scholarly journals Astigmatism in Infants: Study of Changing Visual Axis in Infants and Children

2021 ◽  
pp. 187-193
Author(s):  
Nidhi Sohrot ◽  
Indrayani Jhadhav ◽  
Sohan Lohiya
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Principal Axis ◽  
Index Of Refraction ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Spherical Lens ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Light Rays ◽  
In Infants And Children

Background: Astigmatism is an abnormality within the curvature of the attention. It occurs when light rays strike a spherical lens obliquely, or the line of vision to its principal axis is not parallel. Refraction away from the axis occurs when light strikes a lens obliquely and distorts the image formed. Aim: This study aimed to look at the prevalence of against-the-rule, with the-rule, and oblique-axis astigmatism in children. The change in cylinder index of refraction power and alignment of astigmatism in babies and young children is studied. Methodology: To conduct the study and thoroughly search the literature separately, references and abstracts were reviewed. Books like Parson’s diseases of the Eye by Dr. Radhika Tandon and several articles, WHO website, etc., were referred. Results: The study relied upon many studies on refractions procured by the near-retinoscopy methodology that knowledgeable Refractionist accomplished. Conclusion: It can be concluded that young children have a high incidence of against (???) type of astigmatism and that after this age (which age?), most children are with the rule.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Caudal Epidural Bupivacaine with Adrenaline and Bupivacaine with Adrenaline and Pethidine for Operative and Postoperative Analgesia in Infants and Children

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Santhosh Kumar ◽  
R. Jacob
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Epidural Bupivacaine ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Randomised Controlled ◽  
Very High ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Caudal Epidural

This study compares the effectiveness of two drug combinations–010-(010a) bupivacaine with adrenaline and (b) bupivacaine with adrenaline and pethidine — on operative and postoperative pain relief when administered by the caudal route in infants and children. A randomised controlled trial was conducted on fifty children below the age of twelve years: 25 children were randomly allocated to each group. Both groups had a significant period of analgesia in the postoperative period. None of the children in either group required parenteral analgesia. Though the group with pethidine had a longer duration of analgesia and sedation, the very high incidence of vomiting and delay in urination observed in this group would preclude the use of pethidine routinely. No respiratory depression was seen in either group.

scholarly journals Fecal S100A12 in Healthy Infants and Children

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 295-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Day ◽  
M. Ehn ◽  
R. B. Gearry ◽  
D. A. Lemberg ◽  
S. T. Leach
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Elevated Level ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Serial Samples ◽  
In Infants And Children

Background and Aims. Fecal S100A12 is shown to be a useful noninvasive marker of gut inflammation. However, the studies to date have not characterised the patterns of expression in healthy young children. This study aimed to determine S100A12 levels in infants and children without symptoms of underlying gut disease.Methods. Stool samples were collected from healthy infants (<12 months) and children without gastrointestinal symptoms. Faecal S100A12 was measured by immunoassay.Results. Fifty-six children were recruited. Serial samples were obtained from seven term infants over the first 6 months of life. Single samples were obtained from 49 healthy children ranging from 0.16 to 13.8 years of age. Median S100A12 levels were 0.5 mg/kg (ranging from 0.39 to 25) in the healthy children, with high values (>10 mg/kg) in five infants only. There was no variation between gender. Median S100A12 levels in healthy infants remained below the established normal cut-off from birth to six months of age.Conclusion. S100A12 levels in well infants and children are almost exclusively lower than the standard cut-off. Transiently higher levels may be seen in early infancy. An elevated level of S100A12 in children older than 12 months of age is likely to represent organic gut disease.

Assessment of Clinicopathological Features in Infants and Children with Cow�s Milk Protein Allergy

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (12) ◽  
pp. 3573-3576
Author(s):  
Ileana Puiu ◽  
Elena Catalina Bica ◽  
Venera Cristina Dinescu ◽  
Otilia Constantina Rogoveanu ◽  
Alexandra Oltea Dan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
The Status ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The aim of our study was to evaluate the clinicopathological features in infants and young children with cow�s milk protein allergy. Cow�s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is one of the most common food allergy in children. Thus, we conducted a descriptive observational study, which was carried out in the First Pediatric Clinic of the Craiova County Emergency Clinical Hospital, in the period 2015-2017, which included 138 infants and young children diagnosed with cow�s milk protein allergy. An improvement in digestive symptomatology during the status period of the disease was observed, especially in what diarrheal stools are concerned as their incidence has decreased. In fact, gastroesophageal reflux is the most common manifestation in infants and children with CMPA, while mean acute otitis is present only in a small number of patients. In conclusion we can say that a good knowledge of the clinicopathological features in children with allergy to cow�s milk proteins allows a superior therapeutic attitude and ensures a normal life for children and infants suffering from this type of allergy.

scholarly journals Interferon-Mediated Response to Human Metapneumovirus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ifeanyi Uche ◽  
Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Human Metapneumovirus ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Commercial Vaccine ◽  
Hmpv Infection ◽  
In Infants And Children

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases in infants and children worldwide. Although this pathogen infects mainly young children, elderly and immunocompromised people can be also seriously affected. To date, there is no commercial vaccine available against it. Upon HMPV infection, the host innate arm of defense produces interferons (IFNs), which are critical for limiting HMPV replication. In this review, we offer an updated landscape of the HMPV mediated-IFN response in different models as well as some of the defense tactics employed by the virus to circumvent IFN response.

scholarly journals Determination of aflatoxin M1 and deoxynivalenol biomarkers in infants and children urines from Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 3775-3786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurshad Ali ◽  
M. Manirujjaman ◽  
Sohel Rana ◽  
Gisela H. Degen
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
Current Maximum ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
In Infants And Children

Abstract The mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are found worldwide in crops and dietary staples. The prevalence and levels of these contaminants can vary greatly, and data in Bangladeshi food commodities are scarce. To characterize human exposure, we have conducted biomonitoring, analyzing AFM1 (a metabolite of AFB1) and DON levels in urines of adult cohorts in Bangladesh. Yet, AFM1 and DON occurrence has not been studied in the very young population of this country. Thus, the same methods, HPLC-FD for AFM1 and LC–MS/MS for DON analysis, were now applied to determine these biomarkers in urines of infants (n = 49) and young children (n = 105) in Rajshahi and Dhaka district. Overall, AFM1 and DON detection frequency was 43.5% and 33.4%, with 34.7% and 11.5% in infant and 47.6% and 39.4% in children urines, respectively. The mean AFM1 levels in all infants (9.1 ± 14.3, max 55.6 pg/mL) and children (8.8 ± 12.9, max 75.3 pg/mL) were not significantly different. The AFM1 mean level was slightly higher in Dhaka (9.4 ± 12.4) compared to Rajshahi (8.5 ± 13.9 pg/mL) district. The average DON level was about 2-fold higher in infant (3.8 ± 2.9, max 6.8 ng/mL) than children urines (1.6 ± 1.8, max 8.6 ng/mL), and higher in Rajshahi (2.1 ± 2.3 ng/mL) than Dhaka (1.4 ± 1.6 ng/mL) district. The biomarker-based estimated average daily DON intake (29.6 ± 108.3 ng/kg bw in infants and 36.4 ± 81.8 ng/kg bw in children) or the maximum exposure (560 ng/kg bw) do not exceed the current maximum provisional tolerable daily intake value of 1 µg/kg bw for DON, although DON exposure in infants and children is higher than that of Bangladeshi adults. The AFM1 urine levels in young children are somewhat lower than those found previously in adult cohorts in Bangladesh, but the frequent detection of this biomarker for AFB1 exposure raises further concerns, also for this vulnerable part of the population. Therefore, continuous surveillance for aflatoxins in Bangladeshi food commodities is clearly required, first to identify major sources of intake and then to reduce exposure.

Needles for Percutaneous Renal Biopsy in Infants and Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
Jack Metcoff
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Renal Biopsy ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Adult Type ◽  
Biopsy Needle ◽  
Percutaneous Renal Biopsy ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
In Infants And Children ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The thin musculature and relatively small kidneys of infants and young children do not readily accommodate the rather heavy percutaneous renal biopsy needle with its large, projecting, cutting blades, which has been used with relative safety and success in adults. For use in children, the reduction in length of the adult-type needle usually is accomplished by shortening the length of the shaft. This is done by removing a segment at the end opposite to the cutting blades, without diminishing the projection of these blades. The weight of the Franklin-Silverman small version, commercially available, is about 17 gm. The cutting blades project about 22 mm.

Safeguarding Our Nation’s Children: The Diagnosis, Management, and Containment of Smallpox in Infants and Children

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tener Goodwin Veenema
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Care Response ◽  
Significant Health ◽  
In Infants And Children

Smallpox continues to be a major national health concern as it poses the most serious bioterrorist threat to the US population at this time. Due to similarities in clinical presentation, smallpox may easily be confused with varicella (chickenpox) in young children. Management of a large-scale outbreak of smallpox in young children would require an intensive health care response. In addition, the current debate concerning potential revisions to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) interim guidelines for vaccination against smallpox has significant health implications for high-risk children and infants. As such, the diagnosis, management, and containment of smallpox in infants and children deserve special consideration.

Understanding Limited Use of Amplification in Infants and Children Who Are Hard of Hearing

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan W. McCreery ◽  
Elizabeth A. Walker ◽  
Meredith Spratford
Keyword(s):  
Hard Of Hearing ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
In Infants And Children

The effectiveness of amplification for infants and children can be mediated by how much the child uses the device. Existing research suggests that establishing hearing aid use can be challenging. A wide range of factors can influence hearing aid use in children, including the child's age, degree of hearing loss, and socioeconomic status. Audiological interventions, including using validated prescriptive approaches and verification, performing on-going training and orientation, and communicating with caregivers about hearing aid use can also increase hearing aid use by infants and children. Case examples are used to highlight the factors that influence hearing aid use. Potential management strategies and future research needs are also discussed.

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