scholarly journals Seasonal incidence and bionomics of rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (Linnaeus, 1758), (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Kashmir, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 283
Author(s):  
Insha YOUSUF ◽  
Abdul A. BUHROO
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Seasonal Incidence ◽  
Macrosiphum Rosae

<p>Rose is the principal flower of the world floriculture industry that is being exclusively used as cut flower, potted plant and garden plant. It plays significant part in numerous industries viz. food, perfumery and cosmetic industries. About 96 % of women’s perfumes contain true Bulgarian rose oil. Roses are well acclimatized in Jammu &amp; Kashmir because of its suitable agro climatic conditions which can permit its large scale production and rose products produced in the state are at par with the international standards. But the aesthetic and commercial value of roses is greatly lowered by numerous insect pests resulting in low yield. However, its major pest include aphid species most notoriously Macrosiphum rosae that pose many challenges and threats to rose plant cultivation. Aphid colonies on roses result in reduction of medical value of the plant and cause economic losses to growers particularly during spring and summer season. In order to reduce the economic losses inflicted by rose aphid, it is necessary to study different biological parameters of this pest species so that an effective management plan can be formulated.</p>

scholarly journals A Way Forward to Combat Insect Pest in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
MP Ali ◽  
B Nessa ◽  
MT Khatun ◽  
MU Salam ◽  
MS Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Yield Loss ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Brown Planthopper ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Management Options

The damage caused by insect pest is the continual factor for the reduction of rice production. To date, 232 rice insect pest species are identified in Bangladesh and more than 100 species of insects are considered pests in rice production systems globally, but only about 20 - 33 species can cause significant economic loss. The major goal of this study is to explore all the possible ways of developed and proposed technologies for rice insect pests management and minimize economic losses. Insect pests cause 20% average yield loss in Asia where more than 90% of the world's rice is produced. In Bangladesh, outbreak of several insects such as rice hispa, leafroller, gallmidge, stem borers and brown planthopper (BPH) occurs as severe forms. Based on previous reports, yield loss can reach upto 62% in an outbreak situation due to hispa infestation. However, BPH can cause 44% yield loss in severe infestested field. To overcome the outbreaks in odd years and to keep the loss upto 5%, it is necessary to take some preventive measures such as planting of resistant or tolerant variety, stop insecticide spraying at early establishment of rice, establish early warning and forecasting system, avoid cultivation of susceptible variety and following crop rotation. Subsequent quick management options such as insecticidal treatment for specific insect pest should also be broadcasted through variety of information systems. Advanced genomic tool can be used to develop genetically modified insect and plants for sustainable pest management. In addition, to stipulate farmers not use insecticides at early crop stgae and minimize general annualized loss, some interventions including training rice farmers, regular field monitoring, digitalization in correct insect pests identification and their management (example; BRRI rice doctor mobile app), and demonstration in farmers field. Each technology itself solely or combination of two or more or all the packages can combat the insect pests, save natural enemies, harvest expected yield and contribute to safe food production in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice J. 25 (1) : 1-22, 2021

scholarly journals Hardware – wheat pests as elements of the species consortium

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112
Author(s):  
T. M. Kolombar
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
The Face

Annually in the world, insect pests kill 10–15 % of the crop yield, which in the face of increasing humanity creates a global problem for food security. For the territory of Ukraine in some years, the loss of wheat yields reach 25 % and, in the face of this tendency, real risks to the security of the state are created. Considering that the agrarian trend of the state development has been increasing in recent years, the development of grain-adapted to the ecological and climatic conditions of Ukraine is a priority direction of the development of domestic agriculture. And the development of new environmentally friendly methods of controlling pests of wheat using parasitic organisms will become a fundamentally new and pressing issue in the development of organic production in the country. The general list of pest species that can cause serious wheat yield and forage reduction in Ukraine includes more than 230 names, but only 18 species are able toentail the biggest losses. Among them belong to the order Coleoptera. One insect species is usually a host of several species of mites, nematodes and up to ten species of gregarines and microsporidia. Unfortunately, the taxonomic composition of parasites of phytophagous pets of wheat in Ukraine has not been thoroughly investigated. We studied the interrelation between parasites of 4 phytophagous insects of wheat as well as of 14 insect species found in granaries. The study of the species composition of parasitic organisms of wheat and grain pests is based on the study of the elementary part of the consortium ecosystem, where they act as second order consortia. Phytophagous parasites of wheat and collar pests of cereals, as second-order consorts, have been fragmented worldwide. The purpose of this work is to determine the species composition of gregarine as a component of wheat consortium for their further use in the creation of integrated methods of protection of wheat and products of its processing. As a result, 28 species of gregarines were registered, which belong to seven families (Didymophyidae, Ophryocystidae, Hirmocystidae, Lipotrophidae, Stylocephalidae, Actinocephalidae and Gregarinidae). On the average, 1–2 species of gregarines parasitize in one pest species. 7–10 species of parasites were identified in some insects of the family Tenebrionidae (Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus, 1758 and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863). Each presented parasite is characteristic of 1–2 species of pests, but there are species of gregarines that infect up to four species of model species, such as Gregarina cuneata Stein, 1848. The largest number of individuals who are infested with gregarines belong to such families as Tenebrionidae and Dermestidae (38,6 % and 36,0 % of the total number of species, respectively). On pests – phytophages parasitizes about 8 species of gregarine families Stylocephalidae, Gregarinidae, Actinocephalidae. For barns pests are recorded barnacles of all 7 families.

cDNA cloning and heterologous expression of a wheat proteinase inhibitor of subtilisin and chymotrypsin (WSCI) that interferes with digestive enzymes of insect pests

2005 ◽  
Vol 386 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Di Gennaro ◽  
Anna G. Ficca ◽  
Daniela Panichi ◽  
Elia Poerio
Keyword(s):  
Proteinase Inhibitor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Insect Larvae ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Degenerate Oligonucleotide

Abstract A cDNA encoding the proteinase inhibitor WSCI (wheat subtilisin/chymotrypsin inhibitor) was isolated by RT-PCR. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed based on the amino acid sequence of WSCI and on the nucleotide sequence of the two homologous inhibitors (CI-2A and CI-2B) isolated from barley. For large-scale production, wsci cDNA was cloned into the E. coli vector pGEX-2T. The fusion protein GST-WSCI was efficiently produced in the bacterial expression system and, as the native inhibitor, was capable of inhibiting bacterial subtilisin, mammalian chymotrypsins and chymotrypsin-like activities present in crude extracts of a number of insect larvae (Helicoverpa armigera, Plodia interpunctella and Tenebrio molitor). The recombinant protein produced was also able to interfere with chymotrypsin-like activity isolated from immature wheat caryopses. These findings support a physiological role for this inhibitor during grain maturation.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Perspective on Insect Pests that Affect Vegetables in Protected Structures with Emphasis to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) in Lesotho

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
M. M. Sebitia ◽  
M. Sekoli ◽  
P. V. Masupha
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tuta Absoluta ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
Chemical Pesticides

Protected farming is one of the innovations used by farmers to control pests and climatic conditions and therefore improve yield of vegetables. However, these structures also provide an ideal environment for biotic factors such as insect pests and diseases. In this study, a survey of 60 farmers was conducted to determine the types of vegetables cultivated under protected structures, insect pests and management practices employed by farmers using structured questionnaires. Data was analysed through descriptive statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The results showed that most farmers grew tomato, cabbage, swiss chard, rape and peppers. Farmers considered insect pests as the major constraint to vegetable production. The most important insect pests found infesting farmers’ vegetables were aphids (Aphis gossypii), tomato leafminer (Tuta absoluta), bagrada bug (Bagrada hilaris) and cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon). To manage these pests, farmers relied heavily on chemical pesticides which are dangerous to them and to the environment. It is therefore important to develop an integrated pest management plan that farmers can use to reduce use of pesticides.

scholarly journals The Roles of Different Types of Trichomes in Tomato Resistance to Cold, Drought, Whiteflies, and Botrytis

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Zhang ◽  
Haihui Song ◽  
Xingyuan Wang ◽  
Xinan Zhou ◽  
Kewei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
The Relationship

The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most popular vegetables in the world. In tomato production, due to the effects of diseases, insect pests, drought, and cold damage, large-scale production reduction is often caused. Plant trichomes are protruding attachments distributed on the surface of different plants, providing protection for plants. When the plant is under external stress, the trichomes can play an important role in protecting the plant from damage through its physical structure. The density and type of different trichomes are closely related to the stress resistance of tomatoes. The tomato wo mutant LA3186 (referred to herein as “3186M”), LA3186 (referred to herein as “3186L”), the ln mutant LA3-071 (referred to herein as “3-071”), and the tomato cultivar Jia Ren (referred to herein as “JR”, used as the control), which possess different numbers of trichomes on the surface of the leaves, were used as materials; the glandular characteristics, types, and densities of the trichomes were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM); and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the subcellular structure in the leaves. The relationship between the different tomato trichomes and stress resistance was investigated with treatments of low temperature, drought, disease, and insects. This study provides a theoretical foundation and practical basis for the further utilization and regulation of the trichome-related characteristics of tomatoes.

scholarly journals Validation and Field Evaluation of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Babesia bovis Infections in Argentina

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 924-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Dominguez ◽  
Ignacio Echaide ◽  
Susana Torioni de Echaide ◽  
Silvina Wilkowsky ◽  
Osvaldo Zabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cell ◽  
Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cell Epitope ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Babesia Bovis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACTInfections byBabesia bovislimit cattle production and cause important economic losses in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. Monitoring of calf sera can be used to detect unprotected cattle herds and to decide on strategic control measures, as well as for epidemiological studies. Merozoite surface antigen 2c (MSA-2c) is an immunodominant surface protein expressed inB. bovismerozoites and sporozoites and contains B-cell epitopes that are conserved among geographic isolates. A monoclonal antibody against recombinant MSA-2c (rMSA-2c) was previously shown to inhibit the binding of anti-B. bovisantibodies to a parasite B-cell epitope in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) format. In the work at hand, the parameters of this cELISA were reevaluated and adjusted when necessary, and a cutoff value was determined by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of a total of 357 bovine sera of known reactivity, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFAT). The established rMSA-2c cELISA demonstrated a specificity of 98% and a sensitivity of 96.2%. An additional set of 303 field bovine sera from regions where ticks are endemic and tick-free regions of Argentina was tested by both rMSA-2c cELISA and IFAT, and the results were shown to be in very good agreement (kappa index, 0.8325). The performance shown by rMSA-2c cELISA in the detection ofB. bovis-specific antibodies and its suitability for standardization and large-scale production, as well as the possibility of its application in most veterinary diagnostic laboratories, make the assay a powerful tool for the surveillance of herd immunity as a strategic measure for the control of bovine babesiosis.

scholarly journals Preliminary survey on diseases of Mango (Mangifera indica) under nursery conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Lokare ◽  
Sumia Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Fallen Leaves ◽  
The Many

Mango saplings go through the many insect pests, fungal, bacterial diseases during nursery condition and these symptoms will persist till flowering and fruiting period and result in the huge economic losses. Majority mango saplings couldn’t reach upto flowering and fruiting stage it dies in the nursery conditions. This is major threat to the nursery owners because mango saplings having great demand all over the year, therefore buyers refuse to purchase diseased saplings. In the recent years the disease becomes severe in nursery plants, on young leaves, symptoms appear as irregular black necrotic spots on both sides. Pathogen present on the infected leaves, twig and fallen leaves serves as the major source of infection and spreads by rain splashed conidia. Survey was carried out to know the prevalence of diseases in nursery conditions for that Sanket Nursery Wakadi, Taluka Rahta was selected. There were 4 varieties of mango found in Sanket Nursery that were, Keshar, Payari, Mallika and Ratna. During the survey various fungal and insect pest diseases were observed. Anthracnose symptoms caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, little leaf notcher, coconut scale, mango gall midge, white mango scale, stem blight, powdery mildew, hairy caterpillar etc. were found in large scale.

TO THE QUESTION OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR TORTURE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
ASTEMIR ZHURTOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Human Life ◽  
International Standards ◽  
World Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Russian Federation

Cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as humiliate the dignity, are prohibited in most countries of the world, and Russia is no exception in this issue. The article presents an analysis of the institution of responsibility for torture in the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion that the current criminal law of Russia superficially and fragmentally regulates liability for torture, in connection with which the author formulated the proposals to define such act as an independent crime. In the frame of modern globalization, the world community pays special attention to the protection of human rights, in connection with which large-scale international standards have been created a long time ago. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international acts enshrine prohibitions of cruel and inhumane acts that harm human life and health, as well as degrade the dignity.Considering the historical experience of the past, these standards focus on the prohibition of any kind of torture, regardless of the purpose of their implementation.

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

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