Pesticide Use Practices by Market Gardeners in the Santa Area of the North West Region of Cameroon

Aims: This work aimed at establishing the different Garden crop pests and how farmers use different pesticides to manage these pests. Place and duration of the Work: This work was carried out in Santa from January to March 2013 Methodology: The methodology involved the use of structured questionnaires which were administered to 120 farmers to obtain information on demographics, constraints to successful crop production, general farm system and agronomic practices, knowledge of insect pest problems, types of pesticides used, dosage and rate of application, and different pests crops suffered from. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test. Results: The study indicates that majority of market gardeners in Santa community are males (70%) with ages from 30-39 and most of them are married (76%). Famers worked with relied on pesticides for pest control and did not dispose of empty pesticide containers properly such as throwing on the farm; use as drinking bowls and returned it to the pesticide vendors. Conclusion: This study provides valuable information on the pesticides used in pests and diseases control in vegetable production and health symptoms like stomach disorders, burns, and catarrh experienced by gardeners. A majority (94%) of farmers suffered from serious insect pest attacks on their farms and the most important pest was the cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) which affected (65%). A majority (96%) of farmers also reported diseases attacks with late blight (Phytophthora infestans) affecting more than four-fifth (81%) of the farms especially in the rainy season.

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Socio-ecological Determinants of Under-five Mortality in Nigeria: Exploring the Interaction Effects of Neighbourhood Poverty and Solid Cooking Fuel

10.21203/rs.3.rs-113071/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chukwuechefulam Kingsley Imo

Keyword(s):

Tertiary Education ◽

Interaction Effects ◽

Chi Square ◽

North West ◽

Under Five ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

Cooking Practices ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Cooking Fuels

Abstract Background: In the context of global child health priority, under-five mortality remains considerably high with the current rate of 132 deaths per 1,000 live births in Nigeria, which translates to 1 in 8 children dying before his or her fifth birthday. This has been attributed to exposure of children to household air pollution due to environmental context and inefficient cooking practices. Therefore, this study examined the interaction effects of neighbourhood poverty and use of solid cooking fuels on under-five mortality in Nigeria.Methods: Data for the study were drawn from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and covered a weighted sample of 124,442 birth history of childbearing women who reported using cooking fuels in kitchens located within the house. Descriptive and analytical analyses were carried out, including frequency tables, Pearson’s chi-square test, and multivariate using Cox proportional regression model.Results: The findings of this study showed that the risks of under-five mortality were significantly higher for children whose mothers were found in the areas of high neighbourhood poverty (HR: 1.44, CI: 1.34-1.54) and those whose mothers reported using solid cooking fuels within the house (HR: 2.26, CI: 2.06-2.49). The results further showed that the risks of death significantly reduced for children whose mothers had secondary or tertiary education (HR: 0.82, CI: 0.75-0.90) and children of mothers whose partners had at least primary education, but increased for children of mothers who were rural residents (HR: 1.25, CI: 1.16-1.35); and those found in the North-east (HR: 1.31, CI: 1.18-1.46) and North-west (HR: 1.84, CI: 1.68-2.02), compared with those in the reference categories. Conclusion: The risks of under-five mortality are significantly linked to areas of high neighbourhood poverty and use of solid cooking fuels in kitchens located within the house in Nigeria. There is the need for more pragmatic strategies to re-educate people, especially mothers on the need to use clean cooking fuels from the little resources they have to reduce the children’s exposure to harmful emissions within the house.

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Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance gene-1 polymorphisms in Northern Nigeria: implications for the continued use of artemether-lumefantrine in the region

Malaria Journal ◽

10.1186/s12936-020-03506-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Auwal Adamu ◽

Mahmoud Suleiman Jada ◽

Hauwa Mohammed Sani Haruna ◽

Bassa Obed Yakubu ◽

Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Northern Nigeria ◽

Multidrug Resistance Gene ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cycle Sequencing ◽

North West ◽

The North

Abstract Background The analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in drug-resistance associated genes is a commonly used strategy for the surveillance of anti-malarial drug resistance in populations of parasites. The present study was designed and performed to provide genetic epidemiological data of the prevalence of N86Y-Y184F-D1246Y SNPs in Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) in the malaria hotspot of Northern Nigeria. Methods Plasmodium falciparum-positive blood samples on Whatman-3MM filter papers were collected from 750 symptomatic patients from four states (Kano, Kaduna, Yobe and Adamawa) in Northern Nigeria, and genotyped via BigDye (v3.1) terminator cycle sequencing for the presence of three SNPs in pfmdr1. SNPs in pfmdr1 were used to construct NYD, NYY, NFY, NFD, YYY, YYD, YFD and YFY haplotypes, and all data were analysed using Pearson Chi square and Fisher’s exact (FE) tests. Results The prevalence of the pfmdr1 86Y allele was highest in Kaduna (12.50%, 2 = 10.50, P = 0.02), whilst the 184F allele was highest in Kano (73.10%, 2 = 13.20, P = 0.00), and the pfmdr1 1246Y allele was highest in Yobe (5.26%, 2 = 9.20, P = 0.03). The NFD haplotype had the highest prevalence of 69.81% in Kano (2 = 36.10, P = 0.00), followed by NYD with a prevalence of 49.00% in Adamawa, then YFD with prevalence of 11.46% in Kaduna. The YYY haplotype was not observed in any of the studied states. Conclusion The present study suggests that strains of P. falciparum with reduced sensitivity to the lumefantrine component of AL exist in Northern Nigeria and predominate in the North-West region.

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Identification and Management of Pests and Diseases of Garden Crops in Santa, Cameroon

Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International ◽

10.9734/jaeri/2019/v18i230055 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Konje C. N. ◽

Abdulai A. N. ◽

Achiri Denis Tange ◽

Nsobinenyui D. ◽

Tarla D. N. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Plasmodiophora Brassicae ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Agrotis Ipsilon ◽

Wet Season ◽

Black Cutworm ◽

North West ◽

Pests And Diseases ◽

The North ◽

West Region

Aims: This work sought to identify the pests and diseases that hinder successful gardening and the pesticides used to manage these pests and their frequencies of application. Place and Duration of Study: This work was carried out in the Santa Area of the North West Region of Cameroon. It was conducted from June 2013 to February 2014. Methodology: The study was carried out on six farms in Santa, a Sub-division in Mezam Division of the North West Region of Cameroon. On each of these farms, an area of 20 x 20 m was mapped and the plants therein observed. Insect pests, diseases and the pesticides used for their mitigation were identified at each growth stage. Results: The main diseases identified were clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) and late blight (Phythophthora infestans) while Aphids (Myzus persicae S.), whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) fruit worms (Helicoverpa amigera), Cutworms, fruitfly (Dacus punctatifrons) and grasshoppers (Zonocerus variegatus) were the prominent insect pests. The most applied pesticides were Cypermethrine and Dimethoate against insects, and Mancozeb and Maneb against fungi. Conclusion: From this study the most prominent pest of cabbage was the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon), which affected the early growing stage. The main disease that affected tomato was blight, seen in both seasons but its severity was greater in the rainy season. Insect pests were a major problem in the dry season causing high economic losses than in the wet season.

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The spatiotemporal characteristics of the distribution of radiation frosts over the territory of the North-West region of Russia

10.35688/2413-8452-2018-03-005 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 36-41

Author(s):

Kononenko O.V.

Keyword(s):

Crop Production ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Leningrad Region ◽

Agricultural Crop ◽

Weather Station ◽

North West ◽

The North ◽

West Region ◽

Pskov Region ◽

Weather Stations

To plan agrotechnical measures in changing climate it is necessary to track the dynamics of spatial and temporal changes in agrometeorological factors. Late spring and early autumn frosts are a limiting factor for agricultural crop production. In general, such frosts are of the radiation type. To study the spatial and temporal characteristics of the radiation frosts distribution in the North-West region of Russia, data of daily observations of the standard meteorological network from 1966 to 2015 were used. The change over the time in the average number of days with radiation frosts was calculated for two 25-year periods: from 1966 to 1990 and from 1991 to 2015. Two zones of multidirectional change of the average number of days with radiation frosts in the period from 1991 to 2015 were revealed. The decrease in the average number of days with radiation frosts during this period was recorded at the weather stations of Vologda and Leningrad (except for the weather station Belogorka) and the meteorological station Velikie Luky (Pskov region). At the same time all the weather stations of this zone (with the exception of the Vyborg weather station) are characterized by the higher number of days with radiation frosts then the weather station of the other zone. The increase in the average number of days with radiation frosts during this period was noted at the weather stations of the Pskov, Novgorod, Kaliningrad regions and the weather station Belogorka (Leningrad region).

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Perbandingan Efek Pemberian Bioinsektisida dan Ekstrak Kompos terhadap Produksi Padi Ratun dan Populasi Serangga Hama

Jurnal Agronomi Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Agronomy) ◽

10.24831/jai.v43i1.9586 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 23

Author(s):

Siti Herlinda ◽

Amarilisa Kusuma ◽

Suwandi . ◽

Andi Wijaya

Keyword(s):

Insect Pests ◽

Insect Pest ◽

Population Data ◽

Nilaparvata Lugens ◽

Rice Production ◽

Pest Population ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Production Labor ◽

Compost Extract

The advantages of ratooning rice are to save water, cost production, labor, preparation time for planting and harvesting, but the ratooning productivity is still low. This research aimed to study the effect of the bioinsecticide and compost extract on ratooning rice production and insect populations. The ratooning rice was applied by bioinsecticide, compost extract, and combination of bioinsecticide and compost extract with dose 2 L ha-1 per application, respectively. Data of agronomic variables were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance, whereas insect pest population data were analyzed using Chi Square test. The seedling height of ratoon applied by compost extract was the highest among treatments. The number of productive tillers per clumps and rice production on plot applied by compost extract were higher than the insecticide treatment. At the age of 17 day-ratooning rice, application bioinsecticide reduced the population of insect pests, such as Ciccadulina bipunctata, Recilia dorsalis, Nilaparvata lugens, and Nephotettix nigropictus. Thus, application of compost extract tended to improved the growth and production of the ratooning rice, while the bioinsecticide decreased the insect pest population.<br />Keywords: Beauveria bassiana, rice growth, production

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Albendazole alone vs. albendazole and diethylcarbamazine combination therapy for trichuriasis

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi54.2.2014.109-13 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 54 (2) ◽

pp. 109

Author(s):

Windya Sari Nasution ◽

Muhammad Ali ◽

Ayodhia Pitaloka Pasaribu ◽

Syahril Pasaribu ◽

Chairuddin P. Lubis

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Combination Therapy ◽

School Children ◽

Elementary School Children ◽

Rank Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

The North ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Cure Rates ◽

Wilcoxon Rank Test

Background Trichuris trichiura is one of the most commonsoil-transmitted helminths, estimated to infect l billion peopleworldwide. Several studies have compared the efficacies ofalbendazole and diethylcarbamazine, but the efficacy of acombination of these two drugs has been inconclusive.Objective To assess the effectiveness of a single dose ofalbendazole compared to a combination of albendazole anddiethylcarbamazine for trichuriasis treatment.Methods A randomized, clinical open trial was conducted fromJune to September 2009 on elementary school children withtrichuriasis from two villages in the North Sumatera Province.Stool specimens were collected at baseline and at days 7, 14,21, and 28 after treatment, and examined by the Kato Katzmethod. Subjects were randomized into two groups. Group Ireceived a single dose of albendazole (400 mg) and group IIreceived albendazole (400 mg) plus diethylcarbamazine (6 mg!kg). Statistical analyses used were Chi square test for cure ratesand Wilcoxon rank test for egg reduction rates.Results One hundred eight children were enrolled andrandomized into group l (53 children) and group II (55children). The prevalence of T. trichiura infection was 54.7%.There were no significant differences (P=0.52) in the curerate between groups I and II (66% and 60%, respectively) or inegg reduction rates at day 28 (54.5% and 60.07%, respectively,P= 0.10).Conclusion Albendazole alone and abendazole combinedwith diethylcarbamazine have similar efficacies for trichuriasistreatment, in terms of cure rates and egg reduction rates.

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Implementation of dangerous drugs prevention and control programs in Cebu City

IAMURE International Journal of Social Sciences ◽

10.7718/ijss.v14i1.1032 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shella Debbie N. Contridas ◽

Dodelon F. Sabijon ◽

Jasmin T. Bayron ◽

Esmeraldo E. Damuag ◽

Donn A. Oberes

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

The Philippines ◽

Chi Square ◽

Control Programs ◽

The North ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Correlational Method ◽

National Police ◽

And Control

Dangerous drugs cause side effects to users for they are not a 100% safe as many people think. The dangers of drug use depend on the drug, set and setting factors. This study assessed the implementation of the drugs prevention and control programs of the Philippine National Police (PNP) and auxiliary members in the selected villages of Cebu City, the Philippines of the year 2014. The descriptive correlational method of research was used. The study employed researchers-made questionnaire using convenient sampling method in gathering information from the respondents. The accumulated data were treated using simple percentage, weighted mean, rank, and Chi-square test of independence. The respondents were the 320-barangay officials from selected barangays in the north and south districts of Cebu City and 40 police personnel in each police station that has jurisdiction over the selected barangays in the City of Cebu. The study revealed that most of the respondents are from ages 34-41, males, and are married. The level of implementation in both educational and rehabilitation approaches shows that the respondents are implementing the programs. The law enforcement approach revealed that the respondents are fully implementing the programs. The most common problems encountered are the lack of regular funding, lack of cooperation from the community, and lack of facilities for an individual program. It was concluded that law enforcement approach was implemented in the prevention and control of the dangerous drugs in Cebu City, Philippines. Keywords-Criminal Justice, dangerous drugs, descriptive correlational method, Philippines

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Performance of participatory and non-participatory farmers of integrated crop management project at Pirganj upazila under Thakurgaon district

Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University ◽

10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4734 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 273-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

MC Sumy ◽

MA Halim ◽

MR Hasan ◽

MR Begum

Keyword(s):

Technical Efficiency ◽

Crop Production ◽

Crop Management ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

North West ◽

Net Returns ◽

The North ◽

Integrated Crop Management ◽

West Region ◽

Management Project

This study examines technical efficiency between Participatory & Non- Participatory farmers under Integrated Crop Management project (ICM) in the north-west region of Bangladesh. Sixty farmers of which 30 participatory & 30 non-participatory were selected following stratified random sampling technique from four villages under pirganj upazila in Thakurgaon district. ICM project participatory farmers received higher net returns than the non-participatory farmers from selected crop production. Participatory farmers were technically more efficient than non- participatory farmers. Getting membership status of non- participatory farmers was suggested to be an important factor in removing technical inefficiency. Keywords: Technical efficiency; Participatory; Non-participatory DOI: 10.3329/jbau.v7i2.4734 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 7(2): 273-280, 2009

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Plasmodium falciparum Multidrug Resistance Gene-1 N86Y-Y184F-D1246Y Polymorphisms in Northern Nigeria: Implications for the continued use of artemether-lumefantrine in the region

10.21203/rs.3.rs-47477/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Auwal Adamu ◽

Mahmoud Suleiman Jada ◽

Hauwa Mohammed Sani Haruna ◽

Bassa Obed Yakubu ◽

Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Multidrug Resistance ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Northern Nigeria ◽

Multidrug Resistance Gene ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cycle Sequencing ◽

North West ◽

The North

Abstract Background: The analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in drug-resistance associated genes is a commonly used strategy for the surveillance of antimalarial drug resistance in populations of parasites. The present study was designed and performed to provide genetic epidemiological data of the prevalence of N86Y-Y184F-D1246Y SNPs in Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 (pfmdr1) in the malaria hotspot of Northern Nigeria.Methods: Plasmodium falciparum-positive blood samples on Whatman-3MM filter papers were collected from 750 symptomatic patients from four states (Kano, Kaduna, Yobe and Adamawa) in Northern Nigeria, and genotyped via BigDye (v3.1) terminator cycle sequencing for the presence of three SNPs in pfmdr1. SNPs in pfmdr1 were used to construct NYD, NYY, NFY, NFD, YYY, YYD, YFD and YFY haplotypes, and all data were analyzed using Pearson Chi-square and Fisher's exact (FE) tests.Results: The prevalence of the pfmdr1 86Y allele was highest in Kaduna (12.50%, 𝜒² = 10.50, P = 0.02), whilst the 184F allele was highest in Kano (73.10%, 𝜒² = 13.20, P = 0.00), and the pfmdr1 1246Y allele was highest in Yobe (5.26%, 𝜒² = 9.20, P = 0.03). The NFD haplotype had the highest prevalence of 69.81% in Kano (𝜒² = 36.10, P = 0.00), followed by NYD with a prevalence of 49.00% in Adamawa, then YFD with prevalence of 11.46% in Kaduna. The YYY haplotype was not observed in any of the studied states.Conclusion: The present study shows that P. falciparum strains with potential reduced susceptibility to the lumefantrine component of AL exist in Northern Nigeria and predominate in the North-West region.

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Factors associated with delay in diagnosis among tuberculosis patients in the north of Iran

Medical Journal of Indonesia ◽

10.13181/mji.oa.204476 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 60-5

Author(s):

Mahmood Moosazadeh ◽

Motahareh Kheradmand ◽

Mohsen Aarabi ◽

Mahdi Afshari ◽

Mohammadreza Parsaee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Old Age ◽

Chi Square ◽

Registration System ◽

Delay In Diagnosis ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

The North ◽

North Of Iran ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Gender ◽

The University

BACKGROUND Recognizing factors that affect delay in diagnosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is critical. This study aimed to identify such factors among TB patients in the north of Iran. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed patient’s medical records from the TB registration system of the Health Deputy of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran that was responsible for the TB registry in the province from 2007 to 2017. All hospitals affiliated with the university, including private hospitals, reported TB cases directly to the health deputy. Patient’s gender, age, TB smear result, TB type, imprisonment, diabetes, nationality, residence area, and drug use were considered factors of delay in diagnosis, which was defined as a delay of >30 days between symptom onset and diagnosis. Data from 3,453 patients were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression models. RESULTS The frequency of patients with delay in diagnosis was 67.7%. There was no association between delay in diagnosis and gender (p = 0.194), TB type (p = 0.140), and diabetes (p = 0.198). On the other hand, old age (≥60 years) was related to delay in diagnosis (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 1.12–1.68; p = 0.002). The chance of delay in diagnosis in prisoners was lower than in non-prisoners (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.46–0.82; p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Old age was a risk factor for delay in diagnosis, and interestingly, prisoners had been diagnosed significantly faster.

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