PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL RECOVERY OF INTERTIDAL AND SHALLOW SUBTIDAL SEDIMENTS IMPACTED BY THE ARCO ANCHORAGE OIL SPILL, EDIZ HOOK, WASHINGTON

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 (1) ◽  
pp. 487-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Sediment Chemistry ◽  
Intertidal Sediments ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Shallow Subtidal ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT The December 21, 1985 Arco Anchorage crude oil spill affected approximately 7,000 feet of the sheltered, south-facing shore of Ediz Hook, Washington. Some of the stranded crude oil penetrated sand and gravel sediments in the intertidal zone. An aggressive beach agitation program was implemented between February and April 1986 to remove most of the oil trapped within the intertidal sediments. Post-cleanup monitoring activities between August 1986 and January 1988 determined the crude oil content of intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments at five elevations along thirteen sampling transects. Sediment samples were also obtained for laboratory grain-size testing at five of these transects. Post-cleanup monitoring of sediment chemistry indicated a consistent trend of decreasing crude oil content of the intertidal sediments between March/April 1986 (mean oil concentration 670 ppm) and July 1987 (mean oil concentration 110 ppm). A similar pattern was observed for the shallow subtidal sediments, where the mean crude oil concentration decreased from 460 ppm in August 1986 to 110 ppm in July 1987. The mean oil content of these sediments increased somewhat after July 1987, indicating probable hydrocarbon inputs from other sources. Chromatograms of the hydrocarbons in the sediments after July 1987 were dissimilar to chromatograms for the unweathered oil from the Arco Anchorage. The grain-size distribution of the sediments changed relatively little during the post-cleanup monitoring period, reflecting the relatively sheltered nature of the study area. However, the minor changes observed in sediment grain size suggest that gradual redistribution of intertidal and subtidal sediment occurred along the south shore of Ediz Hook during the monitoring program.

RELATIONSHIP OF SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA GROWTH TO SEDIMENT OIL CONTENT FOLLOWING AN OIL SPILL

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 (1) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve K. Alexander ◽  
James W. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Salt Marsh ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Spartina Alterniflora ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Salt Marsh Sediments ◽  
Crude Oil Spill

ABSTRACT A single spill of crude oil in a salt marsh is generally considered to have limited biological effects. A crude oil spill in Dickinson Bayou (in the Galveston Bay system of Texas) in January 1984 provided the opportunity to test this hypothesis in salt marshes exposed to varying amounts of oil. Growth of Spartina alterniflora was unaffected in light to moderately oiled sediments (less than 5 mg oil/g sediment). However, growth was significantly reduced in sediments with high oil content (5 to 51 mg/g) through 18 months. Erosion of shoreline areas with high oil content was evident by 16 months and continued through 32 months. These results demonstrate the adverse effect of high concentrations of crude oil in salt marsh sediments. Each crude oil spill must be evaluated individually with regard to the likelihood of significant accumulation of oil in sediments before a decision is made regarding a cleanup response.

Local scour of cohesive beds downstream of a rigid apron

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 935-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hossein Hamidifar ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Omid
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Empirical Equation ◽  
Scour Depth ◽  
Removal Mechanism ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Scour Hole ◽  
Hole Profile ◽  
The Mean ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Individual Particles

In this paper, the physics of scour hole in a mixed sand–clay bed downstream of an apron is studied experimentally. Seven combinations of sand–clay mixtures including clay contents, Cc, ranging from 0 to 0.4 were used. The results show that Cc = 0.4 can reduce the maximum scour depth, εm, up to about 80% for all the densimetric Froude numbers in the range of the present study. An empirical equation has been proposed for calculation of εm in sand–clay mixtures with the mean error of 0.12. The removal mechanism of sediments from the bed was different based on the Cc. For low clay contents, i.e., Cc ≤ 15%, individual particles were detached from the bed. At higher Cc, clusters of particles were separated and moved downstream with the flow. A new equation has been proposed to predict the dimensionless scour hole profile in mixed sand–clay sediments. Dimensionless graphs have been presented for incorporating the effect of tailwater depth and sediment grain size on the main characteristics lengths in sand–clay mixtures.

Macrobenthic fauna in the Ensenada de San Simón (Galicia, north-western Spain)

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Cacabelos ◽  
L. Gestoso ◽  
J. Troncoso
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Qualitative Composition ◽  
Zostera Noltii ◽  
Intertidal Sediments ◽  
Macrobenthic Fauna ◽  
Shallow Subtidal ◽  
Soft Bottoms ◽  
Characteristic Species ◽  
Western Spain ◽  
North Western

Distribution and abundance of the macrobenthic fauna was studied in the intertidal and subtidal soft-bottoms of the Ensenada de San Simón (north-western Spain). Depth and grain size were the most important factors in determining patterns of distribution of the macrozoobenthos. A reduced Macoma community was present in the inner area of the inlet structured in two facies subdivision in the community that does not affect its qualitative composition: the first one was in intertidal areas associated with meadows of the sea grasses Zostera noltii and Z. marina and defined by the dominance of Hydrobia ulvae; the second facies in intertidal sediments was characterized by the dominance of Tubificidae and nematodes and Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata. The poverty of these bottoms in number of species can be due to salinity fluctuations and human activities developed in the area. Subtidal bottoms were characterized by a Syndosmya(=Abra)alba community. Two facies were detected: one facies located in shallow subtidal bottoms with H. ulvae and Thyasira flexuosa as characteristic species, and a second facies in deeper areas, characterized by the polychaetes Ampharete finmarchica, P. paucibranchiata, Aphelochaeta marioni, Melinna palmata and Paradoneis lyra.

scholarly journals Feldspar-banana peel composite adsorbent for efficient crude oil removal from solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Folasegun A. Dawodu ◽  
Chika J. Abonyi ◽  
Kovo G. Akpomie
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Banana Peel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Hydrophilic Nature ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Xrd Techniques ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractThe problem of oil spill pollution associated with the transport of crude oil and its products across the globe is of serious concern. The sorption technique has proved to be promising for oil spill treatment but is limited by the hydrophilic nature of most natural organic sorbents. The combo of natural organic and inorganic sorbents have been found to enhance the hydrophobicity for oil sorption. Therefore this study was aimed at the preparation of a novel feldspar-banana peel biochar composite (FBPC) with enhanced hydrophobicity for the sorption of crude oil. The prepared sorbent was characterised by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques, while the crude oil was characterised using standard methods. Batch sorption was used to determine the effect of contact time (30–150 min), temperature (25–100 °C), pH (2.0–10.0), oil concentration (4.0–12.0 g/L) and sorbent dosage (0.1–0.5 g) on sorption. SEM analysis of FBPC revealed a porous structure, while XRD confirmed the crystalline phases of feldspar. The crude oil samples had pH (6.40–6.60), density (0.960 0 0.962 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity (24.0–27.6 cSt) and API gravity (24.25–24.51°). The Langmuir model with R2 > 0.7781 presented the best fit than the Temkin and Freundlich model in the isotherm analysis, while the pseudo-second-order model with R2 > 0.9711 was applicable in the kinetics of sorption. The thermodynamic analysis revealed a decrease in randomness at the crude oil-FBPC interface. The prepared FBPC was found to be an efficient inorganic–organic composite sorbent with enhanced hydrophobicity for the sorption of crude oil.

Geochemistry of Bottom Sediments, Conception Bay, Southeastern Newfoundland

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 768-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger M. Slatt
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Depositional Environment ◽  
Sediment Chemistry ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Sediment Ph ◽  
Conception Bay

Analysts of texture, mineralogy, and chemistry of bottom sediments in Conception Bay, southeastern Newfoundland has shown: (1) Sediment texture is related to water depth, (2) water depth, CaCO3 content, organic-C content, and feldspar/quartz peak area ratios are all related to sediment mean grain size, (3) concentrations of major elements are related to clay, organic-C, and CaCO3 contents and feldspar/quartz peak area ratios of sediments, (4) concentrations of trace elements are related to clay and organic-C contents, (5) sediment pH is related to Organic-C and CaCO3 contents, and (6) sediment temperature is related to water depth. These relationships indicate that four interrelated factors regulate sedimentary geochemical variables: Source and depositional environment are primary factors that regulate the type of solid components comprising sediments and sediment grain size, respectively; grain size is a secondary factor that regulates mineral and organic matter content of sediments; solids composition (quartz, feldspar, clay minerals, CaCO3, and organic matter) is a tertiary factor that regulates sediment chemistry. Sediment pH is regulated mainly by CaCO3 content and temperature is regulated by depositional environment. Particular attention should be paid to these factors when conducting sedimentary geochemical investigations.A surface layer of brick-red, iron-enriched sediment around Bell Island, which is the waste product of former mining activities, provides the only evidence of man's alteration of the Conception Bay bottom environment. Therefore, trace and major element concentrations in bottom sediments described in this paper are natural background levels which can be utilized for a future comparative study in the event of increased urbanization and/or industrialization of the Conception Bay area.Results of echosounder profiling have shown that the physiography of Conception Bay has been glacially modified. Four sets of marine terraces have been identified at water depths of 110–120, 90, 70–75, and 20 m. These terraces are correlative with others found elsewhere in Atlantic Canada.

Changes in the active layer of a subarctic right-of-way as a result of a crude-oil spill

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 1539-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Seburn ◽  
G. Peter Kershaw
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
First Year ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Thaw Depth ◽  
Undisturbed Forest ◽  
Crude Oil Spill

The active layer of three distinct environments (undisturbed forest, moderately disturbed right-of-way, and severely disturbed trench) was examined during each of the 3 years following an experimental crude-oil spill in a black spruce forest in the Northwest Territories. The first year after the spill, the active layer in the oiled forest increased by >150%, in the oiled right-of-way by >80%, and in the oiled trench it did not change. By the third year, the active layers in all oiled environments were significantly deeper than their unoiled counterparts, and the active layer in the oiled trench was significantly deeper than that in the oiled forest. When compared with other studies for a crude-oil spill in a subarctic forested environment, this oil spill caused the greatest increase in thaw depths. This dramatic and persistent increase in thaw depth was likely a function of the high oil concentration, especially in areas where oil had pooled on the ground.

Impact of dispersant on crude oil content of airborne fine particulate matter emitted from seawater after an oil spill

Chemosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 256 ◽  
pp. 127063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nima Afshar-Mohajer ◽  
Andres Lam ◽  
Lakshmana Dora ◽  
Joseph Katz ◽  
Ana M. Rule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Fine Particulate

scholarly journals Examining the Links between Multi-Frequency Multibeam Backscatter Data and Sediment Grain Size

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Robert Mzungu Runya ◽  
Chris McGonigle ◽  
Rory Quinn ◽  
John Howe ◽  
Jenny Collier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Sediment Grain Size ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Marine Habitats ◽  
The Mean

Acoustic methods are routinely used to provide broad scale information on the geographical distribution of benthic marine habitats and sedimentary environments. Although single-frequency multibeam echosounder surveys have dominated seabed characterisation for decades, multifrequency approaches are now gaining favour in order to capture different frequency responses from the same seabed type. The aim of this study is to develop a robust modelling framework for testing the potential application and value of multifrequency (30, 95, and 300 kHz) multibeam backscatter responses to characterize sediments’ grain size in an area with strong geomorphological gradients and benthic ecological variability. We fit a generalized linear model on a multibeam backscatter and its derivatives to examine the explanatory power of single-frequency and multifrequency models with respect to the mean sediment grain size obtained from the grab samples. A strong and statistically significant (p < 0.05) correlation between the mean backscatter and the absolute values of the mean sediment grain size for the data was noted. The root mean squared error (RMSE) values identified the 30 kHz model as the best performing model responsible for explaining the most variation (84.3%) of the mean grain size at a statistically significant output (p < 0.05) with an adjusted r2 = 0.82. Overall, the single low-frequency sources showed a marginal gain on the multifrequency model, with the 30 kHz model driving the significance of this multifrequency model, and the inclusion of the higher frequencies diminished the level of agreement. We recommend further detailed and sufficient ground-truth data to better predict sediment properties and to discriminate benthic habitats to enhance the reliability of multifrequency backscatter data for the monitoring and management of marine protected areas.

scholarly journals Variations in geotechnical characteristics of some crude oil contaminated soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 75-88
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Adewuyi Oyediran ◽  
Nchewi Ideba Enya
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics ◽  
Oil Concentration

Variations based on the effects of curing time and environmental exposures on the geotechnical characteristics of some crude oil contaminated soils were investigated. 2 to 10% by weight of crude oil was added to soils as a simulation of contamination. The contaminated soils were cured under room temperature (unexposed) as well as outside in the open air (exposed) for 21, 63 and 189 days. Geotechnical, geochemical and  mineralogical analyses were carried out on the contaminated and uncontaminated soil samples. Results indicate that for the unexposed soils, the LL and PL increased as crude oil concentration (COC) increased up to 4%, above which both decrease. But the reverse was the case for PI after curing for 21 days. With increasing curing time to 63 and 189 days, LL and PL both increased with increase in COC while PI decreased. The UCS increased with increase in oil content up to 4%, but decreased as oil content increased above 4%. Furthermore, UCS decreased with increase in curing time. Across all curing periods, MDD increased upon addition of crude oil up to 4%, thereafter it decreased with increase in COC. The hydraulic conductivity decreased with increase in COC and curing time. For the exposed soils, LL, PL and PI all increased upon addition of crude oil up till 4% before decreasing as the amount of oil increased above 4% for the curing duration of 21 days. For 63 and 189 days, LL and PL decreased while PI increased. Maximum dry density (MDD) showed same variation trend in exposed soils similar to that shown by the unexposed soils. Hydraulic conductivity increased with increase in COC and curing time. Thus, crude oil is observed to be capable of altering the geotechnical properties of soils exposed to it. Furthermore, contaminated soils exposed to the open air and longer curing time were significantly modified than the unexposed variant and with reduced exposure time. Keywords: Geotechnical variation, Contamination, Curing environment, Curing time, Exposure

scholarly journals Shear Strength Behavior of Crude Oil Contaminated Sand-Concrete Interface

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
pp. 365-374
Author(s):  
Amir Hossein Mohammadi ◽  
Taghi Ebadi ◽  
Mehrdad Ahmadi ◽  
Arash Aliasghar
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Concrete Surface ◽  
Interface Roughness ◽  
Interface Shear Strength ◽  
Interface Shear ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Concrete Interface

A laboratory investigation into crude oil contaminated sand-concrete interface behavior is performed. The interface tests were carried out through a direct shear apparatus. Pure sand and sand-bentonite mixture with different crude oil contents and three concrete surfaces of different textures (smooth, semi-rough, and rough) were examined. The experimental results showed that the concrete surface texture is an effective factor in soil-concrete interface shear strength. The interface shear strength of the rough concrete surface was found higher than smooth and semi-rough concrete surfaces. In addition to the texture, the normal stress and the crude oil content also play important roles in interface shear strength. Moreover, the friction angle decreases with increasing crude oil content due to increase of oil concentration in soil and it increases with increasing interface roughness.

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