scholarly journals Iodized salt at households and retail shops in a rural community of Northern India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Srivastava ◽  
Kapil Yadav ◽  
Ravi P Upadhyay ◽  
Vijay Silan ◽  
Smita Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Salt Iodization

Iodine is an essential micronutrient for humans but its deficiency can cause public health problems. The objective of this study was to estimate the consumption of adequately iodized salt on a household level, and to study the availability, procurement, storage, cost, and knowledge regarding iodized salt and iodine deficiency disorders amongst retail shopkeepers from the Ballabgarh block of Haryana in Northern India. This rural area was the location used for a community-based cross-sectional study by simple random sampling. Salt samples were collected from 363 selected households (out of the calculated 400 household samples) and all the retail shops (233) in the study area. Salt was tested using an iodometric titration method at the Indian Coalition for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) laboratory in New Delhi. Retail shopkeepers were also interviewed regarding their knowledge and practices. Adequately iodized salt (?15 parts per million) was consumed in 65.2% of the households, while 17.3%, of the residents were consuming salt with no iodine added (0-5ppm). Adequately iodized salt was sold by 76.3% of the retail establishments, while 12.3% were selling salt without any added iodine (0-5ppm). About 84% of the shopkeepers were aware that they are selling iodized salt. It was reported by 94% of the retail shopkeepers that iodized salt is necessary for good health but none of them could identify all the iodine deficiency disorders. Effective strategies are required to educate both consumers and suppliers to achieve Universal Salt Iodization at household level.South East Asia J Public Health | Jan-June 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 1 | 18-23 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i1.15256

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Packaged Salt and Related Knowledge and Storage Practices at Household Level in Dhaka City, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Md Sujan Hossen ◽  
Md Nazrul Islam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
And Storage

Aims: Iodine deficiency disorders are one of the major public health concerns in Bangladesh. Regular consumption of iodized salt can help combat these disorders. The aims of this study were to determine the content of iodine in edible packaged salt and to assess iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Study Design: The study was an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted from June 2019 to July 2019 in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A total of 120 households were selected for interview and packaged salt sample collection. The chemical analysis was done in the Food Analysis Laboratory of Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka. Methodology: A closed-ended questionnaire was used for collection of information. Iodometric titration method was used to determine the content of iodine in packaged salt samples. Results: The mean (±SD) iodine content in the salt samples was 31.469 (±10.196) ppm. More than 90% salt samples were adequately iodized. Twenty five percent of the respondents know that consumption of iodized salt helps prevent goiter. Only 10.8% of the respondents know that iodine content decreases if iodized salt is stored close to fire. About 87% of them store salt away from fire. Conclusion: Along with consuming packaged iodized salt, householders should be educated about iodized salt related knowledge and storage practices to control iodine deficiency disorders.

scholarly journals Iodine Content of Salt Use after Years of Universal Iodization Policy and Knowledge on Iodized Salt among Households in the Sissala East Municipality in Upper West Region of Ghana

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Prince Kubi Appiah ◽  
Clement Tiimim Yanbom ◽  
Martin Amogre Ayanore ◽  
Alex Bapula
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
Salt Iodization

Background. Iodine deficiency is a global public health concern as it leads to inadequate production of thyroid hormone in the body, causing too many destructive consequences on the roles and functions of different human organs and muscles including brain growth and can manifest into many damaging effects such as intestinal cerebral impedance, cancer of intestine, breast disorders, and physical deformities like goitre and cretinism to one’s body. Despite all these negative effects, there are several important public health programs including universal salt iodization (USI) to improve on households’ iodine intake, notwithstanding this, countless families are still eating foods containing less iodine or no iodine at all. Hence, this study examined the intake of iodized salt after years of universal salt iodization and the knowledge on iodized salt among households in the Sissala East Municipality. Method. A descriptive cross-sectional study was adopted to collect data for the study. Data were collected from women in charge of household meal preparation using a semistructured questionnaire and rapid field iodine test kits. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used for the data analysis and presented in tables and graphs. p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Findings. Only 41.4% of the households have good knowledge on benefits of iodized salt and dangers associated with iodine deficiency. It was realized that the health workers (46.6%) and television were the main sources of information on iodized salt. Household salt usage with adequate (>15 ppm) levels of iodine was 44.0%; however 85.9% of the salts were stored in covered containers. The study showed significant associations between knowledge on iodized salt and educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.043), religion (p=0.027), and ethnic lineage (p=0.046). Also, the use of iodized salt showed associations with the educational level (p≤0.001), occupation (p=0.003), religion (p=0.042), and knowledge on iodized salt (p≤0.001). Conclusions. Only about 4 in 10 households were consuming salt with adequate iodine, and this coverage is very low compared with the 90% or more coverage recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. Having secondary and tertiary education and having good knowledge of iodized salt has a great influence on the use of iodized salt; however, with this low level of knowledge of importance of iodized salt among women responsible for house food preparations, there is the need for health professionals to intensify education and promotion on iodized salt in the area and to monitor and verify iodine content of salts produced and sold in the market all times, as the source of the salt might have contributed to the low levels of iodine in the household salt.

scholarly journals Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of People in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, with Regard to Iodine-Deficiency Disorders and Iodized Salt

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Yamada ◽  
D. Oyunchimeg ◽  
T. Igari ◽  
D. Buttumur ◽  
M. Oyunbileg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Salt Iodization

In 1995 Mongolia introduced a national programme of salt iodization to eliminate iodine-deficiency disorders. To investigate the extent of acceptability and utilization of iodized salt, a study of people's knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) was carried out in the capital city, Ulaanbaatar, in 1996 and 1997. A total of 838 people (housewives, parents of schoolchildren, post-partum women, and pregnant women) were interviewed about their KAP regarding iodine-deficiency disorders and iodized salt. In addition, the amount of salt consumption at the household level was examined. Over 95% of the study population knew about iodine-deficiency disorders and iodized salt, and most of them received the information from television and radio. About 90% of them had already used iodized salt. The price of iodized salt is a little higher than that of common salt, but it is still affordable for most people. This study demonstrates the possibility of the expansion of the programme nationwide.

scholarly journals Assessment of sub-centres of Belagavi district according to Indian public health standards 2012 guidelines: a cross sectional study

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1938
Author(s):  
Shrinivas K. Patil ◽  
Shivaswamy M. S.
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primary Health Care System ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Level Of Functioning ◽  
Health Standards

Background: In the public sector, a sub-health centre (sub-centre) is the most peripheral and first point of contact between the primary health care system and the community. The current level of functioning of the Sub-centres is much below the expectations. Objective: To assess sub-centres of Belagavi District according to Indian public health standards 2012 guidelines.Methods: A facility based cross-sectional study was conducted in Belagavi district of Karnataka. forty SCs, four SC from each of the 10 Talukas of Belagavi district were selected by simple random sampling. Study period: 1st January to 31st December 2014. Data collected - using a predesigned and structured questionnaire for IPHS facility survey.Results: The study showed 35% of SCs were catering the services for population as per the norms. Services like ante-natal clinics, post-natal clinics and immunization sessions were conducted regularly in all the SCs. About 33% of SCs had no buildings. A deficiency worth highlighting in the present study was the absence of residential facilities for the staff in half of the SCs. Proper supervision and monitoring of the service delivery activities of the SC staff was done only in 70% of SCs.Conclusions: IPHS guidelines are not being followed at SC level in the district. Recruitment of SC staff especially the Health Worker Male post should be filled at all the SCs for efficient functioning of the SCs. The SC should be periodically surveyed to identify the deficiency and necessary action could be taken to correct it. 

scholarly journals Determination of Iodine Content of Commercially Available Table Salts at the Retailer Level in Selected Areas of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 284-288
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rahanur Alam ◽  
Moumita Dey ◽  
Md. Kobirul Islam ◽  
Sompa Reza ◽  
Sumaiya Mamun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Iodization ◽  
Nutrition Science ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government

Aims: Iodine deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies in Bangladesh. To combat iodine deficiency disorders, universal salt iodization is mandatory in Bangladesh. The aim of our study was to determine the iodine content of both packaged and open edible table salts sold at the retailer level in different areas of Bangladesh. Study Design: The study is an experimental cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted in the food analysis laboratory of Department of Food Technology and Nutrition Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University from March 2019 to June 2019. A total of 90 salt samples were collected from ten retailers selected based on convenience sampling from two districts: Dhaka and Noakhali. Among the samples, 45 were packaged salts from Fifteen different brands and the rest of the 45 samples were non brand open salt. Methodology: The iodine content of iodized salt samples was determined by the iodometric titration method. Results: The mean iodine content of both types of salts is 17.801±1.973 ppm. The mean iodine contents of packaged salts and open salts are 30.691±2.679 ppm and 4.912±1.008 ppm, respectively. Only 42% of the total salt samples are adequately iodized (>20 ppm). 75% of packaged salt samples are adequately iodized and only 8% of open salt samples are adequately iodized. Conclusion: As iodine content in open table salts doesn’t meet the criteria set by the government, the sale of open salt for human consumption should be stopped. 

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on proper use of iodized salt in communities of rural areas and its relevant factors in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083
Author(s):  
P. Sai Deepika ◽  
B. Thirumala Rao ◽  
A. Vamsi ◽  
K. Valleswary ◽  
M. Chandra Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level

Background: The coverage of adequately iodized salt in old Andhra Pradesh was 63.6%, which is below the national average. Despite of high coverage rural households were less likely to consume adequately iodized salt. Objectives were (1) to find out the use of iodized salt and practices among community and knowledge regarding iodine deficiency diseases (2) to test salt at the household level to assess level of iodine.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted from July to December 2016 in RHTC, Maddipadu, Prakasam district. Proportionate households from four villages of this area were interviewed for the purpose of study. Factors related to use of iodized salt in the communities like type of salt using in houses, storage practices, practices during cooking, knowledge regarding iodine deficiency disorders were assessed. The salt was tested for iodine using iodine rapid test MBI kits. The data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 version.Results: Most of households (68.5%) were between 25-50 years age, 68% wives were illiterate and 48.5% wives involved in labor work. Majority (83.6%) of the families were using iodized packed salt, 75% had adequately iodized salt with ≥15 ppm and 25% with inadequate iodized salt <15ppm. Association between illiterate wives and poor knowledge regarding iodized salt found to be significant (p<0.005).Conclusions: Specific education regarding proper storage, handling, duration and the importance of iodized salt needs to be implemented to increase community awareness and to focus on behavior change communication to bring positive attitude toward utilization of iodized salt.

scholarly journals Determinan EpidemiologisKejadian Diare Pada Anak Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Juntinyuat

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hairil Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Public Health Center

Infants are a nation's investment because they are the next generation for a nation. The quality of a nation can be determined by the quality of its infants at this time. Health problems during infancy can affect growth, especially disorders in the digestive tract such as diarrhea. Diarrhea affects the absorption of nutrients for the growth of children under five and diarrhea is the leading cause of infant mortality globally. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diarrhea in children infants in Public Health Center Juntinyuat. This was an observational analytic study using a cross-sectional study design. The population under study was entire children aged 12-59 months in Public Health Center Juntinyuat with the total population of 1882 infants. The sample consisted of 94 selected children aged 12-59 months using Simple Random Sampling. According to the result of a simple logistic regression test, there was a relationship of nutritional status with p-value 0.002 (p <0,05), the existence of the trash with p-value 0.039 (p <0,05), and the presence of wastewater disposal facilities with p-value 0,008 (p <0,05) to diarrhea occurrence in infants Keywords: Diarrhea, Nutritional Status, The Existence of The Trash, The Presence of wastewater Disposal Facilities

scholarly journals A community based cross sectional study on prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders among 6-12 years children of a district of North Karnataka

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 4553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rekha S. Sonavane ◽  
Ramesh H. Mayappanavar ◽  
Ananthachari K. R. ◽  
Subarna Roy ◽  
Venkateswara Prasad U. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Goitre Prevalence

Background: Iodine deficiency is the major preventable cause of irreversible mental retardation in the world with nearly 2 billion people with iodine deficiency disorders (IDD).In India district level surveys conducted in 2006 in 324 districts have revealed that IDD is a major public health problem in 263 districts that is total goitre prevalence rate of more than 10% in the population. Methods: The survey was conducted from November 2016 to January 2017, after obtaining permission from Institutional Ethical Committee, using population proportionate to size (PPS) sampling method among of 6-12 years children. In the selected villages, primary schools were visited and a sample of 90 children was selected and was examined after consent from school authority. Prevalence of goitre was assessed and graded by standard palpation method. In few selected children urine and house hold salts are examined. Results: The prevalence of goitre among the 6 to 12 years children was found to be 22.78%. There was not much difference in prevalence of goitre in females compared to males in all the age groups and prevalence of goitre was observed to increase with age, which was found to be statistically significant (p=0.00001). Conclusions: Prevalence of iodine deficiency is significantly high and higher prevalence was found with increasing age. 

scholarly journals A study on the iodised salt use pattern amongst the slum dwellers in Kolkata

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4845
Author(s):  
Sourav Kundu ◽  
Tamasi Mandal ◽  
Arkaprabha Sau ◽  
Ishita Bhakta ◽  
Arindam Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Iodine Deficiency Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Training Centre ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Use Pattern

Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are most important causes of preventable brain damage all over the world. Iodization of salt is used as a weapon to prevent IDD through national iodine deficiency disorders control programme and food safety and standards act, 2006 and regulations, 2011. Climatic condition, knowledge about storage and culinary practices pose a problem in maintaining adequate iodine level in salt at the consumer level.Methods: An observational, cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out in the slum of Baghbazar under the service area of urban health and training centre, R.G. Kar medical college and hospital, Kolkata from 18 April to 30 April 2018. Households were chosen using simple random sampling and one adult representative from each household was interviewed with pre-designed pre-tested schedule.Results: 100% of the households were found to use iodised salt. 19.2% were aware that they were using iodised form of salt. 96.2% people keep the salt in covered container but only 7.7% of them knew that if kept uncovered iodine vaporises from salt. Moreover 40.4% of the respondents were found to keep salt open close to the oven during cooking with 86.5% of them not believing that this practice can have effect on the quality of the salt.Conclusions: Awareness regarding the effect of iodised salt on health, proper storage and use pattern should be initiated for desired sustainable change in practice and strict enforcement of law for curbing sale of non-iodised salt must be implemented so that IDD cease to be a serious public health problem.

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