scholarly journals Farmers’ Perspective on Insect Pests that Affect Vegetables in Protected Structures with Emphasis to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Lesotho

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
M. M. Sebitia ◽  
M. Sekoli ◽  
P. V. Masupha
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Protected farming is one of the innovations used by farmers to control pests and climatic conditions and therefore improve yield of vegetables. However, these structures also provide an ideal environment for biotic factors such as insect pests and diseases. In this study, a survey of 60 farmers was conducted to determine the types of vegetables cultivated under protected structures, insect pests and management practices employed by farmers using structured questionnaires. Data was analysed through descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that most farmers grew tomato, cabbage, swiss chard, rape and peppers. Farmers considered insect pests as the major constraint to vegetable production. The most important insect pests found infesting farmers’ vegetables were aphids (Aphis gossypii), tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris) and cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon). To manage these pests, farmers relied heavily on chemical pesticides which are dangerous to them and to the environment. It is therefore important to develop an integrated pest management plan that farmers can use to reduce use of pesticides.

scholarly journals Seasonal diversity of entomofauna, their impact and management practices in tomato fields in Meru district, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 17952-17971
Author(s):  
Gabriel Michael ◽  
◽  
AMS Nyomora ◽  
EF Mvungi ◽  
EM Sangu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Tomato Leaf ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Leaf Miner ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Leaf Miners ◽  
Frequent Application

Tomato is a highly cultivated vegetable in Tanzania. The intensive tomato cultivation and production in Tanzania has resulted in high pests and diseases build-up. A survey to identify and quantify entomofauna diversity in different seasons and pest management practices in Meru District was conducted. In addition, a laboratory experiment was done to assess the effectiveness of commonly used pesticides SnowBecco (Thiamethoxam)and Belt (Flubendiamide) against two dominating insect pests, white flies (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889)) and leaf miner (Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)), respectively. The results obtained revealed that, tomato fields in Meru District had significantly higher entomofauna build up during dry season than the rainy season (U0.05 (df, 24)= 45, p = 0.0441). More than 70% of all collected entomofauna were dominated by the whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and tomato leaf miners (Tuta absoluta) belonging to orders Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, respectively. It was also observed that, the common pesticides management practices were the use of pesticidal cocktail, broad spectrum insecticides, use of botanical pesticides, frequent application of pesticide and insecticides over dosage. Moreover, yield reduction due to whiteflies and tomato leaf miners infestation were observed in terms of reduced fruits number per plant (38 and 18.4%), fruit size (22.4 and 14.2%), and fruits weight per plant by 43.6 and 26.2%, for Bemisia tabaci and Tuta absoluta, respectively. The study showed that the recommended doses in both tested insecticides caused significant pest mortality (F0.05 (df, 19) = 4.367, p = 0.0199) and (F0.05(df, 19) = 4.761, p = 0.0147) for B. tabaci and T. absoluta, respectively, within a specified period of time. The results suggest that high insect pest infestations could be caused by factors other than development of insecticidal tolerance including inappropriate identification of insect pests due to lack of training, and inappropriate selection and application of insecticides. Consequently, frequent application of broad spectra insecticides not only increases production expenses but also disrupts agroecosystem by killing beneficial entomofauna and disrupting soil organisms that are susceptible to insecticide toxicity.

scholarly journals Constraints to Vegetable Production Resulting from Pest and Diseases Induced by Climate Change and Globalization: A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutondwa M. Phophi ◽  
Paramu L. Mafongoya
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Exotic Pests

Vegetable production worldwide is constrained by pests and diseases which effects are exacerbated by climate change and variability. Greenhouse gas emissions are also increasing due to poor agricultural practices and other human activities. This will continue to have a negative impact on the prevalence of insect pests and diseases. This review focuses on the climatic factors that impact on insect pests and diseases of vegetable crops. High atmospheric temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide increases pest development, survival of pests and distribution of pest to new areas. The distribution of insect pests and diseases are not due to climate changes only but are also a result of globalisation and poor biosecurity measures at country borders. There is limited information on the distribution of pests and diseases due to globalisation in African countries. New exotic pests will continue to be introduced to countries if biosecurity measures are not improved. Future research must focus on how to manage emerging pests and diseases influenced by high temperatures and carbon dioxide and other climatic conditions which influence pest severity under smallholder farmers in the southern African regions.

Management practices and other factors contributing to the decline in persistence of grazed lucerne in temperate Australia: a review

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 713 ◽  
Author(s):  
GM Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Grazing Effects ◽  
Carbohydrate Levels

The literature relevant to the grazing management of lucerne in temperate Australia is reviewed with emphasis on the factors likely to affect its persistence. Knowledge of lucerne physiology is used to question the validity of the traditional methods of managing grazed stands, which rely mainly on using 10% flowering as a guide to root carbohydrate levels. From these data several alternative management guidelines are proposed that may lead to increased persistence; however, for long-term persistence, there is little doubt that lucerne needs to be grazed leniently and at a late stage of maturity. Several grazing experiments indicate that grazing periods of 16-20 days should have no effect on persistence, provided that the rest period between successive grazings is 35 days or longer. Data from other countries and Australian data from a limited number of experiments also indicate that grazing in either autumn or winter may substantially reduce production and could affect persistence. Three grazing studies in New South Wales were used to highlight critical differences in experimental design which make comparisons among experiments difficult. Standardised sowing rates and grazing management, and statistical procedures which account for the genotype x management x environment interaction, are suggested to improve the extrapolation of results from experiments to other environments. Persistence of different lucerne types under grazing, particularly those recently imported from the U.S.A. or bred in Australia, is considered. While it has been proposed that grazing effects may be related to crown structure, interactions with other factors which affect persistence may also occur. If grazing can be considered to be stressful to a lucerne plant then it could interact with other stresses, caused by moisture deficit, excessive moisture, insect pests and disease, to reduce persistence. Additionally, considerable variation in varietal resistance to some pests and diseases has been recorded in haycut stands, and so there may also be cultivar x grazing effects. All of these factors could combine to affect the persistence of a particular cultivar under grazing. Patterns of lucerne decline were either continuous or step-like. Continuous decline was associated with prolonged grazing, grazing and moisture stress, grazing under waterlogged conditions, or grazing in situations where the incidence of disease was likely to be high. To understand the reasons why plants fail to persist, measurements need to be made frequently and a1 regular intervals, and the moisture and disease status of the site needs to be accurately monitored. The adequacy of different methods of measuring stand persistence is also questioned. The implications for graziers, researchers and lucerne breeders are discussed.

Second-level integrated pest management in commercial apple orchards

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Prokopy ◽  
Daniel R. Cooley ◽  
Wesley R. Autio ◽  
William M. Coli
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Management Tactics

AbstractAs historical background helpful to understanding current concepts and practices of apple pest management, we review the origin and rise of key pests of apple in North America and the evolution of approaches to their management, culminating with the concept of integrated pest management (IPM). We propose four levels of integration of orchard pest management practices. First-level IPM integrates chemically based and biologically based management tactics for a single class of pests, such as arthropods, diseases, weeds or vertebrates. Second-level IPM, the focus of our effort here, integrates multiple management tactics across all classes of pests. We describe components of second-level IPM for Massachusetts apple orchards, which are threatened each year by an exceptionally broad range of injurious pests. We illustrate the tentative advantages and shortcomings of second-level IPM using 1993 data from six commercial orchard test blocks. Our predominant approach was to use chemically based tactics for controlling arthropods, diseases and weeds early in the growing season, and afterwards to rely exclusively (for insects) or largely (for other pests) on biologically based tactics, such as cultural, behavioral, and biological controls. Compared with nearby first-level IPM blocks, insecticide use in 1993 was reduced substantially (about 30%), with only slightly more insect injury to fruit and little difference in populations of foliar insect pests. The results for mite pests and diseases were less encouraging although summer pruning significantly reduced disease injury caused by flyspeck. We discuss how second-level IPM poses special biological or operational challenges to apple pest management practitioners. The concept has merit, but refinements are necessary before it can be recommended broadly to commercial apple growers in Massachusetts as an economical and reliable alternative to first-level IPM.

Control of insect pests by plant genetic engineering

1992 ◽  
Vol 99 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angharad M. R. Gatehouse ◽  
Vaughan A. Hilder ◽  
John A. Gatehouse
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Second World ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Crop protection against pests and diseases is of prime importance and plays a major role in agricultural production both in the Developed and Developing parts of the world.Although chemical pesticides have been in use for a long time it is only since the Second World War that a very heavy and almost exclusive reliance has been placed upon their use. This, in many cases, has resulted in the rapid build-up of resistance by insect pests to such compounds, as is illustrated by the rapidly developed resistance to the organochloride insecticides by the cotton bollworm, Heliothis virescens. Indeed, there are many examples of resistance in a major pest being observed within the first year of field use (Metcalf 1986). In some cases the indiscriminate application of pesticides has exacerbated the problem of insect herbivory where elimination of a wide range of predatory species along with the primary pests has resulted in secondary pests becoming primary pests themselves with even more devastating effects (Heinrichs & Mochida 1983).

Calneem: A commercial neem seed-based biopesticide for sustainable management of pests of vegetables in Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
D. Obeng-Ofori
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Neem Seed ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Practical Utilization ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Environmentally Sound

The production of vegetable crops is a major agricultural activity of small and medium-scale farmers in Ghana and has a greatpotential to increase the income levels growers. However, vegetable production is constrained among other factors by attackby insect pests, diseases, nematodes and the declining soil fertility, necessitating the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers.Currently, the main method of controlling pests and diseases of vegetable crops is the use of synthetic pesticides. This paperexamines the environmental, food safety, health and other problems inherent in the dependency on conventional pesticidesto control crop pests in Ghana and advocates the need to develop a sustainable and environmentally sound alternative pestmanagement strategy using neem pesticides as the major component. Native to India and Burma, the neem tree, Azadirachataindica A. Juss was introduced to Africa earlier this century and is now well established in at least 78 countries, including Ghanawhere it has become an important source of fuel, lumber and biopesticides. Neem products are broad spectrum bio-pesticideswhich are effective against several pests of vegetables, food crops, fruit and other tree crops. Using the results of extensive fieldtrials conducted in two locations in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, the paper would demonstrate the practical utilization ofCalneem oil and Neem seed extract for sustainable protection of okra and cucumber against pest infestation in Ghana. It wouldalso show that neem pesticides are less harmful to some beneficial organisms in the vegetable agro-ecosystem such as certain antspecies, lady bird beetles, dragon flies and other predators. Practical challenges to widespread application of neem bio-pesticidesfor sustainable crop protection in Ghana are discussed.

scholarly journals Seasonal incidence and bionomics of rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus, 1758), (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Kashmir, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Insha YOUSUF ◽  
Abdul A. BUHROO
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Macrosiphum Rosae

<p>Rose is the principal flower of the world floriculture industry that is being exclusively used as cut flower, potted plant and garden plant. It plays significant part in numerous industries viz. food, perfumery and cosmetic industries. About 96 % of women’s perfumes contain true Bulgarian rose oil. Roses are well acclimatized in Jammu &amp; Kashmir because of its suitable agro climatic conditions which can permit its large scale production and rose products produced in the state are at par with the international standards. But the aesthetic and commercial value of roses is greatly lowered by numerous insect pests resulting in low yield. However, its major pest include aphid species most notoriously Macrosiphum rosae that pose many challenges and threats to rose plant cultivation. Aphid colonies on roses result in reduction of medical value of the plant and cause economic losses to growers particularly during spring and summer season. In order to reduce the economic losses inflicted by rose aphid, it is necessary to study different biological parameters of this pest species so that an effective management plan can be formulated.</p>

scholarly journals Impact of Soil Fertility Management Practices on Insect Pests and Diseases of Maize in Southwest Cote d’Ivoire

2019 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 12809
Author(s):  
Jacob Nandjui ◽  
Nahoulé Armand Adja ◽  
Kouakou Théodore Kouadio ◽  
Marie-Prisca Adjoafla N’gouandi ◽  
Latifou Idrissou
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Soil Fertility Management ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Fertility Management ◽  
Côte D'ivoire

scholarly journals Farmers’ Perception about Major Insect Pests of Cucurbits and Their Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-170
Author(s):  
Subina Tripathi ◽  
Kabita Kumari Shah ◽  
Injila Tiwari ◽  
Jiban Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Chemical Hazards ◽  
Sex Pheromone Traps ◽  
Justicia Adhatoda ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

A survey was undertaken in five Village Development Committees (VDCs) of Lamjung District, Nepal from June to August 2018 to investigate major insect pests and their management practices in cucurbits. A total of ninety-five cucurbit growers were selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. The study revealed that the major insect pests attacking cucurbits were fruit fly, red pumpkin beetle, aphid, whitefly, epilachna beetle, cucurbit sting bug, cutworm, and blister beetle. The majority of farmers responded that fruit fly was the most prevalent insect pest, followed by aphid and red pumpkin beetle. Most of the farmers used chemical methods, that includes biological, mechanical, and cultural techniques to control the insects. For the mechanical method, they used sex-pheromone traps i.e. cue-lure. Among botanical pesticides, Neem (Azadirachta indica), Malabar Nut (Justicia adhatoda), Chinaberry (Melia azedarch), Mugwort (Artemisia spp.) were used. Commonly used insecticides by farmers were Cypermethrin, Dimethoate, Malathion, and Endosulfan. The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides resulted in pest resistance, resurgence, and sometimes outbreak of insect pests. Majority of farmers were using chemical methods to control pests. Apart from this, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was also adopted for good agricultural practices (GAP) to prevent chemical hazards on human health and the environment. To control insect pests, trained farmers should be encouraged to follow the sanitation of fields and protection of natural enemies by avoiding the use of pesticides a long as possible.

scholarly journals Farmers’ production constraints, perceptions and preferences of cowpeas in Buhera district, Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (06) ◽  
pp. 16832-16857
Author(s):  
Gabriel Vusanimuzi Nkomo ◽  
◽  
MM Sedibe ◽  
MA Mofokeng' ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Women Farmers ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Production Constraints ◽  
Cowpea Varieties

Many smallholder farmers face crop production constraints, especially under rapidly changing climatic conditions. A survey was carried out to assess farmers’ production constraints, traits, and preferred cowpea varieties. A semi-structured questionnaire was used in a survey of Buhera District, Zimbabwe, in March and April of 2018. Women farmers dominated the survey as they were 52% of the surveyed population, while men occupied 48% of the total population. Eighty-three percent of farmers cited the shortage, unavailability, and cost of fertiliser. Sixteen per cent of farmers acknowledged that they do not have access to quality seeds, and 1% cited labour as the major constraint in cowpea production. Cowpea yield varied from 100 to 500 kg/ha. However, 48% of farmers harvested 200 kg/ha.As for abiotic factors, farmers ranked heat (86%), drought (10%), and soil fertility (4%) as the most important abiotic factors.Ninety-one percent of farmers ranked rust as the most destructive disease, while 2% ranked storage rot, 1% ranked anthracnose, and 1% ranked downy mildew. Eighty-one percent of farmers cited aphids as the main pests, while 3% ranked thrips, 3% ranked legume borers, and 2% ranked pod borers as other pests.Fifty-two percent of farmers preferred varieties that are resistant to diseases such as rust, whereas 48% were not concerned about diseases.As for qualitative traits, 50% of farmers had no specific colour preference, 32% preferred white colour, 14% preferred brown colour, 3% preferred red colour, and 1% preferred tan colour. For quantitative traits, such as grain size, pod size, plant height, and head size, the preferences of farmers varied. Ninety-nine percent of the farmers interviewed preferred cowpea varieties that are bred for drought tolerance, as Buhera District is frequented by intermittent droughts. Farmers’ experience in growing cowpeas ranged from 5 to 30 years. The top ranked accessions were CBC1, IT 18, and Chibundi Chitsvuku,while the least ranked was Kangorongondo. Identified constraints to cowpea farming included lack of education,insect pests, diseases, drought, weeds, harvesting difficulties and a lack of agriculture extension advice. The survey showed that there is a need to breed for biotic factors such as pests and diseases and abiotic factors such as drought and moisture stress.

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