scholarly journals Factors affecting the identification of individual mountain bongo antelope

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwili E.M. Gibbon ◽  
Markus Bindemann ◽  
David L. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Model System ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Automated Identification ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
As Species ◽  
Monitoring Protocols

The recognition of individuals forms the basis of many endangered species monitoring protocols. This process typically relies on manual recognition techniques. This study aimed to calculate a measure of the error rates inherent within the manual technique and also sought to identify visual traits that aid identification, using the critically endangered mountain bongo,Tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci, as a model system. Identification accuracy was assessed with a matching task that required same/different decisions to side-by-side pairings of individual bongos. Error rates were lowest when only the flanks of bongos were shown, suggesting that the inclusion of other visual traits confounded accuracy. Accuracy was also higher for photographs of captive animals than camera-trap images, and in observers experienced in working with mountain bongos, than those unfamiliar with the sub-species. These results suggest that the removal of non-essential morphological traits from photographs of bongos, the use of high-quality images, and relevant expertise all help increase identification accuracy. Finally, given the rise in automated identification and the use of citizen science, something our results would suggest is applicable within the context of the mountain bongo, this study provides a framework for assessing their accuracy in individual as well as species identification.

Current Task Activation Predicts General Effects of Advance Preparation in Task Switching

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edita Poljac ◽  
Ab de Haan ◽  
Gerard P. van Galen
Keyword(s):  
Task Performance ◽  
Task Switching ◽  
Shape Matching ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Current Task ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
And Task

Two experiments investigated the way that beforehand preparation influences general task execution in reaction-time matching tasks. Response times (RTs) and error rates were measured for switching and nonswitching conditions in a color- and shape-matching task. The task blocks could repeat (task repetition) or alternate (task switch), and the preparation interval (PI) was manipulated within-subjects (Experiment 1) and between-subjects (Experiment 2). The study illustrated a comparable general task performance after a long PI for both experiments, within and between PI manipulations. After a short PI, however, the general task performance increased significantly for the between-subjects manipulation of the PI. Furthermore, both experiments demonstrated an analogous preparation effect for both task switching and task repetitions. Next, a consistent switch cost throughout the whole run of trials and a within-run slowing effect were observed in both experiments. Altogether, the present study implies that the effects of the advance preparation go beyond the first trials and confirms different points of the activation approach ( Altmann, 2002) to task switching.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING FACTORS AFFECTING PRODIGIOSIN PRODUCTION FROM Serratia marcescens SR3 BY SUBMERGED FERMENTATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (40) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Tuan Pham Nguyen ◽  
Lam Hong Bang
Keyword(s):  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Submerged Fermentation ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Fermentation Time ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
As Species ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Major Producer ◽  
Species Type

Prodigiosin is a red pigment and widely applied as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-malarial, anti-cancer, ,...Prodigiosin is isolated from bacteria, such as Serratia marcescens, Hahella chejuensis, Vibrio psychroerythrus and Streptomyces coelicolor,. . . S. marcescens is the major producer of prodigiosin. The production of prodigiosin has been shown to be influenced by many factors, such as species type and environmental factors, including media composition, temperature, pH and incubation time,... This study was conducted to analyze the effect of various factors on prodigiosin production process of S. marcescens SR3 by submerged fermentation method. Prodigiosin content was determined by the spectrophotometer method. The results showed thatS. marcescens SR3 could produce prodigiosin in LB medium, initial bacterial volume (7%, v/v), carbon source (lactose 1 g/L), nitrogen source (yeast extract 5 g/L), pH = 8, fermentation time (96 hours), and prodigiosin content reached 527.28 Unit/cell. The results of the study showed that S. marcescens SR3 bacteria is a potential source of prodigiosin for research and applications.

Spot on: using camera traps to individually monitor one of the world’s largest lizards

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry A. Moore ◽  
Jacob L. Champney ◽  
Judy A. Dunlop ◽  
Leonie E. Valentine ◽  
Dale G. Nimmo
Keyword(s):  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Image Data ◽  
Dorsal Surface ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Lizard Species ◽  
Late Afternoon ◽  
Large Animals

Abstract ContextEstimating animal abundance often relies on being able to identify individuals; however, this can be challenging, especially when applied to large animals that are difficult to trap and handle. Camera traps have provided a non-invasive alternative by using natural markings to individually identify animals within image data. Although camera traps have been used to individually identify mammals, they are yet to be widely applied to other taxa, such as reptiles. AimsWe assessed the capacity of camera traps to provide images that allow for individual identification of the world’s fourth-largest lizard species, the perentie (Varanus giganteus), and demonstrate other basic morphological and behavioural data that can be gleaned from camera-trap images. MethodsVertically orientated cameras were deployed at 115 sites across a 10000km2 area in north-western Australia for an average of 216 days. We used spot patterning located on the dorsal surface of perenties to identify individuals from camera-trap imagery, with the assistance of freely available spot ID software. We also measured snout-to-vent length (SVL) by using image-analysis software, and collected image time-stamp data to analyse temporal activity patterns. ResultsNinety-two individuals were identified, and individuals were recorded moving distances of up to 1975m. Confidence in identification accuracy was generally high (91%), and estimated SVL measurements varied by an average of 6.7% (min=1.8%, max=21.3%) of individual SVL averages. Larger perenties (SVL of >45cm) were detected mostly between dawn and noon, and in the late afternoon and early evening, whereas small perenties (SVL of <30cm) were rarely recorded in the evening. ConclusionsCamera traps can be used to individually identify large reptiles with unique markings, and can also provide data on movement, morphology and temporal activity. Accounting for uneven substrates under cameras could improve the accuracy of morphological estimates. Given that camera traps struggle to detect small, nocturnal reptiles, further research is required to examine whether cameras miss smaller individuals in the late afternoon and evening. ImplicationsCamera traps are increasingly being used to monitor reptile species. The ability to individually identify animals provides another tool for herpetological research worldwide.

scholarly journals Development of the Correction Algorithm to Limit the Deformation of Bacterial Colonies Diffraction Patterns Caused by Misalignment and Its Impact on the Bacteria Identification in the Proposed Optical Biosensor

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5797
Author(s):  
Igor Buzalewicz ◽  
Agnieszka Suchwałko ◽  
Magdalena Karwańska ◽  
Alina Wieliczko ◽  
Halina Podbielska
Keyword(s):  
Optical Biosensor ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Optical Biosensors ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Bacteria Identification ◽  
Spatial Intensity Distribution ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
The Impact

Recently proposed methods of bacteria identification in optical biosensors based on the phenomenon of light diffraction on macro-colonies offer over 98% classification accuracy. However, such high accuracy relies on the comparable and repeatable spatial intensity distribution of diffraction patterns. Therefore, it is essential to eliminate all non-species/strain-dependent factors affecting the diffraction patterns. In this study, the impact of the bacterial colony and illuminating beam misalignment on the variation of classification features extracted from diffraction patterns was examined. It was demonstrated that misalignment introduced by the scanning module significantly affected diffraction patterns and extracted classification features used for bacteria identification. Therefore, it is a crucial system-dependent factor limiting the identification accuracy. The acceptable misalignment level, when the accuracy and quality of the classification features are not affected, was determined as no greater than 50 µm. Obtained results led to development of image-processing algorithms for determination of the direction of misalignment and concurrent alignment of the bacterial colonies’ diffraction patterns. The proposed algorithms enable the rigorous monitoring and controlling of the measurement’s conditions in order to preserve the high accuracy of bacteria identification.

scholarly journals Restoration Scaling Approaches to Addressing Ecological Injury: The Habitat-Based Resource Equivalency Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Baker ◽  
Adam Domanski ◽  
Terill Hollweg ◽  
Jason Murray ◽  
Diana Lane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Hazardous Substances ◽  
Habitat Equivalency Analysis ◽  
Natural Resource Damage Assessment ◽  
As Species ◽  
Ecological Habitat ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractNatural resource trustee agencies must determine how much, and what type of environmental restoration will compensate for injuries to natural resources that result from releases of hazardous substances or oil spills. To fulfill this need, trustees, and other natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) practitioners have relied on a variety of approaches, including habitat equivalency analysis (HEA) and resource equivalency analysis (REA). The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Habitat-Based Resource Equivalency Method (HaBREM), which integrates REA’s reproducible injury metrics and population modeling with HEA’s comprehensive habitat approach to restoration. HaBREM is intended to evaluate injury and restoration using organisms that use the habitat to represent ecological habitat functions. This paper seeks to expand and refine the use of organism-based metrics (biomass-based REA), providing an opportunity to integrate sublethal injuries to multiple species, as well as the potential to include error rates for injury and restoration parameters. Applied by NRDA practitioners in the appropriate context, this methodology can establish the relationship between benefits of compensatory restoration projects and injuries to plant or animal species within an affected habitat. HaBREM may be most effective where there are appropriate data supporting the linkage between habitat and species gains (particularly regionally specific habitat information), as well as species-specific monitoring data and predictions on the growth, density, productivity (i.e., rate of generation of biomass or individuals), and age distributions of indicator species.

scholarly journals A NEW METHOD FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF THE CAPTURE REACTION IN PHOSPHATASE CYTOCHEMISTRY III. EFFECTS OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE INCUBATION MEDIUM ON THE TRAPPING OF PHOSPHATE IONS IN A MODEL SYSTEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. CORNELISSE ◽  
P. VAN DUIJN
Keyword(s):  
Model System ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Trapping Efficiency ◽  
Lead Salt ◽  
Lead Phosphate ◽  
Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Capture Reaction ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
Phosphatase Cytochemistry

A model system developed for the study of diffusion problems in lead salt enzyme cytochemistry served as a basis for the experiments reported in the present paper. Phosphate leakage, which was investigated in polyacrylamide films during incubation in media containing lead, could be expressed by a graphical parameter related to the average displacement of the phosphate ions prior to the onset of lead phosphate precipitation in the films. This parameter can be used as a measure for the efficiency of the capture reaction in cytochemical reactions in tissue sections. The concentration of lead ions, and to a lesser extent that of the phosphate ions, was found to be critical for the degree of phosphate diffusion in this system. Addition of 0.3% of β-glycerophosphate to the lead medium gave increased phosphate diffusion, and trapping was markedly improved by added chloride ions. Raising of the molarity of the acetate buffer resulted in impaired trapping efficiency. Similar findings were made in a parallel study on the kinetics of lead phosphate precipitation in supersaturated solutions with a nephelometric method. The results of the present investigation indicate that the film model system is highly suitable for the study of factors affecting the rapid immobilization of diffusible products of cytochemical reactions.

Factors affecting the binding of trout HbI and HbIV to washed cod mince model system and their influence on lipid oxidation

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 ◽  
pp. 392-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thippeswamy Sannaveerappa ◽  
He Cai ◽  
Mark P. Richards ◽  
Ingrid Undeland
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Oxidation ◽  
Model System ◽  
Factors Affecting

scholarly journals Genetic stock identification of Atlantic salmon and its evaluation in a large population complex

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha-Pekka Vähä ◽  
Jaakko Erkinaro ◽  
Morten Falkegård ◽  
Panu Orell ◽  
Eero Niemelä
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Lower Sensitivity ◽  
Stock Identification ◽  
Genetic Structuring ◽  
Genetic Stock ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Genetic Stock Identification ◽  
Genetic Structure And Diversity

Addressing biocomplexity in fisheries management is a challenge requiring an ability to differentiate among distinct populations contributing to fisheries. We produced extensive genetic baseline data involving 36 sampling locations and 33 microsatellite markers, which allowed characterization of the genetic structure and diversity in a large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population complex of the River Teno system, northernmost Europe. Altogether, we identified 28 hierarchically structured and genetically distinct population segments (global FST = 0.065) corresponding exceptionally well with their geographical locations. An assessment of factors affecting the stock identification accuracy indicated that the identification success is largely defined by the interaction of genetic divergence and the baseline sample sizes. The choice between the two statistical methods tested for performance in genetic stock identification, ONCOR and cBAYES, was not critical, albeit the latter demonstrated slightly higher identification accuracy and lower sensitivity to population composition of the mixture sample. The strong genetic structuring among populations together with a powerful marker system allowed for accurate stock identification of individuals and enabled assessment of stock compositions contributing to mixed-stock fisheries.

scholarly journals Diatom diversity in some hot springs of northern Thailand

Botanica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chayakorn Pumas ◽  
Supattira Pruetiworanan ◽  
Yuwadee Peerapornpisal
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Diatom Species ◽  
Northern Thailand ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
As Species ◽  
Conductivity Water ◽  
Significant Factors

AbstractDiversity of hot spring diatoms in northern Thailand was studied. Forty-six diatom species were identified in eight localities. The dominant species according to high relative abundance were Diatomella balfouriana (41.7%), Achnanthidium exiguum (20.9%) and Anomoeoneis sphaerophora (11.2%). Moreover, Caloneis molaris, Craticula acidoclinata, Navicula subrhynchocephala and Pinnularia saprophila were recorded as species new to Thailand. The NMDS ordination revealed variation in species composition of eight different hot springs and correlation with the existing environmental variables. Silicon dioxide (SiO2), pH, conductivity, water temperature and total hardness were statistically significant factors affecting relative abundance of Achnanthidium exiguum, Amphora montana, Caloneis aequatorialis, Cocconeis placentula, Craticula cuspidata, Diploneis elliptica, Gomphonema affine, Gomphonema augur, Halamphora fontinalis, Planothidium lanceolatum, Pinnularia abaujensis, Sellaphora lanceolata and Stauroneis anceps.

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