporate blood flows as parameters. This complicates the representation of the changes in blood flows that may occur in surgical patients. In contrast, complex physiologically based models are derived from data sets (e.g., tissue:blood partition coefficients) that may not be readily collected in man. Methods Alternatively, the authors report a recirculatory model of propofol disposition in a "standard" man that incorporates detailed descriptions of the lungs and brain, but with a lumped description of the remainder of the body. The model was parameterized from data in the literature using a "meta-modeling" approach. The first-pass passage of propofol through the venous vasculature and the lungs was a function of the injected drug mixing with cardiac output and passing through a three-"tank in series" model for the lungs. The brain was represented as a two-compartment model defined by cerebral blood flow and a permeability term. The Bispectral Index was a linear function of the mean brain concentration. The remainder of the body was represented by compartment systems for the liver, fast distribution and slow distribution. Results The model was a good fit of the data and was able to predict other data not used in the development of the model. Conclusions The model may ultimately find a role in improving the fidelity of patient simulators currently used to train anesthetists and for clinical practice simulation to optimize dosing and management strategies.

Serial determination of glomerular filtration rate in conscious mice using FITC-inulin clearance

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (3) ◽  
pp. F590-F596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhonghua Qi ◽  
Irene Whitt ◽  
Amit Mehta ◽  
Jianping Jin ◽  
Min Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glomerular Filtration Rate ◽  
Glomerular Filtration ◽  
Filtration Rate ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Inulin Clearance ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Serial Determination ◽  
Two Compartment Model ◽  
Clearance Kinetics

Two nonradioactive methods for determining glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in conscious mice using FITC-labeled inulin (FITC-inulin) were evaluated. The first method measured GFR using clearance kinetics of plasma FITC-inulin after a single bolus injection. Based on a two-compartment model, estimated GFR was 236.69 ± 16.55 and 140.20 ± 22.27 μl/min in male and female C57BL/6J mice, respectively. Total or ⅚ nephrectomy reduced inulin clearance to 0 or 32.80 ± 9.32 μl/min, respectively. Conversely, diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin was associated with increased GFR. The other approach measured urinary inulin clearance using intraperitoneal microosmotic pumps to deliver FITC-inulin and metabolic cages to collect timed urine samples. This approach yielded similar GFR values of 211.11 ± 26.56 and 157.36 ± 20.02 μl/min in male and female mice, respectively. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of repeated nonisotopic measurement of inulin clearance in conscious mice.

scholarly journals PRECLINICAL STUDY OF THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF BACTERIOSENS FOR THE PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY OF MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
N. B. Morozova ◽  
E. A. Plotnikova ◽  
A. D. Plyutinskaya ◽  
V. O. Stramova ◽  
M. S. Vorontsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Infrared Region ◽  
Preclinical Study ◽  
The Body ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms

Introduction. Special attention has been recently paid to photosensitizers that absorb and fluoresce in the near infrared region of the spectrum. One of the most promising photosensitizers is bacteriosens, a synthetic bacteriochlorin derivative. Objective. To conduct a preclinical study of the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of bacteriosens in animals.Materials and methods. The active ingredient of bacteriosens is (meso-tetra(3-pyridyl)bacteriochlorin) with of λmax 747 nm). The biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of the agent were studied in mice and rabbits. It was administered intravenously once at three doses: 1.0; 2.5 and 6.25 mg/kg for the mice and 0.236; 0.59 and 1.475 mg/kg for the rabbits. Local fluorescence spectroscopy was used for the quantitative determination of the pharmacokinetic parameters of bacteriosens.Results. Bacteriosens was removed quickly from the mouse bloodstream at 1 and 4 days after using minimal (1.0 mg/kg) and maximal (6.25 mg/kg) doses, respectively. When given at doses of 6.25 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg, bacteriosens was recorded in the skin, muscle, and spleen for 4 days and 24 h, respectively. The agent most intensively accumulated and long persisted in the omentum, liver, and kidneys for more than 6 days (6.25 mg/kg) and 2 days (1.0 mg/kg). A similar pattern was observed in the rabbits. Bacteriosens was rapidly removed from the rabbit bloodstream at 1 and 3 days after using at doses of 0.236 and 1.475 mg/kg, respectively. The agent was recorded in the skin, muscle, and spleen up to 4 days (1.475 mg/kg) and 3 days (0.236 mg/kg). It most intensively accumulated and long persisted in the omentum, liver, and kidneys for more than 6 days (1.475 mg/kg) and 4 days (0.236 mg/kg).Conclusion. Bacteriosens was removed from the animal bloodstream within 3–4 days after administration of the maximum dose that was 2.5 times higher than therapeutic one. The half-life of bacteriosens for mice was directly proportional to the dose and increased from 8 to 24 min; the half-life for rabbits was 20 min, irrespective of the dose. The drug was recorded in the skin for no more than 4 days. The main routes of bacteriosens elimination from the body of animals were the kidneys and liver.The study was performed in accordance with ethical principles adopted by the European Convention for the protection of vertebrate animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes.

Review. Ochratoxin A: Presence in Human Plasma and Intake Estimation

2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. Coronel ◽  
V. Sanchis ◽  
A.J. Ramos ◽  
S. Marin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Daily Intakes

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a fungal toxic secondary metabolite that can be found in several foodstuffs and thereby ingested by humans. One way to assess exposure of humans to OTA is the determination of the levels of this mycotoxin in blood plasma from a certain population. Such studies have been done in many countries, both in healthy people and nephropathy patients. Relationships with individual characteristics were investigated in several cases. Thus, most studies found no correlation with age, either with gender. However, the few studies that found correlation between OTA plasma levels and gender showed that men presented the highest values. When sampling was done over more than one season, the highest OTA plasma levels were found mostly in summer. Differences within regions of a country were related to dietary habits of each area. OTA levels of group populations showed variations from year to year, whereas intraindividual repetitions showed no specific trend. Daily intake of the toxin can be estimated from OTA plasma concentrations by the Klaassen equation. OTA toxicokinetics are considered in this review. Calculated daily intake of OTA by different studies did not overpass the proposed tolerable daily intakes of OTA.

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