scholarly journals Spectrum of Bacterial Co-Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract in COVID 19 Patients Admitted to the ICU of a Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-109
Author(s):  
Shoaib Khan ◽  
Asifa Nazir ◽  
Humaira Bashir ◽  
Umara Amin
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bronchoalveolar Lavage ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Endotracheal Aspirate ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aims: We aimed to evaluate the burden of bacterial co-infections in patients with COVID-19 and to ensure judicious use of antibiotics. Study Design: Hospital based, cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Postgraduate department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Srinagar, and associated hospitals, between July 2020 and February 2021. Methodology: A total of 70 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by RT PCR of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples were included in the study. Lower respiratory specimen like endotracheal aspirate (ETA), sputum, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from COVID-19 patients admitted in the ICU were collected as per standard protocol and subjected to quantitative cultures in the laboratory. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out in line with CLSI recommendations. Results: Of the 70 lower respiratory tract specimens (Endotracheal aspirate n=53, sputum n=15, and Bronchoalveolar lavage n=02) taken from RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients, 51 (72.9%) showed microbiological evidence of bacterial infection by culture positivity. 28/51 (55%) were males and 23/51 (45%) were females, mean age was 54 years (range= 16-85 years). Majority of the organisms recovered (n=51, 83%) were Gram-negative bacilli, among which Acinetobacter spp. (n=27, 53%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=06, 12%) were the most common. Among Gram positive organisms, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus sp were most commonly isolated. Conclusion: It is evident from our study that superinfection in COVID-19 patients due to Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus is of serious concern. Timely treatment of these infections is pivotal to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates in COVID-19-infected patients.

scholarly journals Clinical study of lower respiratory tract infections in children attending a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 1733
Author(s):  
Venkata Krishna Munagala ◽  
Ramisetty M. Uma Mahesh ◽  
Jithendra Kandati ◽  
Munilakshmi Ponugoti
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: WHO estimated burden of respiratory tract infections in 2010, estimates four and half million deaths due to respiratory tract infections among children every year. In India, 1.2 million deaths have been reported among children due to RTI among 5.9 million deaths globally. Lower respiratory tract infections are most common causes of death than upper respiratory tract infections. Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis are most common types of LRTI in children. Pneumonia accounts for most of the deaths in children < 5 years of age. The present study was undertaken with an objective to know the various types of lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 12 years of age. The study also aims to know the various bacterial agents causing respiratory tract infections with their antibiotic susceptibility.Methods: Hospital based, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year and 375 children were enrolled. Demographic, clinical history and examination was done and signs and symptoms noted. All necessary investigations were performed and followed regularly for management and outcome.Results: Incidence of LRTI in the study was 9.76% with male preponderance (65.33%) and most common among children in 1-4 years age group. Ratio of males to females was 1.9:1. 73.6% of cases were in low socio-economic group, 35.2% were found with PEM-I grade and 18.13% had no immunization coverage. Cough and breathlessness were the major symptoms and respiratory distress and clubbing were major signs in the study. Bronchopneumonia was the commonest cause (38.7%) followed by bronchiolitis and Allergic bronchitis. 18.45 of cases had anemia and Leucocytosis was also present. Pulmonary infiltration was the major finding in the X-ray of chest. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the common bacterial pathogens isolated.Conclusions: To conclude, our study clearly highlighted the various types of clinical presentations, risk factors and different types of LRTI in children <12 years of age. Understanding a clear knowledge of the etiology and bacterial pathogens clearly provides guidance for the physician in management and clinical outcome. 

scholarly journals Loss of Sense of Smell and Taste among Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Positive COVID-19 Patients of a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1561-1564
Author(s):  
Rajeev Shah ◽  
Bipin Koirala ◽  
Sangya Gyawali
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Taste And Smell

Results: A total of 166 patients were included in the study. The age of the patients ranged from 10 to 84 years with a mean age of 44.34 ± 23.059 years. Out of the 166 RT-PCR positive patients 103 (62%) had a loss of taste while 114 (68.7%) had a loss of smell. Nearly half of the subjects about 99 (51.6%) had dysfunction in both taste and smell. Conclusions: The present study shows the strong association between the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction with that of COVID infection. Patients with loss of taste and smell should be evaluated properly at the time of COVID pandemic. Olfactory and Gustatory dysfunction can be the early and only manifestation of COVID infection.   The prevalence of loss of smell and taste was similar to other studies done in similar settings.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in a Tertiary Care Hospital: Changing Trends

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 319-325
Author(s):  
Priyanka Pradhan Sneha Mohan ◽  
Tarana Sarwat Dalip Kakru
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is major cause of nosocomial and community infections. Its prevalence varies with country and with hospitals within a country. Therefore, it is important for continuous surveillance in hospitals and other healthcare facilities in order to limit the spread of infections caused by MRSA. To determine the antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus in a tertiary care hospital and to determine the change in trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus. To determine the prevalence of MRSA in a tertiary care hospital. This cross- sectional study was conducted at the Department of Microbiology, SMSR, Sharda University and Hospital. A total of 100 strains identified by morphological and biochemical characteristics were tested for antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and the Prevalence of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance among the isolates. 100 out of 13,639 isolates clinical comprising samples were obtained Pus (78.6%), Blood (7%), Swab (4.1%), Sputum (4.1%), Urine (4.1%), Semen (2%). Maximum MRSA were obtained from pus samples (81%). However, out of total 7 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from blood 4 were MRSA and 3 were MSSA. The prevalence of MRSA that is (40%) infections was a high in our setup and is comparable to studies done earlier. This trend is particularly alarming for Staphylococcus aureus because of the severity and diversity of disease caused by this uniquely versatile pathogen.

scholarly journals Colonization and Antibiotic Resistance Profiling of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Mrsa) in Patients from Tertiary

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Madiha Khan ◽  
Wafa Komal ◽  
Mushtaq A. Saleem ◽  
Naveed Ahmad ◽  
Zara Rafaque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

The methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is affecting the economy worldwide contributing to the increased morbidity and treatment costs. The present cross sectional study was conducted to determine the association of MRSA with kidney and liver patients from Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan and its antibacterialresistance patterns. The study was conducted for the period of one year; from April 2019 to April 2020. A total of 1984 different samples were obtained and examined for bacterial cultures using standard procedures. From total samples, 51.05% were collected from male and the rest 48.95% were collected from females including different age groups. Samples were inoculated on different culture media for isolation of S. aureus and susceptibility testing. A total of 253/1984 clinical samples exhibited S. aureus characteristics while 39 of 253 S. aureus (15.41%) were identified as MRSA. MRSA strains were found highly resistant to Amikacin (AK), Cefoxitin (FOX),Clindamycin (DA), Fusidic acid (FD), Gentamicin (CN) and Tobramycin (TOB) while highest sensitivity was noted against Vancomycin (100%) and Linezolid (100%). The presence of MRSA and multidrug resistance pose serious therapeutic burden to critically ill patients. A systematic and concerted effort is essential to identify high-risk patients rapidly and to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Gaborone, Botswana

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 782-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Wood ◽  
Samir S. Shah ◽  
Margaret Bafana ◽  
Adam J. Ratner ◽  
Peter A. Meaney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Prescribing Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Epidemiologic Characteristics

This cross-sectional study at a tertiary-care hospital in Botswana from 2000 to 2007 was performed to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. We identified a high prevalence (11.2% of bacteremia cases) of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. MRSA isolates had higher proportions of resistance to commonly used antimicrobials than did methicillin-susceptible isolates, emphasizing the need to revise empiric prescribing practices in Botswana.

scholarly journals Bacteriology of Sputum Samples: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (221) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijendra Raj Raghubanshi ◽  
Bal Man Singh Karki
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sputum Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

Introduction: Lower respiratory tract infection is a common infection and accounts for a greaterburden of disease worldwide. It is a great challenge to the clinician and still more, with increasingantimicrobial resistance. Its empirical treatment may vary according to the type of causativeorganisms. The objective of this study is to identify the pathogenic microorganisms and theirantimicrobial susceptibility pattern from sputum sample. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in KIST Medical College andTeaching Hospital from February 2015 to January 2016. Ethical approval was taken from institutionalreview committee prior to the study with reference no. 0051/2014/15. Data on culture and sensitivityof isolates from sputum samples were collected from the records of the hospital. Sample collection,processing, identification of microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performedaccording to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All the data were tabulatedin an Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Out of 2318 samples, 694 (29.93%) sputum samples at 95% confidence interval (737.21-650.79) were reported as culture positive. Klebsiella was the most common isolate followedby Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans,Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and others. Imipenem and vancomycin showedthe most sensitivity towards gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria respectively. Conclusions: Proper diagnosis, identification of causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibilitypattern are important steps to limit the irrational use of antimicrobials. Prescribing antimicrobialsempirically in the case of suspected lower respiratory tract infection is difficult.

scholarly journals COVID-19 among patients with pre-existing renal impairment: experience in a tertiary care hospital of Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
Muhammad Abdur Rahim ◽  
Tabassum Samad ◽  
Ishrat Jahan ◽  
Md Mashud Alam ◽  
Talha Sami Ul Haque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Electrolyte Imbalance ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for infection because of immunosuppressed state. CKD is an independent risk factor for poor outcome in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This study was designed to describe clinical and laboratory parameters of COVID-19 patients with preexisting CKD. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology, BIRDEM General Hospital from July to December 2020. Hospitalized adult patients with CKD not yet on dialysis, who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), irrespective of symptoms were included in this study. RT-PCR negative cases were excluded. Results: Total patients were 40 (mean age 58.3 years, 52.5% male). Common comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (92.5%), hypertension (67.5%) and ischaemic heart disease (27.5%). Fever, cough, shortness of breath, headache and fatigue were common presenting features. Nearly one-fifth had no COVID-related symptoms. Lymphopenia and high inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP) were common. Sixteen patients were complicated by acute kidney injury, four patients required haemodialysis and 23 had electrolyte imbalance. Most cases were mild to moderate; most were transferred to COVID-dedicated hospitals or discharged with home isolation protocols. Three patients required intensive care unit shifting and two patients died. Conclusion: Most CKD patients had comorbid conditions. Clinical presentation was typical in most cases. Case fatality rate was higher than Bangladeshi statistics. Birdem Med J 2020; 10, COVID Supplement: 23-28

scholarly journals Viral clearance in COVID-19 patients admitted in designated COVID hospital in Western India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 4303
Author(s):  
Harpreet Singh ◽  
Kanwaljit Kaur ◽  
S. K. Ghai ◽  
Pranaya Gurmeet ◽  
Raju Agarwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Viral Clearance ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges faced worldwide and has not only posed health crisis but also had social, economic and political devastating effects. The speedy transmission risk enforced bygone practices of quarantine of healthy persons and isolation of all positive patients. The basis of all key policy making is the understanding of virus clearance from the body so that transmission can be ceased. The aim of the study was to understand the viral clearance and its’ co-relates for guiding infection control and transmission practices in COVID-19.Methods: Cross sectional study in a tertiary care hospital. A cross-sectional study of total 398 patients admitted for COVID-19 between June 2020 and November 2020 at a tertiary care centre. Statistical analysis used: frequency, percentage, and chi square test Chi square test for linear trend and was used to find association.Results: 88.19% were males and 11.81% were female patients, mean age of study participants was 34.84 years. 61.56% were symptomatic and among them 1.64% presented with severe symptoms. Mean duration to turn RT-PCR negative was 11.83 days. No significant difference in time taken to turn RT-PCR negative among asymptomatic and symptomatic cases is suggestive of no difference in viral load and its clearance in symptomatic vs asymptomatic cases.Conclusions: The disease profile of COVID-19 in our setup was alike the national disease profile and the recovery rate being 98.76%. Presence of co-morbidities affects viral clearance in COVID-19.

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