How Much Is Too Much? Exploring Pseudohyperaldosteronism in Glycyrrhizic Acid Toxicity From Chronic Licorice Root Consumption

The effectiveness of etiotropic chemotherapy is largely determined by the tolerability o the TB drugs (TBD) and the severity of unwanted side effects. It is known about the immunopathological effect of TBD, which can also be attributed to the undesirable effects of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy. Changes in the structure and composition of mononuclear membranes reflect their functional activity. Secondary disorganization of the lipid bilayer due to the action of TBD is an important element in the development of immunosuppressive conditions in pulmonary tuberculosis and requires specific correction. The paper has the results of a survey of 308 patients with tuberculosis included. The comparison group consisted of 36 healthy volunteers. The membrane destruction coefficient and cholesterol-phospholipid ratio were used in order to assess the state of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the degree of structural disorganization of their membranes. The prescription of preparations containing glycyrrhizic acid is pathogenetically substantiated and allows improving the state of the membranes of mononuclear cells, thereby reducing the undesirable membrane-toxic effect of first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs, There was an increase in etiotropic therapy intensity on the basis of abacilation at the end of the intensive phase of the main course of chemotherapy from 61% to 72.4% when using Licorice Root, and to 81.3% when using Fosfogliv® in patients with focal and infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis.

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Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives as new antiviral and immune modulate agents

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407216666200210122751 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

Lidia Baltina ◽

Rimma Kondratenko

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Glycyrrhizic Acid ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Biologically Active ◽

New Drugs ◽

Licorice Root ◽

Primary Immune Response ◽

Amino Sugars ◽

Biological Studies ◽

Influenza A H1n1

: A search of new drugs for the treatment of viral infections and immune deficiencies of various etiologies is still one of the most important tasks of medicinal chemistry, pharmacy and medicine due to the wide spread of a number socially dangerous viral infections. This review is devoted to the chemical modification of Glycyrrhizic acid, the main component of licorice root, which is currently a leading natural glycoside promising as a basis for creation of new antiviral agents. The review presents the results of studies conducted over the past 15 years to obtain a library of Glycyrrhizic acid derivatives for biological studies and search of lead compounds. The synthesis of new biologically active derivatives and analogues (conjugates with amino acids and dipeptides, amino sugars, licorice triterpene acids conjugates with amino sugars, saponins and mono glycosides, heterocyclic amides) was carried out , and their antiviral and immune modulate properties were studied. Potent inhibitors of HIV, SARS CoV, Epstein-Barr, influenza A/H1N1 viruses and stimulators of primary immune response were found among GL derivatives and analogues produced.

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Obtaining Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Practically Useful Salts from a Commercial Licorice Root Extract

Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal ◽

10.1007/s11094-005-0089-9 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 84-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. M. Kondratenko ◽

L. A. Baltina ◽

L. R. Mikhailova ◽

V. T. Danilov ◽

T. M. Gabbasov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Glycyrrhizic Acid ◽

Licorice Root ◽

Root Extract ◽

Licorice Root Extract

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Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Interface System Modeling of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Glycyrrhizic Acid from Glycyrrhiza glabra L

Chemical Product and Process Modeling ◽

10.1515/cppm-2015-0048 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 217-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Ali Hedayati ◽

S. M. Ghoreishi

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Artificial Neural Network ◽

Membership Function ◽

Glycyrrhizic Acid ◽

Glycyrrhiza Glabra ◽

Licorice Root ◽

Extraction Recovery ◽

Neuro Fuzzy ◽

Artificial Neural ◽

Hidden Layer

Abstract In this study, the extraction of Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) from Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) root was investigated by Soxhlet extraction and modified supercritical CO2 with water as co-solvents and 30 min of static extraction time. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to identify and quantitatively determine the amount of extracted GA recovery of supercritical CO2 extraction of GA. The extraction recovery was modeled by adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network (ANN). Different ANFIS networks (by changing the type of membership functions) were compared with evaluation of networks accuracy in GA recovery prediction and subsequently the suitable network was determined. A three-layer artificial neural network was also developed for modeling of GA extraction from licorice plant root. In this regard, different networks (by changing the number of neurons in the hidden layer and algorithm of network training) were compared with evaluation of networks accuracy in extraction recovery prediction. One-step secant back propagation algorithm with six neurons in hidden layer was found to be the most suitable network and the coefficient of determination (R2) was 98.5 %. Gaussian combination membership function (gauss2mf) using 2 membership function to each input was obtained to be optimum ANFIS architecture with mean square error (MSE) of 0.05,0.17 and 0.07 for training, testing and checking data, respectively.

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Glycyrrhizic Acid in the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Literature Review

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2014/872139 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-15 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Jian-yuan Li ◽

Hong-yan Cao ◽

Ping Liu ◽

Gen-hong Cheng ◽

Ming-yu Sun

Keyword(s):

Liver Diseases ◽

Glycyrrhizic Acid ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chinese Herbs ◽

Licorice Root ◽

Glycyrrhetic Acid ◽

Antitumor Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

Antiallergic Drug ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Glycyrrhizic acid (GA) is a triterpene glycoside found in the roots of licorice plants (Glycyrrhiza glabra). GA is the most important active ingredient in the licorice root, and possesses a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. GA coupled with glycyrrhetinic acid and 18-beta-glycyrrhetic acid was developed in China or Japan as an anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antiallergic drug for liver disease. This review summarizes the current biological activities of GA and its medical applications in liver diseases. The pharmacological actions of GA include inhibition of hepatic apoptosis and necrosis; anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory actions; antiviral effects; and antitumor effects. This paper will be a useful reference for physicians and biologists researching GA and will open the door to novel agents in drug discovery and development from Chinese herbs. With additional research, GA may be more widely used in the treatment of liver diseases or other conditions.

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Ultrasonic or Microwave Cascade Treatment of Medicinal Plant Waste

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132212849 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 12849

Author(s):

Vasile Staicu ◽

Cristina Luntraru ◽

Ioan Calinescu ◽

Ciprian Gabriel Chisega-Negrila ◽

Mircea Vinatoru ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽

Glycyrrhizic Acid ◽

Licorice Root ◽

Lignin Concentration ◽

Degradation Study ◽

Lignocellulosic Wastes ◽

The Us ◽

Naoh Solution ◽

Willow Bark ◽

Soluble Lignin

In this study, we present a strategy for valorizing lignocellulosic wastes (licorice root and willow bark) that result from industrial extraction of active principles using water as green solvent and aqueous NaOH solution. The wastes were submitted to severe ultrasound (US) and microwave (MW) treatments. The aim of these treatments was to extract the remaining active principles (using water as a solvent) or to prepare them for cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis to hexoses (performed in an NaOH aqueous solution). The content of glycyrrhizic acid and salicin derivatives in licorice root and willow bark wastes, respectively, were determined. The best results for licorice root were achieved by applying the US treatment for 5 min at 25 °C (26.6 mg glycyrrhizic acid/gDM); while, for willow bark, the best results were achieved by applying the MW treatment for 30 min at 120 °C (19.48 mg salicin/gDM). A degradation study of the targeted compounds was also performed and showed good stability of glycyrrhizic acid and salicin derivatives under US and MW treatments. The soluble lignin concentration prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as the saccharide concentration of the hydrolyzed solution, were determined. As compared with the MW treatment, the US treatment resulted in saccharides concentrations that were 5% and 160% higher for licorice root and willow bark, respectively.

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