scholarly journals Bacterial pathogens isolated from currency notes circulating amongst live-bird marketers in Damaturu and Potiskum, Yobe State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Klebsiella Spp ◽  
Live Bird ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus

Bacterial contamination of currency notes is of veterinary and public health importance because contaminated notes could serve as vector for the spread of pathogenic and perhaps multidrug resistant bacteria. The aim of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial contaminants found in various denominations of the Nigerian currency circulating among live-bird vendors in Yobe State, Nigeria. Three hundred and twenty (320) currency notes of all denominations were collected from the marketers for investigation. All samples were screened for bacterial pathogens according to standard techniques. The disc diffusion method was used to assess the antibiotic susceptibility of each of the isolated bacterial species against twelve antimicrobial drugs. The result showed that the higher denominations (N1000 - N100) were contaminated by Bacillus spp, (48.2 %), Eischerchiia coli ((13.5 %), Klebsiella spp (6.4 %) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.0%), Salmonella spp (0.7%), Coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (17.0%), and Streptococcus spp (9.2%) while the lower denominations (N50 - N5) were contaminated by Bacillus spp (37.1%), coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%,), E. coli (14.6 %), Klebsiella spp (5.1 %), P. aeruginosa (6.7%), Salmonella spp (7.3%) and Streptococcus spp (10.1%). All the isolated bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline. Ciprofloxacin had the greatest activity followed by nitrofurantoin, neomycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. The present study revealed that Naira notes circulating among live-bird marketers were contaminated by pathogenic bacteria. It is recommended that live-bird traders should observe strict personal and environmental hygiene while engaging in their daily transaction to forestall any public health threat that may arise from transmission of disease pathogens from the legal tender of transaction in the market.

scholarly journals ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM CATTLE DUNG AND ITS CONTAMINATED SOIL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-83
Author(s):  
I. S. Obuekwe ◽  
C. K. Offodile
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Bacillus Spp

  Cattle dung is used as organic fertilizer and alternative source of fuel or biogas but could also be a source of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment. This study isolated, identified and assessed antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria from cattle dung and its contaminated soil. Bacteria isolation and identification were based on standard techniques while hemolytic activity was used to confirm potential pathogenic bacteria. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolated pathogens were assayed by disk diffusion method. Among isolated bacteria, Staphylococcus spp had highest occurrence of 23.8 % while Micrococcus spp was the least at 1.3 %. Hemolytic bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (16.5 %), Bacillus spp (17.4 %), Nocardia spp (4.6 %), Escherichia coli (29.4 %), Pseudomonas spp (13.8 %), Serratia marcersens (2.8 %) and Salmonella spp (15.6 %). High resistance (100 %) against Ampiclox (30 µg) was observed in all Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus spp isolates while Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates showed 100 % resistance to Ofloxacin (30 µg). Most Gram-positive bacterial isolates were majorly resistant to Beta lactams while Gram negative bacteria were resistant to Fluoroquinolones antibiotics. Multiple antibiotics resistant index (MARI) was measured at greater than 0.2, and was observed in 71.5 % of the hemolytic pathogens. Antibiotics resistance in hemolytic bacterial pathogens from this study is indicative of environmental sources of antibiotic resistance and possible adverse effects on human health.

scholarly journals Isolation of Microbes Associated With Automated Teller Machine (ATM) Keypads Studied at Rumuokoro Port Harcourt, Rivers State

2021 ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
B. C. Anele ◽  
I. M. Ikeh ◽  
H. O. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

The keypads of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are subjected to several microbial contaminations due to their large dermal contact by numerous users and different personal hygiene practice. The study investigated the bacterial diversity and level of contamination obtainable on the ATM keypads during transactions and antibiotics susceptibility pattern of the isolates. The population of culturable bacterial isolates was determined by plating. Isolates were characterized culturally, morphologically and biochemically. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method. The total culturable heterotrophic bacterial counts ranssged from 5.23 to 9.25 log cfu/g. The bacterial identified and frequency of occurrence is Staphylococcus aureus (17.5%), Escherichia coli (22.5%), Bacillus spp (17.5%), Salmonella spp (10.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0%), Proteus spp (7.5%) and Klebsiella spp (15.0%) respectively. Staphylococcus aureus were more susceptible to Chloramphenicol (37mm) and were more resistant to Rifampicin (00mm) and Levofloxacin (00mm) respectively. The Gram negative isolates in the study were susceptible to ciprofloxacin and gentamycin and more resistant to ceporex, nalidixic acid, septrin and ampicillin respectively.  The highest gram negative isolates that showed more susceptible to all the used gram negative antibiotics were Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp while the lowest were Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp respectively. The study has revealed that bacterial contamination on ATM keypads is of health significance and could result to public health challenges if not properly managed. Therefore, adequate hand- washing hygienic practices and cleaning agents are advocated towards reducing the related ill- health among ATM users.

scholarly journals Antibacterial effect of nettle (Urtica dioica)

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Salih
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

The antibacterial activity of aqueous and 95% ethanol extracts of nettle leaf was tested against some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria isolated from hospitalized patients by the agar well diffusion method. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Bacillus Subtillus, Proteus spp. Salmonella spp. and Pseudomonas spp. were used. The results indicate that both extracts showed different antibacterial activities which were in favor of ethanolic extract because of more solubility of active ingredient in ethanol than in water. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtillus, and Salmonella spp. showed the highest susceptibility to nettle extracts antibacterial effect, while E coli, Pseudomonas and Proteus were less susceptible. The only clear resistant bacteria isolate was Klebsiella spp.

scholarly journals Determination of the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and S. aureus in meat products by Real-Time PCR and testing their antibiotic susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (06) ◽  
pp. 6533-2021
Author(s):  
REYHAN IRKIN ◽  
BERKAY BOZKURT ◽  
GULENDAM TUMEN
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

From a public health point of view meat products contain high pathogenic risk factors. This is because they can be contaminated with Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms, and, more importantly, antibiotic resistance has been reported in these microorganisms at an increasing frequency. To examine the presence of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in samples of raw and semi-cooked (chicken doner, meat doner, chicken, beef, and lamb products) meat from markets of Izmir and Balikesir, Turkey were analysed. The presence of microorganisms in the samples was determined by Real-Time PCR method using Salmonella spp. and S. aureus specific primers. Following Real-Time PCR, microorganisms were isolated by selective culture methods and biochemical tests from the positive meat samples and tested for their antibiotic susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Method. The antibiotic disc diffusion method showed that S. aureus was resistant to penicillin G, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin, whereas Salmonella spp. was resistant to penicillin G, sulfamethoxazole, erythromycin, and ampicillin. As these products are consumed frequently, their contamination with S. aureus (≥ 5 × 103 cfu/g) and Salmonella spp. can be a risk factor for food poisoning. The contamination of meat products’ with S. aureus and Salmonella spp. can be a risk factor for public health and the antibiotics to be preferred in illness treatment are of critical importance.

scholarly journals Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Delia Gambino ◽  
Sonia Sciortino ◽  
Sergio Migliore ◽  
Lucia Galuppo ◽  
Roberto Puleio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Low Prevalence

The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.

scholarly journals Detection of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Dairy Products and Anterior Nares of Dairy Workers

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 59-62
Author(s):  
Ranjana K.C. ◽  
Ganga Timilsina ◽  
Anjana Singh ◽  
Supriya Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Dairy Workers

Objectives: To isolate methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from anterior nares of dairy workers and dairy products and assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates. Methods: Swab samples collected from anterior nares of dairy workers and dairy product (butter) were inoculated into mannitol salt agar and incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Identification was done based on colony characteristics, Gram's staining, catalase, oxidase and coagulase test. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed by using cefoxitin disc. Results: A total of 109 S. aureus (98 from dairy workers and 11 from butter samples) were isolated. Out of them 32 MRSA were isolated from dairy workers and 4 from butter samples. The association between age group and MRSA was found insignificant (p = 0.115). The association of MRSA between male and female workers was found significant (>0.05). About 86% of the MRSA isolates were susceptible to Gentamicin (86.11%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (77.78%). Conclusion: Detection of MRSA among dairy workers and dairy products warrants proper handling and adequate control measures to prevent transmission of MRSA from dairy industry.

Investigation of the antimicrobial properties of nanoclay and chitosan based nanocomposite on the microbial characteristics of Gouda cheese

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Mohammadzadeh-Vazifeh ◽  
Seyed Masoud Hosseini ◽  
Ali Mohammadi ◽  
Mahdi Jahanfar ◽  
Hadi Maleki
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Chitosan Film ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Characteristics ◽  
Gouda Cheese ◽  
Mold And Yeast ◽  
Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus

  Background and Objectives: In recent years, active packaging has been introduced as a new method to better preserve food. Chitosan and nanoclay have been used for preparation of an active nanocomposite with respect to their antimicrobial properties to investigate its effects on the microbial limitation in Gouda cheese. Materials and Methods: Nanoclay film, chitosan film, chitosan-based nanocomposites and nanoclay-based nanocompos- ites were prepared and their antimicrobial properties were evaluated to the microbial limitations of Gouda cheese con- sist of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, mold and yeast by agar diffusion method. Results: The results indicated, the best antimicrobial effect belonged to nanocomposite film with the composition of chitosan 3 wt% by adding nanoclay 1 wt%, which can prevent microbial characteristics of Gouda cheese. Conclusion: The chitosan and nanoclay nanocomposite had excellent antibacterial activity and performed well against microbial limitations (coliforms, E. coli, Salmonella spp., coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, mold and yeast) of Gouda cheese. Therefore, the nanocomposite may be possibly used as a surface coating in addition to Gouda cheese as well as sim- ilar cheeses and other food to enhance microbial characteristics and extend shelf life.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Study of Otitis Media and Its Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabina Basnet ◽  
Sudarshan Sharma ◽  
Jid Chani Rana ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Shah
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Otitis Media is a prevailing and notorious infection in developing countries causing serious local damage and threating complication. Mainly in developing countries like Nepal, Otitis Media results because of illiteracy, poverty and poor hygiene. The aim of this study was to determine the profile of Otitis Media, its causative agents and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern.Methods: The study included 263 pus samples from 240 patients attending ENT department of Bharatpur hospital from May 2015 to January 2016. Samples were processed in microbiology department for bacteria using standard operating protocol. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed for all bacterial isolates by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and the results were interpreted according to clinical and laboratory standard institute (CLSI) guideline.Results: Out of 240 patients, 121 were female and 119 were male. Highest incidence of Otitis Media was observed in 1-10 year age group. Out of 263 samples taken from 240 patients, 216 showed bacterial growth. Gram negative bacteria predominated and the most common bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus 36.11% followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 33.33% and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci 8.08%. All bacterial isolates were sensitive to gentamycin. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to Amikacin and gentamycin. All gram negative bacterial isolates were sensitive to Imipenem and gentamycin. 100% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to Imipenem.Conclusions: Staphylococcus aureus was the most predominant organism isolated from the pus swab followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and all the isolated organisms were sensitive to Gentamycin.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella species and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens from farms, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Nelson Phiri ◽  
Geoffrey Mainda ◽  
Mercy Mukuma ◽  
Ntazana N. Sinyangwe ◽  
Luke J. Banda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Open Markets

Objective: Salmonella species and Escherichia coli are major bacterial enteropathogens of worldwide public health importance that cause devastating foodborne diseases, thereby contributing to increased human morbidity and mortality. Both pathogens have also been found to contribute towards the spread of antimicrobial resistance through the food chain, especially in poultry. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp. and E. coli in broiler chickens at farm level, abattoirs, and open markets in selected districts of Zambia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in seven districts of Zambia to determine the resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. and E. coli obtained from broiler chickens at farms, abattoirs, and open markets. A total of 470 samples were collected which include; litter, cloacal swabs, and carcass swabs. Samples were inoculated into buffered peptone water and incubated for 24 hours then sub-cultured onto MacConkey and Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar plates. Identification of Salmonella spp. and E. coli was done using the API-20E kit and confirmation by 16S rDNA sequencing. Confirmed isolates were tested against a panel of 09 antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Data analysis of the antibiotic sensitivity test results was done using WHONET 2018 software.Results: Overall, 4 Salmonella spp. and 280 E. coli were isolated. One of the Salmonella spp. was resistant to ampicillin (25%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (25%), and cefotaxime (25%). E. coli antibiotic resistance was highest to tetracycline (81.4%) and 100% susceptibility to imipenem. The antibiotic susceptibility profile revealed 75.7% (237/280) multidrug-resistant (MDR). The highest MDR profile was observed in 8.2% (23/280) isolates in which 6 out of the 9 classes of antibiotics tested were resistant. Out of the 280 isolates, 11.4% (32/280) exhibited Extensive Drug resistance (XDR).Conclusion: The study found antimicrobial resistance to E. coli and Salmonella spp. in market-ready broiler chickens which were resistant to important antibiotics and is of public health concern.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Short-Term Exposure to 2.4 GHz Radiofrequency Radiation Emitted from Wi-Fi Routers on the Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1580 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samad Amani ◽  
Mohammad Taheri ◽  
Mohammad Mehdi Movahedi ◽  
Mohammad Mohebi ◽  
Fatemeh Nouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Radiofrequency Radiation ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Background: Overuse of antibiotics is a cause of bacterial resistance. It is known that electromagnetic waves emitted from electrical devices can cause changes in biological systems. This study aimed at evaluating the effects of short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted from common Wi-Fi routers on changes in antibiotic sensitivity to opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: Standard strains of bacteria were prepared in this study. Antibiotic susceptibility test, based on the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, was carried out in Mueller-Hinton agar plates. Two different antibiotic susceptibility tests for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were conducted after exposure to 2.4-GHz radiofrequency radiation. The control group was not exposed to radiation. Results: Our findings revealed that by increasing the duration of exposure to electromagnetic waves at a frequency of 2.4 GHz, bacterial resistance increased against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, especially after 24 hours (P<0.05). Conclusion: The use of electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 2.4 GHz can be a suitable method for infection control and treatment. [GMJ.2020;9:e1580]

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