Estimation of Ground-level Ozone as a Risk Factor for Crop Production in Central Regions of the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
S. N. Kotelnikov ◽  
E. V. Stepanov ◽  
S. G. Kasoev
2018 ◽  
pp. 131-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Savrukov ◽  
N. T. Savrukov ◽  
E. A. Kozlovskaya

The article analyzes the current state and level of development of publicprivate partnership (PPP) projects in the subjects of the Russian Federation. The authors conclude that a significant proportion of projects is implemented on a concession basis at the municipal level in the communal sphere. A detailed analysis of the project data showed that the structure of the projects is deformed in favor of the central regions of the Russian Federation, and a significant share in the total amount of financing falls on the transport sector. At the stage of assessing the level of development by the subjects of the Russian Federation, criteria were proposed, and index and integral indicators were used, which ensured comparability of the estimates obtained. At the end of the analysis, the regions were ranked and clustered according to the level of PPP development, which allowed to reveal the number and structure of leaders and outsiders.


2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Voynovan ◽  
Yu. V. Embutnieks ◽  
D. V. Mareeva ◽  
S. V. Kolbasnikov ◽  
D. S. Bordin

Russia is a country with a high prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection, a high incidence of gastric cancer, and its late diagnosis. HР infection has been recognized as the leading manageable risk factor for gastric cancer. Accurate diagnostic tests must be used to identify and control the effectiveness of HP eradication, and effective schemes must be implemented for HP eradication. The aim of this article was to analyze the latest consensus documents, systematic reviews and meta-analyzes that reflected the role of HP as a risk factor for the development of gastric cancer, as well as measures for the risk reduction. We describe in detail the diagnostic methods for HP infection, provide data on their use in the Russian Federation, and analyze the efficacy of eradication regimens. In all HPinfected individuals, HP leads to chronic inflammation in the gastric mucosa and launches a precancerous cascade (Correa's cascade). The risk of gastric cancer increases with severe atrophy, intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. Primary prevention of gastric cancer is most effective if the eradication is performed before atrophic gastritis develops. The available consensus documents underline the importance of HP infection identification by accurate diagnostics at this stage of chronic gastritis. In Russia, the primary HP diagnosis is based on histology (37.7%), rapid urease test (29.2%), and serology (29.7%). HP stool antigen test (31.3%), 13C-urea breath test (23.4%) and the histological method (23.3%) are most often used to control eradication. Currently, the first line of eradication therapy is recommended as triple therapy with clarithromycin prescribed for 14 days. It is recommended to use double dose of proton pump inhibitors and bismuth to increase the effectiveness of this scheme. A 14-days triple regimen enhanced by bismuth has been recommended as the first-line therapy in the Russian Federation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 448-459
Author(s):  
N. P. Goncharov

Agriculture in the Russian Federation is fundamental to the country’s economic performance, living standards, the wellbeing of people and state safety. Considerations relating to food security, prospects of and challenges before plant breeding in the Siberian Federal District (SFD), the largest agricultural area of the Russian Federation, are provided in the article. The agricultural area used in the SFD is about 50 million hectares and accounts for 13 % of the country’s gross grain production. The need for the introduction of modern molecular biological methods, bioengineering and IT technology is demonstrated and discussed. As Russia as a whole, Siberia is largely engaged in unpromising extensive farming practices, which rely on natural soil fertility, and this factor should be taken into account. Another issue is noncompliance with intensive farming technologies used for cultivating new-generation commercial cultivars. Although capital investments in plant breeding are the most cost effective investments in crop production, breeders’ efforts remain underfunded. The article explains the need for fundamental reform in this economic sector: the recognition of plant breeding as being a fundamental science; a fair increase in its funding; the development of a breeding strategy, nationally and regionally; the further expansion of the network of the Breeding Centers; the re-establishment and improvement of the universities’ departments specialized in plant breeding and seed production; having more state-funded places in the universities for training plant breeders to be able to maintain and cement the country’s advanced position in plant breeding and to develop new globally competitive next-generation cultivars of main crops. Should these issues be ignored, all the problems that have accumulated to date will lead to risks of long-term instability in this economic sector. The need for the careful preservation of continuity in plant breeders and plants being bred is stated. The regulatory functions of the state and agricultural science in plant breeding, plant industry and seed production are considered.


2021 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Ю.А. Шнейдер ◽  
Е.В. Каримова ◽  
Ю.Н. Приходько ◽  
Е.Н. Лозовая ◽  
Т.С. Живаева

Томат – важнейшая овощная культура с ежегодным увеличением объемов его производства во всем мире. В Российской Федерации последние несколько лет активно развиваются предприятия защищенного грунта, специализирующиеся на производстве томатов. Вместе с тем растения томата поражают более 200 различных вредителей и болезней. Возбудители вирусных болезней растений – важный ограничивающий фактор для многих отраслей растениеводства, в том числе овощеводства. В последние годы в европейских странах производство томатов в открытом и защищенном грунте пострадало от серьезных потерь, вызванных, главным образом, вирусными фитопатогенами. В статье представлен обзор трех наиболее опасных вирусов, возбудителей болезней томатов – коричневой морщинистости плодов томата, мозаики пепино, пятнистого увядания томата. Эти вирусы неоднократно были выявлены в целом ряде стран практически на всех континентах и вызвали значительные экономические потери в странах своего распространения. Ввиду очень быстрого распространения и обнаружения опасных вирусов томата в ряде стран, занимающихся производством и дальнейшим экспортом семян и плодов томатов, Федеральная служба по ветеринарному и фитосанитарному надзору Российской Федерации (Россельхознадзор) с 27 июля 2020 года ввела в качестве временной карантинной фитосанитарной меры требование об отсутствии этих вирусов в семенах, посадочном материале и плодах растений-хозяев при их ввозе и перемещении по территории Российской Федерации. Результаты анализов фитосанитарного риска, проведенных в ФГБУ «ВНИИКР» в 2020 году, показали, что вирусы коричневой морщинистости плодов томата, мозаики пепино и пятнистого увядания томата соответствуют критериям карантинных для Российской Федерации организмов, вирусы способны проникнуть на территорию страны с подкарантинной продукцией, распространиться и нанести существенный ущерб развитию сельского хозяйства и экономической деятельности страны. Tomato is the most important vegetable crop with an annual increase in its production worldwide. In the Russian Federation, greenhouse industry specializing in the production of tomatoes have been actively developing over the past few years. At the same time, tomato plants affect more than 200 different pests and diseases. Pathogens of viral diseases of plants are an important limiting factor for many branches of crop production, including vegetable growing. In recent years, in European countries, the production of tomatoes in open field and greenhouses has suffered from serious losses caused mainly by viral phytopathogens. The article presents an overview of the three most dangerous viruses, pathogens of tomato diseases – tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). These viruses have been repeatedly detected in a number of countries on almost all continents and have caused significant economic losses in the countries of their distribution. In view of the very rapid spread and detection of dangerous tomato viruses in a number of countries engaged in the production and further export of tomato seeds and fruits, Rosselkhoznadzor, from July 27, 2020, introduced as a temporary quarantine phytosanitary measure the requirement that these viruses are not present in seeds, planting material and fruits of host plants when they are imported and moved through the territory of the Russian Federation. The results of the phytosanitary risk analyses conducted at the Federal State Budgetary Institution «VNIIKR» in 2020 showed that ToBRFV, PepMV and TSWV meet the criteria of quarantine organisms for the Russian Federation, viruses are able to enter the territory of the country with quarantined products, spread and cause significant damage to the development of agriculture and economic activity of the country.


2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 06014
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Nemenushchaya ◽  
Lyudmila Konovalenko ◽  
Tatiana Shchegolikhina

The paper analyzes the preparation and status of draft of subprograms of the Federal scientific and technical program for agricultural development for 2017-2025 (FSTP) on selection and seed production in crop production. The measures taken by the subjects of the Russian Federation for the purpose of implementing the FSTP subprograms, as well as a well-founded method for selecting potential customers for complex scientific and technical projects (CSTP), are presented. Recommendations have been prepared and suggestions have been made for selecting potential customers of the CSTP of FSTP. The analysis of the results of higher education institutions subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia as potential participants of the CSTP in the field of selection and seed production of agricultural crops is given.


The paper analyzes transformations of foreign trade in goods of Ukraine in 2000-2017. The choice of the study period is due to the fact that the "recovery" and the gradual growth of the Ukrainian economy after the long crisis of the 1990s has began since 2000. Ukraine had a mostly negative foreign commercial balance (except for 2000-2004 and 2015); generally balanced foreign trade; dangerous import dependency ratio; extremely economy openness index; the high exports ratio in 2000-2017. The volumes of export, imports and foreign commercial turnover had unstable dynamics with negative trends in 2008-2009 and 2013-2015. Base metals and their ware; plant products; animal or plant fats and oils were prevailed in the export component of the foreign commerce; mineral products; machines, equipment and mechanisms, electric and technical equipment; products of chemical and derivative industries were dominant in the structure of import in 2017. The export was characterized by increase in the share of products of the primary sector (due to crop production) and decrease in the secondary sector (due to metallurgy, machine building, chemical and textile industry) during 2001-2017. The import was characterized by decrease in the share of raw materials and increase in the share of all other goods during the mentioned period. Commodity structure of foreign trade became more proportional, without a highly dominant product. The Russian Federation, Poland, Turkey, Italy, India were the key partners in the export of goods, while those ones in the import were the Russian Federation, China, Germany, Poland, Belarus. The key partners remained during 2001-2017 (the Russian Federation, Poland, Turkey, Italy, China, Germany were key partner in export; In the import - the Russian Federation, Germany, Poland, Belarus, the USA, Italy were key partner in import. Despite the drastic decrease in trade relations with the Russian Federation, it remains the largest partner in the Ukrainian foreign commerce. Among the regions of the world, the largest trading partner of Ukraine in recent years is Europe with relevant reduction of CIS countries in the common share. It is necessary to provide a set of measures aimed at increasing the efficiency of export activity and import substitution in the certain sectors of the economy to balance foreign commerce of Ukraine.


2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 06023
Author(s):  
Elena Kolomeeva ◽  
Anna Kharitonova ◽  
Natalia Zaruk

The article contains regions differentiation on competitiveness of agricultural production taking into account meteorological conditions. Regions with favorable and unfavorable conditions of agriculture were identified. The direct competitiveness dependence of subjects of the Russian Federation on the climate factor is revealed; in the future it will allow to determine ways of increasing productivity and efficiency of agricultural activities and will increase the competitiveness of individual regions. In each group, the most and least competitive subjects for crop production and livestock are identified.


2021 ◽  
Vol 937 (3) ◽  
pp. 032061
Author(s):  
N Osadchaya ◽  
A Murzin ◽  
R Revunov ◽  
G Plokhotnikova

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify the main trends in the agro-industrial complex development of the Russian Federation, substantiate the organizational and economic recommendations aimed at stimulating Russian agricultural production and enhancing of this economy sector competitiveness. An extensive corpus of empirical data reflecting the agro-industrial complex development in the Russian Federation in 2016-2020, as well as its place in foreign trade operations of the Russian Federation has been thoroughly studied in frames of this research. Using the tools of statistical data processing (sampling, observation, summary and grouping), the methods of econometric analysis, the dynamics of agro-industrial complex products manufacturing, the rate of the main indicators’ change, the place of agro-industrial complex in export-import operations of the Russian Federation have been revealed, the main indicators have been compared. The geographic conditions diversity of the Russian Federation, combined with a wide range of climatic features, the availability of land and water resources creates favorable conditions for productive agricultural activities. It has been established that large-scale agricultural producers dominate in agro-industrial complex of the Russian Federation. The directions of agro-industrial complex, in particular, crop production and cattle rising, are unevenly developing in the Russian Federation. The constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which administratively represent the Southern Federal and North Caucasian Federal Districts specialize mainly in the cultivation of grain and oilseeds due to the natural and climatic factors’ action. State authorities of the Russian Federation successfully implement the tools to stimulate agricultural production, in particular: preferential taxation regime, subsidies for lending to the agro-industrial complex economic entities from the state budget, leasing development, etc. The state support mechanism effectiveness can be intensified by using the organizational and economic tools substantiated by the authors.


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