scholarly journals Applied Studies on Application of Capric/Caprylic MCT Oils in Food Industries

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-63
Author(s):  
Rabie S. Farag ◽  
Hanafy A. Hashem ◽  
Abdel-Al Rahman Naser ◽  
Montaser. A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Smoke Point ◽  
The Other ◽  
Obesity Control ◽  
Cooking Oils ◽  
Long Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Control Purpose

Non healthy oils & fats consumption in foods is the major reason of obesity in human beings. Common cooking oils & fats are composed of medium and long chain triglycerides. Each triglyceride consist of fatty acids called medium and long chain fatty acids abbreviated as (MCFAs & LCFAs). The ratio of LCFAs is mostly higher than the MCFAs in common cooking oils to be to be suitable for heat stress applications like cooking and frying. On the other side there is natural dietary fats are rich in Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) like coconut oil and dairy fats. Also there are synthetic medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oils which are synthetized by a processes called fractionation that extracts the MCFAs as caprylic and capric acid from the other fatty acids in the coconut or palm kernel oil. The MCFAs, shows substantial metabolic advantage compared to LCFAs. MCFAs are a preferred source of energy (b-oxidation). The last 20 years studies confirmed the potential of MCFAs to reduce body weight and may reduce fasting lipid levels more than oils rich in LCFAs. The same is true for glucose levels. In this study, the authors did chemical and instrumental studies on dietary structured MLCT and non-structured MCT/LCT cooking oils which were used for producing for weight reduction and obesity control purpose Capric /caprylic MCT oil was used as a source of MCFAs for producing of novel. Different sources of long-chain triglycerides (LCFAs) have been used including sunflower oil (SFO), Canola oil(CNO), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSFO), palm oil (PO) and double fractionated palm olein (DFOlein). The following techniques have been used for preparation of structured and non structured cooking oils in this study : 1-Physical blending. 2 - Chemical interesterification in a multipurpose batch reactor. 2- Enzymatic interesterification using immobilized Lipase enzyme in pilot scale packed bed reactor (PBR). Different analytical and instrumental techniques were used in this study including Gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), Rancimate, and smoke point tester. The study shown that the non-structured MCT/LCT oils gave reasonable heat stability, higher smoke points compared the structured MLCT oil which make it more suitable for cooking and frying applications.  The chemical and enzymatic interesterification (CIE & EIE) technique yield a real structured MLCT oil which is more effective in caloric reduction and obesity control purpose during long term consumption in dietary foods, however, due to its much lower smoke point compared to its relative LCFAs oil so it will be suitable only for cold applications like salad dressing and other culinary applications. But not suitable for heat stress applications like deep or shallow frying.

Postprandial Activation of Coagulant Factor VII by Long-chain Dietary Fatty Acids

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (03) ◽  
pp. 369-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
T A B Sanders ◽  
G J Miller ◽  
Tamara de Grassi ◽  
Najat Yahia
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Postprandial Lipaemia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Long Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Long Chain

SummaryFactor VII coagulant activity (FVIIc) is associated with an increased risk of fatal ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Several reports have suggested that dietary fat intake or hypertriglyceridaemia are associated with elevated levels of FVII. This study demonstrates that an intake of long-chain fatty acids sufficient to induce postprandial lipaemia in healthy subjects leads to a substantial elevation in both FVIIc and the concentration of FVII circulating in the activated form. Such an increase in FVIIc could not be induced by medium-chain triglycerides. These results suggest that the consumption of a sufficient amount of long-chain triglycerides to induce postprandial lipaemia induces the activation of FVII.

scholarly journals Dietary Lipids Influence Bioaccessibility of Polyphenols from Black Carrots and Affect Microbial Diversity under Simulated Gastrointestinal Digestion

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 762
Author(s):  
Chunhe Gu ◽  
Hafiz A. R. Suleria ◽  
Frank R. Dunshea ◽  
Kate Howell
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dietary Polyphenols ◽  
Reducing Ability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Long Chain

The bioaccessibility and activity of polyphenols is dependent on their structure and entrapment in the food matrix. While dietary lipids are known to transit into the colon, the impact of different lipids on the microbiome, and their interactions with dietary polyphenols are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary lipids on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols from purple/black carrots and adaptation of the gut microbiome in a simulated in vitro digestion-fermentation. Coconut oil, sunflower oil, and beef tallow were selected to represent common dietary sources of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and long-chain polysaturated fatty acids (SFAs), respectively. All lipids promoted the bioaccessibility of both anthocyanins and phenolic acids during intestinal digestion with coconut oil exhibiting the greatest protection of anthocyanins. Similar trends were shown in antioxidant assays (2,2-Diphenyl-1-pricrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing ability (FRAP), and total phenolic content (TPC)) with higher phytochemical bioactivities observed with the addition of dietary lipids. Most bioactive polyphenols were decomposed during colonic fermentation. Black carrot modulated diversity and composition of a simulated gut microbiome. Dramatic shifts in gut microbiome were caused by coconut oil. Inclusion of sunflower oil improved the production of butyrate, potentially due to the presence of PUFAs. The results show that the impact of polyphenols in the digestive tract should be considered in the context of other components of the diet, particularly lipids.

scholarly journals Absorption of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids in totally hydrogenated fish oil

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Granlund ◽  
Laila N. Larsen ◽  
Erling N. Christiansen ◽  
Jan I. Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Absorption Coefficient ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Triacylglycerol Fraction ◽  
Long Chain

Partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO) contains a high amount of trans fatty acids (TFA). Total hydrogenation results in a minimal amount of TFA, but a high content of very-long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFA). Absorption and metabolism of VLCSFA from totally hydrogenated fish oil (THFO) were studied in rats. Groups of eight rats were fed one of four diets containing 40 g soyabean oil (SBO)/kg (low-fat diet), 150 g SBO/kg (SBO diet), 40 g SBO+110 g PHFO/kg (PHFO diet) or 40 g SBO+110 g THFO/kg (THFO diet) for 4 weeks. A lower absorption coefficient of the fat content was found in the THFO group (61 %) compared with the other groups (PHFO 95 %, SBO 99 %, low fat 98 %; P<0·05), which was mainly due to reduced absorption of VLCSFA. A reduced weight gain was found for the THFO group compared with the other groups, but this was only significant when compared with the SBO group (P<0·05). Faecal fat excretion (dry weight) was markedly increased in the THFO group (47 %), which was 2·4, 4·8 and 8·3 times higher compared with the groups fed PHFO, SBO and low-fat diets (P<0·05), respectively. Serum total cholesterol was reduced for the PHFO and THFO groups (P<0·05), whereas serum triacylglycerol was increased for the PHFO group compared with the other groups (P<0·05). Animals fed THFO diet had an increased content of 20:0 and 22:0 in the serum triacylglycerol fraction (P<0·05), whereas only 20:0 was increased in the serum phospholipid fraction (P<0·05). The low absorption coefficient of THFO must be considered if this fat is to be used for consumption by animals or man.

Heat stress deteriorates mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in cultured fibroblasts with fatty acid β-oxidation disorders

2010 ◽  
Vol 878 (20) ◽  
pp. 1669-1672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Seiji Fukuda ◽  
Yuki Hasegawa ◽  
Jamiyan Purevsuren ◽  
Hironori Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Cultured Fibroblasts ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The lipids of four unusual non-pathogenic host-associated spirochetes

1975 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1877-1880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Livermore ◽  
Russell C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Phosphatidyl Glycerol ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Complex Lipids ◽  
Monogalactosyl Diglyceride ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Long Chain

The lipid compositions of two spirochetes isolated from the human oral cavity and two isolated from pig feces were examined. These isolates were unusual in that they did not require long-chain fatty acids for growth, as do the other host-associated spirochetes, but rather required isobutyric and valeric acids. Therefore, they could be cultured in a medium free of serum or fatty acid –albumin supplements. The major fatty acids synthesized were normal and iso fatty acids with 14 and 16 carbons. No unsaturated fatty acids were detected, nor were chain lengths longer than 16 carbons. The major complex lipids found were monogalactosyl diglyceride, phosphatidyl glycerol, and bis-phosphatidyl glycerol. Nitrogenous phospholipids, present in Treponema and Leptospira, were not synthesized by these novel strains. The data indicate an intermediate position of these isolates between Treponema and free-living Spirochaeta.

Effects of lipid administration on lymphatic apolipoprotein A-IV and B output and synthesis

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (2) ◽  
pp. G322-G329
Author(s):  
M. Nishimura ◽  
M. Seishima ◽  
H. Ohashi ◽  
A. Noma
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Control Solution ◽  
Apo B ◽  
Apolipoprotein A ◽  
Lipoprotein Assembly ◽  
Long Chain

We examined the mesenteric lymphatic and portal venous transport of triglyceride (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), apolipoproteins (apo)A-IV and B in response to a bolus duodenal infusion of a TG-free control solution, and long-chain (18:1) and medium-chain (8:0) TG (LCT and MCT, respectively) emulsions in the rat. Additionally, intestinal and hepatic apo A-IV and apo B mRNA levels were also measured. Lymph apo A-IV, apo B (B-48), FFA, and TG output increased after LCT infusion, whereas only apo A-IV and FFA outputs increased after MCT infusion. On the other hand, portal FFA and apo A-IV transports increased at 15 min after MCT infusion but not after LCT infusion. Portal TG and apo B transports were not altered by either MCT or LCT infusion. Jejunal apo A-IV mRNA was increased after both MCT and LCT infusions. Hepatic apo A-IV mRNA levels increased only after MCT infusion. Conversely, neither LCT nor MCT had any effect on apo B mRNA levels in intestine or liver. These results indicate that apo A-IV is regulated by MCT absorption and that fatty acid reesterification and lipoprotein assembly are not prerequisite for such regulation. Conversely, it is likely that apo B-48 participates only in the formation and/or transport of chylomicrons after LCT absorption.

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