scholarly journals False head complexity and evidence of predator attacks in male and female hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera: Theclinae: Eumaeini) from Mexico

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7143
Author(s):  
Eric Novelo Galicia ◽  
Moisés Armando Luis Martínez ◽  
Carlos Cordero
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Scientific Collections ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Head Area

In many butterfly species, the posterior end of the hindwings of individuals perching with their wings closed resembles a butterfly head. This “false head” pattern is considered an adaptation to deflect predator attacks to less vulnerable parts of the body. The presence of symmetrical damage in left and right wings is considered evidence of failed predator attacks to perching butterflies. In this research, we tested the prediction derived from the deflection hypothesis that the degree of resemblance of the false head area (FH) to a real head, as measured by the number of FH “components” (eyespots, “false antennae”, modified outline of the FH area and lines converging on the FH area) present in the hindwings, is positively correlated to the frequency of symmetrical damage in the FH area. We studied specimens from two scientific collections of butterflies of the subfamily Theclinae (Lycaenidae) belonging to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Colección Nacional de Insectos [CNIN] and Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias [MZFC]). We scored the presence of symmetrical damage in a sample of 20,709 specimens (CNIN: 3,722; MZFC: 16,987) from 126 species (CNIN: 78 species; MZFC: 117 species; 71 species shared by both collections) whose hindwings vary in the number of FH components, and found that, as predicted, the proportion of specimens with symmetrical damage increases as the number of FH components increases. We also tested the hypothesis that behavioural differences between the sexes makes males more prone to receive predator attacks and, thus, we predicted a higher frequency of symmetrical damage in the FH of males than in that of females. We found that the frequency of symmetrical damage was not significantly different between males and females, suggesting that behavioural differences between the sexes produce no differences in the risk of being attacked. Overall, our results provide support to the idea that the FH of butterflies is an adaptation that deflects predator attacks to less vulnerable parts of the body in both sexes.

scholarly journals Study of Second and Fourth Digit Lengths and Their Ratios With Physical Attributes in Nepali Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-81
Author(s):  
Biswas Satyal ◽  
Abhishek Satyal
Keyword(s):  
Ring Finger ◽  
The Body ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Digit Ratios ◽  
Hand Deformities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
Physical Traits ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females

Introduction: The ratio of the lengths of the index and the ring finger (2D:4D ratio) is generally different between men and women. A number of studies have shown a correlation between the 2D:4D digit ratio and various physical and behavioral traits. The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of the index (2nd) and ring (4th) digit ratios with some physical traits in Nepal population. Material & Method: 200 students (100 males and 100 females) between ages of 18 years and above were randomly selected with exclusion of those with hand deformities. The digit lengths were measured from the basal crease to the tips usingvernier calipers. The 2D:4D ratios were determined for each subject while height and weight were used to calculate the body mass index and data analyzed. The study was conducted between January 2018 to November 2018. Result: The result of the anthropometric study of the differences in index (2D) and ring (4D) and their ratios shows that there was a significant difference between the length of index finger (2D), ring finger (4D) and the ratios of right hand's 2D:4D in both males and females. There was appositive correlation between the second digit length and Height and weight in males and females both on right and left sides. The 2D:4D ratio for both left and right hand did not show any positive correlation with height, weight or BMI of an individual.

Body Satisfaction in Adolescence

1971 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Clifford
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Body Satisfaction ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Body Experience ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Standards Of Beauty

Body-satisfaction and self-satisfaction scales based on the work of Secord and Jourard (1953) were given to 146 male and 194 female adolescents ranging in age from 11 through 19 yr. Response tendencies of males and females are significantly different, females expressing more dissatisfaction with themselves and their bodies than do males. The expression of body- and self-satisfaction was not related to age for this range. Despite differences in response tendencies, male and female adolescents tended to react to body- and self-satisfaction items in a similar fashion. For both sexes the same degree of relative dissatisfaction was expressed for those aspects of the body experience associated with growth, namely, height, weight, and physique. It is also suggested that the relative expression of dissatisfaction with height, weight, chest, waist, and hips may reflect cultural factors associated with concerns with weight gain in an affluent society, rather than concerns with stylized standards of beauty.

scholarly journals Correlates of reproductive success in a population of nine-banded armadillos

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1815-1821 ◽  
Author(s):  
W J Loughry ◽  
Paulo A Prodöhl ◽  
Colleen M McDonough ◽  
W S Nelson ◽  
John C Avise
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
The Body ◽  
Birth Date ◽  
Dasypus Novemcinctus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Microsatellite Dna Markers ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Males And Females

We used microsatellite DNA markers to identify the putative parents of 69 litters of nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) over 4 years. Male and female parents did not differ in any measure of body size in comparisons with nonparents. However, males observed paired with a female were significantly larger than unpaired males, although paired females were the same size as unpaired females. Females categorized as possibly lactating were significantly larger than females that were either definitely lactating or definitely not lactating. There was no evidence of assortative mating: body-size measurements of mothers were not significantly correlated with those of fathers. Nine-banded armadillos give birth to litters of genetically identical quadruplets. Mothers (but not fathers) of female litters were significantly larger than mothers of male litters, and maternal (but not paternal) body size was positively correlated with the number of surviving young within years, but not cumulatively. There were no differences in dates of birth between male and female litters, nor were there any significant relationships between birth date and maternal body size. Body size of either parent was not correlated with the body sizes of their offspring. Cumulative and yearly reproductive success did not differ between reproductively successful males and females. Average reproductive success (which included apparently unsuccessful individuals) also did not differ between males and females. The majority of adults in the population apparently failed to produce any surviving offspring, and even those that did usually did so in only 1 of the 4 years. This low reproductive success is unexpected, given the rapid and successful range extension of this species throughout the southeastern United States in this century.

scholarly journals The Cost of Mating: Influences of Life History Traits and Mating Strategies on Lifespan in Two Closely RelatedYponomeutaSpecies

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Bakker ◽  
J. Campos Louçã ◽  
P. Roessingh ◽  
S. B. J. Menken
Keyword(s):  
Life History Traits ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Dramatic Reduction ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mating Population ◽  
Mating Opportunities ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Female Lifespan

Theory predicts that in monandrous butterfly species males should not invest in a long lifespan because receptive females quickly disappear from the mating population. In polyandrous species, however, it pays for males to invest in longevity, which increases the number of mating opportunities and thus reproductive fitness. We tested an extension of this idea and compared male and female lifespan of two closely relatedYponomeutaspecies with different degree of polyandry. Our results confirmed the theoretical prediction that male lifespan is fine-tuned to female receptive lifespan; once-mated males and females of both polyandrous species had an equal lifespan. However, the degree of polyandry was not reflected in male relative to female lifespan. The observed similar female and male lifespan could largely be attributed to a dramatic reduction of female lifespan after mating.

BOLD BUILD PERCEPTIONS IN MALE AND FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS

1979 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger C. Bailey ◽  
Norman E. Hankins
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
The Body ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female College ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Males And Females

The Somatotype Rating Scale (SRS) was administered to 35 male and 35 female college students. The SRS allowed subjects to rate their own body build, their wished-for body build, and the body build of the typical and ideal male and female. While there was close agreement between males and females on the measures, females exhibited more dissatisfaction with their body build and greater congruency between their self-concept and their same-sex stereotype than did males. Results were discussed as possibly revealing the emergence of a mesomorphic body build ideal in both sexes.

THE SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERS AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR OF GONADECTOMIZED STICKLEBACKS TREATED WITH METHYL TESTOSTERONE

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Hui Wai ◽  
William S. Hoar
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Long Day ◽  
Building Behavior ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Secondary Sex Characters ◽  
Behavior Characteristic

Treatment of intact juvenile or gonadectomized adult male and female stickle-backs with methyl testosterone, either by immersion in dilute solutions or by implantation of pellets into the body cavity, induces male secondary sex characters. The effect, as quantified by measurements of the height of the brush border tubules in the mesonephros, is the same in both sexes and reaches a maximum in 3 to 4 weeks. Both the gonadectomized males and females develop prespawning aggressive and territorial behavior if maintained 4 or 5 weeks under long-day photoperiods (16-hour day alternating with 8-hour darkness). Such behavior does not appear under a short photoperiod. The administration of methyl testosterone does not intensify aggressive behavior in either the 8-hour or 16-hour photoperiod fish. The combined effects of long photoperiods and methyl testosterone induces nest-building behavior (characteristic of normal breeding males) in 50% to 60% of the castrated males and about 6% of the gonadectomized females. The behavior of the treated males is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to naturally matured fish but that of the females shows differences. Although male sexual behavior may also be induced in androgen treated castrates it has not been observed in the females under comparable experimental procedures.

scholarly journals Barriers to Cataract Surgery in Peri-urban Regions of Eastern Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-168
Author(s):  
Sean Ng Ming Sheng ◽  
Wang Kaiying ◽  
Ho Wei-En ◽  
Lee Mei Xuan Deborah ◽  
Swati Vijayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Urban Regions ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Reducing Costs ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Female Subjects

Introduction: Despite cataract being a condition easily treated by surgery, it continues to be the leading cause of blindness worldwide (35.15%). In Nepal, the proportion of blindness due to cataract is much higher, with cataract accounting for 62.2% of all blindness. An effective method of decreasing this figure is by addressing the main barriers preventing people from accessing cataract surgery. Knowing that these barriers are dynamic and region-specific, our study aimed to determine the current barriers faced in Morang and Sunsari districts of Nepal. Materials and methods: Subjects were patients attending a cataract surgical camp, who had unilateral or bilateral blindness due to cataract. A survey was administered to determine the factors contributing to their delay in receiving treatment for cataract. Furthermore, the percentages of male and female subjects with bilateral blindness receiving treatment at the surgical camp were compared to the percentage of males and females with bilateral blindness due to cataract in Morang and Sunsari. Results: The main barriers for both subjects with unilateral and bilateral blindness were the inability to afford treatment and the lack of awareness that cataract is treatable. Additionally, although more women were bilaterally blind due to cataract compared to men in Morang and Sunsari, men were more likely to receive treatment compared to women. Conclusion: Policies targeted at reducing costs of surgery, increasing the awareness of cataract surgery, and specifically increasing women’s access to cataract surgery would be effective methods in decreasing the prevalence of avoidable blindness due to cataract in Morang and Sunsari.

Gyrinus rhyssonotum sp. n., a new species of Gyrinidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga) from northern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4560 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
DANIARA COLPANI ◽  
CESAR JOÃO BENETTI ◽  
NEUSA HAMADA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Amazonas State ◽  
A New Species

Gyrinus rhyssonotum sp. n. is described and illustrated based on adult males and females collected in Barcelos County, Amazonas state, Brazil. The new species belongs to the subgenus Oreogyrinus Ochs, 1935 and it is compared with Gyrinus (Oreogyrinus) fittkaui Ochs, 1963 and G. (O.) opalinus Régimbart, 1883, both occurring in the Brazilian Amazonas and G. (O.) colombicus Régimbart, 1883 and G. (O.) venezolensis Ochs, 1954, these two latter alien to the Brazilian fauna but with which G. (O) rhyssonotum sp. n. seems to be more closely related, though the new species can be distinguished from both by a series of characteristics, mainly observed in the body shape, elytra, pronotum, and in male and female genitalia. 

scholarly journals Unilateral Maximal Isometric Hex Bar Pull Test: Within-Session Reliability and Lower Body Force Production in Male and Female Freeski Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan McPhail ◽  
Basílio A. M. Gonçalves ◽  
Jörg Spörri ◽  
Vesa Linnamo
Keyword(s):  
High Reliability ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Peak Force ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
National Team ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females

The aim of the study was to (1) assess the within-session reliability of a unilateral isometric hex bar pull (UIHBP) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test and, (2) determine unilateral isometric absolute peak force (PFabs) and relative peak force (PF) values in freeski athletes. Twenty-one male and eight female academy to national team freeskiers performed the novel UIHBP MVC task on a force plate and PFabs and relative PF were assessed (1000 Hz). Within-session measures of PFabs offered high reliability on left and right limbs for males (ICC = 0.91–0.94, CV = 2.6–2.2%) and females (ICC = 0.94–0.94, CV = 1.4–1.6%), while relative PF measures showed good to high reliability in both left and right limbs for males (ICC = 0.8–0.84, CV = 2.6–2.2%) and females (ICC = 0.92–0.90, CV = 1.4–1.7%). We observed significantly lower PFabs (p < 0.001) and relative PF (p < 0.001) in females compared to males. No statistical difference was found between left and right limbs in males and females in PFabs (p = 0.98) and relative PF measures (p = 0.93). The UIHBP MVC test appears to be a reliable method for assessing PFabs and relative PF in male and female freeski athletes.

Body Weight, Sex Ratio and Seasonal Reproductive Changes in the Indian Mole Rat, Bandicota bengalensis in the Punjab

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Kaur ◽  
SS Guraya
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Bandicota Bengalensis ◽  
Mole Rat ◽  
Average Litter Size ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Post Implantation

A study has been made of seasonal changes in the body weights of males and females, and of ovarian and uterine weights, in the Indian mole rat, Bandicota bengalensis, between July 1976 and June 1978, from areas surrounding Ludhiana (30�56'N.,75�52'E.). An attempt has been made to correlate them and peaks in reproductive activity with environmental factors such as daylength, temperature, rainfall and availability of food. During both years of study, the percentage of males was 45.2. The body, ovary and uterus were lighter during winter, and then gained weight, with peaks during April and August-September. Males were generally heavier than females. On the whole, 34.7% of females were either pregnant or lactating. The breeding season extended from mid-February to mid-October. Two peaks in breeding activity (April and August-September), with a decline during June, were separated by a period of reproductive inactivity from November to mid-February. The average litter size was 8.88 (range 5-13). Embryos occurred with almost the same frequency in the left and right uterine horns. The pre-implantation mortality was 9.6% and post-implantation mortality 4.8%; thus the total prenatal mortality was 13.7%. The percentage of embryos found resorbing was 4.1. The results have been discussed in the light of the literature on the reproductive biology of rodents in this region.

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