scholarly journals Isolation of Microbes Associated With Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Keypads Studied at Rumuokoro Port Harcourt, Rivers State

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
B. C. Anele ◽  
I. M. Ikeh ◽  
H. O. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

The keypads of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are subjected to several microbial contaminations due to their large dermal contact by numerous users and different personal hygiene practice. The study investigated the bacterial diversity and level of contamination obtainable on the ATM keypads during transactions and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of the isolates. The population of culturable bacterial isolates was determined by plating. Isolates were characterized culturally, morphologically and biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. The total culturable heterotrophic bacterial counts ranssged from 5.23 to 9.25 log cfu/g. The bacterial identified and frequency of occurrence is Staphylococcus aureus (17.5%), Escherichia coli (22.5%), Bacillus spp (17.5%), Salmonella spp (10.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0%), Proteus spp (7.5%) and Klebsiella spp (15.0%) respectively. Staphylococcus aureus were more susceptible to Chloramphenicol (37mm) and were more resistant to Rifampicin (00mm) and Levofloxacin (00mm) respectively. The Gram negative isolates in the study were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin and more resistant to ceporex, nalidixic acid, septrin and ampicillin respectively.  The highest gram negative isolates that showed more susceptible to all the used gram negative antibiotics were Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp while the lowest were Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp respectively. The study has revealed that bacterial contamination on ATM keypads is of health significance and could result to public health challenges if not properly managed. Therefore, adequate hand- washing hygienic practices and cleaning agents are advocated towards reducing the related ill- health among ATM users.

scholarly journals Bacterial pathogens isolated from currency notes circulating amongst live-bird marketers in Damaturu and Potiskum, Yobe State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Live Bird ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus

Bacterial contamination of currency notes is of veterinary and public health importance because contaminated notes could serve as vector for the spread of pathogenic and perhaps multidrug resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial contaminants found in various denominations of the Nigerian currency circulating among live-bird vendors in Yobe State, Nigeria. Three hundred and twenty (320) currency notes of all denominations were collected from the marketers for investigation. All samples were screened for bacterial pathogens according to standard techniques. The disc diffusion method was used to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of each of the isolated bacterial species against twelve antimicrobial drugs. The result showed that the higher denominations (N1000 - N100) were contaminated by Bacillus spp, (48.2 %), Eischerchiia coli ((13.5 %), Klebsiella spp (6.4 %) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.0%), Salmonella spp (0.7%), Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (17.0%), and Streptococcus spp (9.2%) while the lower denominations (N50 - N5) were contaminated by Bacillus spp (37.1%), coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%,), E. coli (14.6 %), Klebsiella spp (5.1 %), P. aeruginosa (6.7%), Salmonella spp (7.3%) and Streptococcus spp (10.1%). All the isolated bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline. Ciprofloxacin had the greatest activity followed by nitrofurantoin, neomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. The present study revealed that Naira notes circulating among live-bird marketers were contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. It is recommended that live-bird traders should observe strict personal and environmental hygiene while engaging in their daily transaction to forestall any public health threat that may arise from transmission of disease pathogens from the legal tender of transaction in the market.

Antibiogram of Gram Negative Uropathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-84
Author(s):  
Milind Davane ◽  
Sanjivani Mundhe
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Globally, urinary tract infection (UTI) is considered a major public health concern and the second most common bacterial infection affecting individuals of different ages worldwide. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by multiplicity of microorganisms. The chronicity of different bacterial isolates and their propensity to various antibiotics may differ widely, particularly in hospitalized patients, that makes the study of susceptibility pattern mandatory for a proper selection of antibiotics. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the Gram negative organisms isolated from urine cultures of hospitalized patients. Material and Methods: A total of 500 urine samples from hospitalized patients which showed significant bacteriuria were studied. Samples were inoculated on Blood agar and MacConckey agar. Further identification and study of organisms was done by standard Microbiological methods. Antimicrobial Susceptibility pattern was studied by Modified Kirby- Bauer’s disc diffusion method with the panel of 15 drugs as per Clinical Laboratories Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results: UTIs were found more common in females 290 (58%). Commonest organism found was Escherichia coli 260 (52%) followed by Klebsiella spp. 120 (24%), Pseudomonas spp. 40 (8%), Proteus spp. 38 (7.6%), Citrobacter spp. 25 (5%) and Acinetobacter spp. 17 (3.4%). Majority of the strains were found sensitive to nitrofurantoin followed by amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam and cotrimoxazole. Commonly prescribed fluroquinolones were found least effective for treatment of UTI. All the strains were found sensitive to imipenem. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) was noted in E.coli and in Klebsiella spp. Conclusion: To discourage the indiscriminate use of antibiotics and to prevent further development of bacterial drug resistance, proper knowledge of susceptibility pattern of uropathogens in particular area is very important before prescribing any empirical antibiotic therapy.

scholarly journals Aerobacterial Vaginosis among Women Attending an Infertility Clinic at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Chennai, India and Susceptibility Pattern of Isolates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail R. Sopia ◽  
Pushpa Innocent D. Joseph ◽  
M. Kalyani ◽  
B. Ananthi ◽  
Suresh Dhanaraj ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative

Genital infections and subsequent vaginosis diagnosed through high vaginal swab in women is caused due to fungi or bacteria. The presented study focused on determining the types, numbers and antibacterial susceptibility pattern of aerobic bacteria causing vaginosis in 147 female patients attending infertility centre in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Candida spp. caused 17% of infections with 15.7% of vaginosis caused by E.coli, Klebsiella spp., Acinetobacter spp., Citrobacter spp. and Gram positive cocci – Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), Coagulase Negative Staphylococci(CONS), Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. causing 12.9% of vaginitis in the study population. A total of 20 different antibiotics – cell wall inhibitors, protein synthesis inhibitors and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors; were tested to determine the response of bacterial isolates by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The study result determined that the most effective drug for treating Gram positive bacterial vaginitis as per CLSI guidelines based on susceptibility pattern as: Linezolid(100%), Gentamycin(91.6%), Amikacin(87.5%),Erythromycin(79.2%), Co-Trimoxazole(72.2%), Ciprofloxacin(65.6%) and least Chloramphenicol(44.3%). High level gentamycin(83.3%) was found to be effective in treating Enterococci. The descending order of susceptibility of Gram negative aerobacteria causing vaginitis as per CLSI guidelines are: Amikacin(87.5%), Gentamycin(82.5%), Cefoperazone sulbactam (76.3%), Ciprofloxacin(68.5%), Ceftazidime(62.5%) and least Amoxyclav(25%).All Gram negative bacteria tested were susceptible to– Imipenem and Meropenem as well as Chloramphenicol. Ceftriaxone (87.5%) and Nitrofurantoin(72.3%) among other antibiotics was effective against Gram negative bacteria while all Enterobacteriaceae members were found to be resistant to tetracycline.

scholarly journals ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE DUNG AND ITS CONTAMINATED SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
I. S. Obuekwe ◽  
C. K. Offodile
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Bacillus Spp

  Cattle dung is used as organic fertilizer and alternative source of fuel or biogas but could also be a source of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. This study isolated, identified and assessed antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria from cattle dung and its contaminated soil. Bacteria isolation and identification were based on standard techniques while hemolytic activity was used to confirm potential pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated pathogens were assayed by disk diffusion method. Among isolated bacteria, Staphylococcus spp had highest occurrence of 23.8 % while Micrococcus spp was the least at 1.3 %. Hemolytic bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (16.5 %), Bacillus spp (17.4 %), Nocardia spp (4.6 %), Escherichia coli (29.4 %), Pseudomonas spp (13.8 %), Serratia marcersens (2.8 %) and Salmonella spp (15.6 %). High resistance (100 %) against Ampiclox (30 µg) was observed in all Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp isolates while Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed 100 % resistance to Ofloxacin (30 µg). Most Gram-positive bacterial isolates were majorly resistant to Beta lactams while Gram negative bacteria were resistant to Fluoroquinolones antibiotics. Multiple antibiotics resistant index (MARI) was measured at greater than 0.2, and was observed in 71.5 % of the hemolytic pathogens. Antibiotics resistance in hemolytic bacterial pathogens from this study is indicative of environmental sources of antibiotic resistance and possible adverse effects on human health.

scholarly journals Antibacterial effect of nettle (Urtica dioica)

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Salih
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

The antibacterial activity of aqueous and 95% ethanol extracts of nettle leaf was tested against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients by the agar well diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus Subtillus, Proteus spp. Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were used. The results indicate that both extracts showed different antibacterial activities which were in favor of ethanolic extract because of more solubility of active ingredient in ethanol than in water. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtillus, and Salmonella spp. showed the highest susceptibility to nettle extracts antibacterial effect, while E coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus were less susceptible. The only clear resistant bacteria isolate was Klebsiella spp.

scholarly journals Culture and sensitivity patterns of bacteriological agents in children admitted to a tertiary care hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Samia Naz ◽  
Asma Mushtaq ◽  
Sobia Qamar ◽  
Nazeela Zia ◽  
Aisha Iftikhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Body Fluids ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Culture from various infected body fluids is one of the commonly used investigations to establish the etiology of infections and helps clinicians to select appropriate antimicrobial therapy. This study is aimed to determine the culture and sensitivity patterns of bacteriological agents grown in children admitted to a tertiary care center. Patients and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Pediatric Medicine, The Children’s Hospital and the Institute of Child Health, Lahore from April 2019 to December 2019. All admitted children of age £ 15 years who fulfilled the criteria of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis were enrolled in the study. Blood and other body fluids were cultured in appropriate medium as indicated. Profile of microorganisms grown and their sensitivity patterns were noted and recorded on a predesigned data sheet. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS v.22. Results: A total of 500 patients were enrolled in the study. Eighty-three of them (16.6%) had growth of different microorganisms on culture and were further analyzed. Total 58 of these 83 (69.87%) were <5 years of age, Male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Blood culture was positive in 36 patients (43.37%). Cultures from throat swabs, sputum and tracheal secretions showed growth of organisms in 15 (18.10%), while cerebrospinal fluid culture was positive in 14 (16.87%) and urine culture in 11 (13.25%). Microorganism isolated were: Klebsiella spp. (15.66%), Salmonella spp. (14.45%), Escherichia coli (13.25%), Staphylococcus aureus (12.04%), Acinetobacter (12.04%), Streptococcus pyogenes (10.84%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.84%), Enterobacter spp. (7.23%) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.61%). Klebsiella spp. and E. coli showed resistant to various antibiotics including penicillin, co-amoxiclav, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolones and nalidixic acid. Salmonella spp. was mostly sensitive to meropenem and azithromycin. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to cephalosporin, amikacin, vancomycin and linezolid. Conclusion: Commonest micro-organism isolated were Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Resistance to commonly used antibiotics was observed in most cultures, which is a whistle blower against inappropriate use of these drugs.

scholarly journals Susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de cepas aisladas de muestras clínicas en el laboratorio del Hospital General Dr. Liborio Panchana Sotomayor

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Patricia Suárez González
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Hospital Patients ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Santa Elena ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

    La causa principal de la resistencia es el abuso de los antimicrobianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la resistencia antimicrobiana en aislamientos bacterianos de muestras biológicas de pacientes que acuden al hospital de Santa Elena (Ecuador) en 2017. Se efectuó un estudio retrospectivo correspondiente a los principales agentes infecciosos aislados de muestras de pacientes del área de la Península de Santa Elena. Las cepas aisladas fueron analizadas por el método difusión Kirby-Bauer. Escherichia coli se destacó como principal agente causal, seguida por Klebsiella spp. Se aislaron en mayor proporción de infecciones del tracto urinario tanto en pacientes hospitalarios como la comunidad. En el caso de los aislamientos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa provinieron de exudados óticos en pacientes ambulatorios, mientras que en pacientes hospitalizados se aislaron de muestras de aspirados traqueales. Staphylococcus aureus fue identificado en muestras de hemocultivo.   Palabras clave: Escherichia coli, sensibilidad, antibióticos, betalactamasas.   Abstract The main cause of resistance is the abuse of antimicrobials. The objective of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance in bacterial isolates from biological samples of patients who attended the Santa Elena hospital (Ecuador) in 2017. A retrospective study was carried out corresponding to the main infectious agents isolated from samples of patients in the area of the Santa Elena Peninsula. The isolated strains were analyzed by the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method. Escherichia coli stood out as the main causative agent, followed by Klebsiella spp. They were isolated in a higher proportion of urinary tract infections both in hospital patients and in the community. In the case of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, they came from otic exudates in outpatients, while in hospitalized patients they were isolated from tracheal aspirate samples. Staphylococcus aureus was identified in blood culture samples.   Keywords: Escherichia coli, sensitivity, antibiotics, beta-lactamases.

scholarly journals Isolation and antimicrobial testing of Aeromonas spp., Citrobacter spp., Cronobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia spp., Klebsiella spp., and Trabulsiella spp. from the gallbladder of pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
GRAMMATO EVANGELOPOULOU ◽  
GEORGIOS FILIOUSSIS ◽  
SPYRIDON KRITAS ◽  
MARIA KANTERE ◽  
ANGELIKI R. BURRIEL
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Very High

The presence of Gram-negative bacteria species, other than Salmonella spp., in the gallbladder of pigs was examined. Isolated Gram-negative bacteria were assigned to species using the Microgen™ GnA+B-ID Systems. Of the 64 isolated strains 43 were identified as Escherichia coli, seven as Enterobacter spp., three each as Klebsiella spp., Citrobacterfreundii, Aeromonas hydrophila and Cronobacter sakazakii and one each as Escherichiafergusonii and Trabulsiella guamensis. Their antibiograms showed very high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. It was concluded that the pigs' gallbladder is a reservoir of potentially pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria for pork consumers.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile, Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Predictors of bacteremia among Children with Bloodstream Infection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samina Nazir Chaki ◽  
Levina Msuya ◽  
Deborah Mchaile ◽  
Michael Johnson Mahande ◽  
Ronald Mwitalemi Mbwasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative

Abstract Background: Bloodstream infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality among children in Sub-Saharan countries. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of bacteremia, etiological agents’ antibiotic susceptibility pattern and predictors of bacteremia among children with bloodstream Infection.Methodology: This hospital-based cross-section study involved children aged two months to thirteen years. All children meeting the inclusion criteria during the study period were enrolled. All consenting parents were interviewed via a questionnaire to collect data, followed by a thorough physical assessment and venipuncture was done to collect blood samples. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23.Results: Among 242 study participants, 154(63.6%) were male and blood cultures were positive in 37(15.3%). Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria constituted 32(80%) and 8(20%), respectively. The frequent pathogen found was Staphylococcus aureus 25(62.5%), followed by Enterococcus spp. 4(10%), Escherichia coli 4(10%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3(7.5%), Streptococcus pyogenes 3(7.5%) and 1(2.5%) Klebsiella pneumonia. The majority of bacterial isolates showed high resistance to commonly used antibiotics in the study area. Predictors of bacteremia were severe malnutrition, hydrocephalus, hyperglycemia, lethargy and BSI with no foci of infection. Conclusion: Prevalence of bacteremia was 15.3%. Gram-positive bacteria were more prevalent than gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the prevalent isolates causing BSI. Effective antibiotics for both gram-negative & gram-positive organisms are imipenem, meropenem and piperacillin-tazobactam followed by amikacin; vancomycin & clindamycin for gram-positive organisms. To curb the growing antimicrobial resistance that we see in this and other studies, continuous antimicrobial stewardship is necessary, else we risk failing to treat BSI.

scholarly journals Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Obstinate Biofilm Producers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Govinda Maharjan ◽  
Priyatam Khadka ◽  
Gomik Siddhi Shilpakar ◽  
Ganesh Chapagain ◽  
Guna Raj Dhungana
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanate

Background. Biofilms, or colonies of uropathogen growing on the surface of indwelling medical devices, can inflict obstinate or recurring infection, thought-provoking antimicrobial therapy.Methods. This prospective analysis included 105 urine samples from catheterized patients receiving intensive care. Ensuing phenotypic identification, antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by modified Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines; MDR isolates were identified according to the combined guidelines of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Biofilm-forming uropathogens were detected by the tissue culture plate (TCA) method.Results. The predominant uropathogen in catheter-associated UTIs (CAUTIs) wasEscherichia coli57%, followed byKlebsiella pneumonia15%,Pseudomonas aeruginosa12%,Staphylococcus aureus8%,Enterobacterspp. 3%,Enterococcus faecalis,Acinetobacterspp., andProteus mirabilis1.5%, of which 46% isolates were biofilm producers. Prime biofilm producers wereEscherichia coli33%, followed byKlebsiella pneumoniae30%,Pseudomonas aeruginosa20%,Staphylococcus aureus10%,Acinetobacter, andEnterobacter3.33%. Multidrug resistance associated with biofilm producers were greater than biofilm nonproducers. The Gram-negative biofilm producers found 96.15%, 80.76%, 73.07%, 53.84%, 53.84%, 46.15%, 19.23%, and 11.5% resistant to amoxyclave, ceftazidime, tetracycline, gentamicin, meropenem, nitrofurantoin, amikacin, imipenem, and fosfomycin, respectively. Gram-positive biofilm producers, however, were found 100% resistant to tetracycline, cloxacillin, and amoxyclave: 66.67% resistant to ampicillin while 33.33% resistant to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin.Conclusion. High antimicrobial resistance was observed in biofilm producers than non-biofilm producers. Of recommended antimicrobial therapies for CAUTIs, ampicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate were the least active antibiotics, whereas piperacillin/tazobactam and imipenem were found as the most effectual for gram-negative biofilm producer. Likewise, amoxicillin-clavulanate and tetracycline were the least active antibiotics, whereas vancomycin, fosfomycin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and meropenem were found as the most effective antibiotic for Gram-positive biofilm producer. In the limelight, the activity fosfomycin was commendable against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative biofilm producers.

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