scholarly journals Structure and ion physiology of Brasenia schreberi glandular trichomes in vivo

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaodong Yang ◽  
Xia Zhang ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Xiaoe Wang ◽  
Qingfeng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Ion Accumulation ◽  
Basal Angiosperm ◽  
Glandular Cell ◽  
Storage Space ◽  
Brasenia Schreberi ◽  
Accelerate Senescence ◽  
Young Stage

Brasenia schreberi is a critically endangered aquatic basal angiosperm. In this work, we characterized the structure of the glandular trichomes of B. schreberi morphologically and histochemically. We used a variety of structural, histochemical and permeability stains for the characterization, and we tested the effects of stress in vivo using NaCl and ethanol. We observed that the glandular trichome of B. schreberi are composed of two disk-like stalk cells, and a glandular cell which surround a cuticular storage space. The cuticle is discontinuous at the surface of the shoots. Nearly half of young trichomes senesced in 0.9% NaCl, and mature trichomes senesced at 1.8% NaCl. About half of young trichomes senesced under 3% ethanol and mature trichomes senesced in 2% ethanol after 20 min of treatment. The physiology of glandular trichomes affects the way they secrete mucilage via storage space at a young stage. The trichomes become permeable and absorb ions when mature. This transition depends on the osmiophilic material and the dynamic protoplast. It can accelerate senescence and disassembly by ion accumulation. Permeability tests and ion treatments of glandular trichomes provide new insights for fertilizer research. Our study highlights the structure and physiology of B. schreberi glandular trichomes.

scholarly journals A novel non-trichome based whitefly resistance QTL in Solanum galapagense

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joris Santegoets ◽  
Marcella Bovio ◽  
Wendy van’t Westende ◽  
Roeland E. Voorrips ◽  
Ben Vosman
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Greenhouse Whitefly ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Type Iv

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum is a major threat in tomato cultivation. In greenhouse grown tomatoes non-trichome based whitefly resistance may be better suited than glandular trichome based resistance as glandular trichomes may interfere with biocontrol, which is widely used. Analysis of a collection of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum galapagense showed resistance to the whitefly T. vaporariorum on plants without glandular trichomes type IV. The resistance affected whitefly adult survival (AS), but not oviposition rate. This indicates that S. galapagense, in addition to trichome based resistance, also carries non-trichome based resistance components. The effectiveness of the non-trichome based resistance appeared to depend on the season in which the plants were grown. The resistance also had a small but significant effect on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, but not on the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. A segregating F2 population was created to map the non-trichome based resistance. Two Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for reduced AS of T. vaporariorum were mapped on chromosomes 12 and 7 (explaining 13.9% and 6.0% of the variance respectively). The QTL on chromosome 12 was validated in F3 lines.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Analysis of Light-Regulated Monoterpenes Biosynthesis in Leaves of Mentha canadensis L.

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Xu Yu ◽  
Xiwu Qi ◽  
Shumin Li ◽  
Hailing Fang ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Signal Transduction Pathway ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
Environmental Aspect ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Light is a key environmental aspect that regulates secondary metabolic synthesis. The essential oil produced in mint (Mentha canadensis L.) leaves is used widely in the aromatics industry and in medicine. Under low-light treatment, significant reductions in peltate glandular trichome densities were observed. GC-MS analysis showed dramatically reduced essential oil and menthol contents. Light affected the peltate glandular trichomes’ development and essential oil yield production. However, the underlying mechanisms of this regulation were elusive. To identify the critical genes during light-regulated changes in oil content, following a 24 h darkness treatment and a 24 h recovery light treatment, leaves were collected for transcriptome analysis. A total of 95,579 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 754 bp. About 56.58% of the unigenes were annotated using four public protein databases: 10,977 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found to be involved in the light signaling pathway and monoterpene synthesis pathway. Most of the TPs showed a similar expression pattern: downregulation after darkness treatment and upregulation after the return of light. In addition, the genes involved in the light signal transduction pathway were analyzed. A series of responsive transcription factors (TFs) were identified and could be used in metabolic engineering as an effective strategy for increasing essential oil yields.

scholarly journals Single Wavelengths of LED Light Supplement Promote the Biosynthesis of Major Cyclic Monoterpenes in Japanese Mint

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1420
Author(s):  
Takahiro Ueda ◽  
Miki Murata ◽  
Ken Yokawa
Keyword(s):  
Blue Light ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Light Treatment ◽  
Led Light ◽  
Trichome Formation ◽  
Japanese Mint

Environmental light conditions influence the biosynthesis of monoterpenes in the mint plant. Cyclic terpenes, such as menthol, menthone, pulegone, and menthofuran, are major odor components synthesized in mint leaves. However, it is unclear how light for cultivation affects the contents of these compounds. Artificial lighting using light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for plant cultivation has the advantage of preferential wavelength control. Here, we monitored monoterpene contents in hydroponically cultivated Japanese mint leaves under blue, red, or far-red wavelengths of LED light supplements. Volatile cyclic monoterpenes, pulegone, menthone, menthol, and menthofuran were quantified using the head-space solid phase microextraction method. As a result, all light wavelengths promoted the biosynthesis of the compounds. Remarkably, two weeks of blue-light supplement increased all compounds: pulegone (362% increase compared to the control), menthofuran (285%), menthone (223%), and menthol (389%). Red light slightly promoted pulegone (256%), menthofuran (178%), and menthol (197%). Interestingly, the accumulation of menthone (229%) or menthofuran (339%) was observed with far-red light treatment. The quantification of glandular trichomes density revealed that no increase under light supplement was confirmed. Blue light treatment even suppressed the glandular trichome formation. No promotion of photosynthesis was observed by pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) fluorometry. The present result indicates that light supplements directly promoted the biosynthetic pathways of cyclic monoterpenes.

scholarly journals Multi-omics analysis of the bioactive constituents biosynthesis of glandular trichome in Perilla frutescens

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peina Zhou ◽  
Mengjiao Yin ◽  
Shilin Dai ◽  
Ke Bao ◽  
Chenglin Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Perilla Frutescens ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Bioactive Constituents ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Cell Factories ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Trichome Types

Abstract Background Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt is a medicinal and edible plant widely cultivated in Asia. Terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic acids are the primary source of medicinal ingredients. Glandular trichomes with multicellular structures are known as biochemical cell factories which synthesized specialized metabolites. However, there is currently limited information regarding the site and mechanism of biosynthesis of these constituents in P. frutescens. Herein, we studied morphological features of glandular trichomes, metabolic profiling and transcriptomes through different tissues. Results Observation of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated the presence of three distinct glandular trichome types based on their morphological features: peltate, capitate, and digitiform glandular trichomes. The oil of peltate glandular trichomes, collected by custom-made micropipettes and analyzed by LC–MS and GC–MS, contained perillaketone, isoegomaketone, and egomaketone as the major constituents which are consistent with the components of leaves. Metabolomics and transcriptomics were applied to explore the bioactive constituent biosynthesis in the leaves, stem, and root of P. frutescens. Transcriptome sequencing profiles revealed differential regulation of genes related to terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, respectively with most genes expressed highly in leaves. The genes affecting the development of trichomes were preliminarily predicted and discussed. Conclusions The current study established the morphological and chemical characteristics of glandular trichome types of P. frutescens implying the bioactive constituents were mainly synthesized in peltate glandular trichomes. The genes related to bioactive constituents biosynthesis were explored via transcriptomes, which provided the basis for unraveling the biosynthesis of bioactive constituents in this popular medicinal plant.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Biochemical and Morphological Characters Associated with Two-spotted Spider Mite Resistance in Pelargonium ×hortorum

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Grazzini ◽  
Donald Walters ◽  
Jody Harmon ◽  
David J. Hesk ◽  
Diana Cox-Foster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Trichome Density ◽  
Anacardic Acids ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite

Diploid zonal geraniums (Pelargonium ×hortorum) are able to resist attack by small arthropod pests such as the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) when exudate produced by tall glandular trichomes contains a high percentage of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids. Trichomes of susceptible plants exude primarily saturated anacardic acids. Inbred mite-resistant and -susceptible geraniums were reciprocally crossed and the F1, F2, and backcross generations were examined for anacardic acid composition and trichome density. Selected F2 plants were bioassayed for resistance to two-spotted spider mites. High concentrations of ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids in resistant plants are conditioned by a single dominant allele. We propose that inheritance of tall glandular trichome density can be controlled by a small number of loci (possibly as few as one) exhibiting codominance. F2, with low densities of tall glandular trichomes and producing ω5-unsaturated anacardic acids, displayed effective resistance to two-spotted spider mites as measured by mite mortality and fecundity. A genetic model for the biosynthesis of anacardic acids is proposed.

scholarly journals Spectral properties, gas exchange, and water potential of leaves of glandular and non-glandular trichome types in Datura wrightii (Solanaceae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 267 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Smith II ◽  
J. Daniel Hare
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Spectral Properties ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Datura Wrightii ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sticky Plants ◽  
Trichome Types

Plant trichomes commonly serve a role in mechanical and chemical defence against herbivores, but may also have the potential to alter physiology by reducing the amount of light absorbed by leaves, lowering temperatures, and reducing water loss. Populations of Datura wrightii Regel in southern California produce 'sticky' plants with glandular trichomes and 'velvety' plants bearing non-glandular trichomes. Because stickiness is inherited as a dominant Mendelian trait, and the proportions of sticky plants vary among populations with the moisture availability of their environment, there may be some ecophysiological differences between trichome types that contribute to their ability to survive in a particular geographic location. To examine the possible physiological significance of trichome variation, we measured the spectral properties, midday gas-exchange rates, and water potentials of D. wrightii leaves from sticky and velvety plants growing in a field experiment. The differences in leaf reflectance (0.9%) and absorptance (1.3%) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between trichome types are too small to have any direct physiologically significant effect. Simulations of leaf temperatures based on the difference in leaf absorptances reveal that leaf temperature would be no more than 1°C lower in velvety compared to sticky plants. Gas-exchange measurements revealed no significant difference between types in their transpiration rates or stomatal conductances. In this case, trichome variation may be more important to plant defenses than to physiology.

scholarly journals Genome-wide characterization of NtHD-ZIP IV: different roles in abiotic stress response and glandular Trichome induction

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongying Zhang ◽  
Xudong Ma ◽  
Wenjiao Li ◽  
Dexin Niu ◽  
Zhaojun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Leucine Zipper ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Glandular Trichomes ◽  
Glandular Trichome ◽  
Tissue Expression ◽  
Abiotic Stress Response ◽  
Epidermal Development

Abstract Background The plant-specific homeodomain-leucine zipper class IV (HD-ZIP IV) gene family has been involved in the regulation of epidermal development. Results Fifteen genes coding for HD-ZIP IV proteins were identified (NtHD-ZIP-IV-1 to NtHD-ZIP-IV-15) based on the genome of N. tabacum. Four major domains (HD, ZIP, SAD and START) were present in these proteins. Tissue expression pattern analysis indicated that NtHD-ZIP-IV-1, − 2, − 3, − 10, and − 12 may be associated with trichome development; NtHD-ZIP-IV-8 was expressed only in cotyledons; NtHD-ZIP-IV-9 only in the leaf and stem epidermis; NtHD-ZIP-IV-11 only in leaves; and NtHD-ZIP-IV-15 only in the root and stem epidermis. We found that jasmonates may induce the generation of glandular trichomes, and that NtHD-ZIP-IV-1, − 2, − 5, and − 7 were response to MeJA treatment. Dynamic expression under abiotic stress and after application of phytohormones indicated that most NtHD-ZIP IV genes were induced by heat, cold, salt and drought. Furthermore, most of these genes were induced by gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine, and salicylic acid, but were inhibited by abscisic acid. NtHD-ZIP IV genes were sensitive to heat, but insensitive to osmotic stress. Conclusion NtHD-ZIP IV genes are implicated in a complex regulatory gene network controlling epidermal development and abiotic stress responses. The present study provides evidence to elucidate the gene functions of NtHD-ZIP IVs during epidermal development and stress response.

scholarly journals Mammalian-unique eIF4E2 maintains GSK3β proline kinase activity to resist senescence against hypoxia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min zhang ◽  
Lei Sun ◽  
Dong He ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Zhiqiang Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Kinase Activity ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Conserved Motif ◽  
Accelerate Senescence ◽  
Cycle Arrest ◽  
Living Organisms

AbstractCellular senescence is a stable state of cell cycle arrest elicited by various stresses. Hypoxia modulates senescence, but its consequences and implications in living organisms remains unknown. Here we identified the eIF4E2-GSK3β pathway regulated by hypoxia to maintain p53 proline-directed phosphorylation (S/T-P) to prevent senescence. We previously knew that GSK3β activates p53 translation through phosphorylation of RBM38 Ser195 (-Pro196). Unexpectedly, eIF4E2 directly binds to GSK3β via a conserved motif, mediating Ser195 phosphorylation. Phosphoproteomics revealed that eIF4E2-GSK3β specifically regulates proline-directed phosphorylation. Peptide e2-I or G3-I that disrupts this pathway dephosphorylates p53 at multiple S/T-P, which accelerate senescence by transcriptional suppressing TOPBP1 and TRX1. Consistently, peptides induce liver senescence that is rescued by TOPBP1 expression, and mediate senescence-dependent tumor regression. Furthermore, hypoxia inhibits eIF4E2-GSK3β. Inspiringly, eIF4E2-GSK3β is unique to mammals, which maintains mice viability and prevents liver senescence against physiological hypoxia. Interestingly, this mammalian eIF4E2 protects heart of zebrafish against hypoxia. Together, we identified a mammalian -unique eIF4E2-GSK3β pathway preventing senescence and guarding against hypoxia in vivo.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document