scholarly journals PSIX-17 Investigation of rumen starch and protein degradation kinetics in relation to corn processed by super-conditioned pelleting, extruding and puffing

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
Atieh - Rahimi ◽  
Abbasali Naserian ◽  
Reza Valizadeh ◽  
Abdolmansour Tahmasebi ◽  
Hesam Dehghani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Melting Zone ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Conditioning Temperature ◽  
Corn Processing

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the rumen dry matter (DM), starch and protein degradation kinetics of an Iranian corn grain (single crass 702) processed using different thermal processing methods including 1) grinding (G, 2mm), 2) super-conditioned pelleting (SCP; moisture 20%, retention time 6 min and conditioning temperature 95°C), 3) puffing (PUF; puffing temperature 200°C, hot air velocity 25 m/s, feed rate 100 g/m) and 4) extruding (EX; moisture 20%, temperature of melting zone 75°C and die zone 125°C and time 150s). Three lactating Holstein cows fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. Samples were incubated into the rumen for 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 h. Rumen degradation kinetics were fitted based on equations. Data were analyzed by GLM procedure of SAS (P < 0.05) using a completely randomized design with 6 replications for every treatment. Rapidly soluble fraction (a) and fractional rate constant (c) of DM were higher (P < 0.01) in PUF and EX corns than SCP. The lowest (P < 0.05) slowly degradable fraction (b) of DM was found in SCP. The highest (P < 0.01) effective rumen degradability of DM (ERDM), starch (ERDS) and protein (ERDP) were observed in the EX, followed by PUF, SCP and G corns. Fraction a of starch and protein was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in EX, PUF and SCP than G. The rate of degradability (c) of starch, DM and protein in EX and PUF were similar and higher (P < 0.01) than SCP and G, but c for starch in EX was greater (P < 0.01) than PUF and fallowed by SCP and G corns. In conclusion, the super-conditioning of corn as a new method of corn processing increased rapidly soluble fraction starch similar to PUF and EX corns and effective rumen degradability of starch was significantly increased in SCP corn.

scholarly journals In situ rumen degradation of kernels from short-season corn silage hybrids as affected by processing1,2

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 428-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan L Miorin ◽  
Lucia Holtshausen ◽  
Vern Baron ◽  
Karen A Beauchemin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Passage Rate ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Short Season

Abstract The objective of this in situ study was to evaluate the rumen degradability of kernels from short-season corn hybrids grown for silage in Western Canada (Lacombe, AB) and determine whether decreasing kernel particle size would enhance ruminal degradability in a similar manner for all hybrids. The study was a completely randomized design with 3 beef cows (replicates) and a 6 (hybrid) × 3 (particle size) factorial arrangement of treatments. Kernels were processed to generate three different particle sizes: large (2.3 mm), medium (1.4 mm), and small (0.7 mm). Processed samples were incubated in the rumen for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h using the in situ method and degradation kinetics of DM and starch were determined. Effective rumen degradability (ED) was estimated using a passage rate of 0.04 (ED4), 0.06 (ED6), and 0.08/h (ED8). Hybrids exhibited a range in whole plant DM content (23.7 to 25.0%), starch content (15.9 to 28.1% DM), kernel hardness (21.9 to 34.4 s/20 g) and density (3.57 to 4.18 g/mL), and prolamin content (8.24 to 11.34 g/100 g starch). Differences in digestion kinetics among hybrids were generally more pronounced for starch than DM. The hybrids differed in starch degradability (P < 0.05), with earlier maturing hybrids having lower A fraction, lower kd, and lower ED, with hybrid effects on ED being accentuated with faster passage rate. Kernel DM content (r = −0.85, −0.87), hardness (r = −0.89, −0.86), and density (r = −0.84, −0.85) were negatively correlated with ED4 and ED8 of starch, respectively, due mainly to decreased kd of fraction B. Reducing the particle size of kernels increased ED of starch due to increased A fraction and kd of the B fraction. A tendency (P = 0.09) for hybrid × processing effects for ED6 and ED8 indicated that processing had greater effects on increasing ED of starch for earlier maturing hybrids. We conclude that short-season hybrids that mature early may have lower ED of DM and starch and would benefit from prolonged ensilage time. Kernel processing during silage making is recommended for short-season corn hybrids as a means of enhancing rumen availability of starch.

Use of an in vitro gas production method to study kinetics of rumen dry matter degradation of forages

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
M. S. Dhanoa ◽  
J. C. Tanner ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
M. K. Theodorou ◽  
H. M. Winugroho
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Exponential Model ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Dry Matter Degradation ◽  
Kinetics Of

In addition to assessing rate and extent of gas production from fermenting forages in vitro with rumen micro-organisms, gas production methods (e.g. Theodorou et at, 1994) may be used also to study the degradation kinetics of forage dry matter and its fractions. As the substrate dry matter can be lost only through fermentation or solution, this removes the error inherent in the polyester bag method caused by fine particle losses from bags being deemed part of the ‘soluble’ fraction.The pressure transducer technique (PTT) of Theodorou et al. (1994) was used to measure gas production from nine tropical forage samples (Table 1). Nine bottles were prepared from each of the forage samples. Two bottles of each forage were harvested after 8, 24 and 48 h of incubation and a further three bottles at 72 h, to determine dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) losses. The same nine forages were assessed using the polyester bag method (Mehrez and Ørskov, 1977) to obtain DM and OM disappearance after rumen incubations of 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. The soluble fraction was determined by hand washing. The reproducibility of measured losses, at given times, was examined using concordance (rc) correlation (Lin, 1989) and mean square prediction error (MSPE, Bibby and Toutenberg, 1977). Also the simple exponential model was used to estimate the fractional rate of DM degradation (kd) and asymptote A (%) for each forage and the values obtained using PTT (kd,ptt) and in situ (kd,bag) compared using rc and MSPE.

scholarly journals Effect of protein secondary structures in mixed feedstuff detected by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on ruminal protein degradation kinetics

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
D. Liu ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
G. Zhang ◽  
P. Zhang ◽  
P. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Secondary Structure ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Spectral Feature ◽  
Protein Secondary Structure ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Rumen Degradation

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the protein secondary structure and the protein rumen degradation kinetics and the protein fractions of mixed feedstuffs of soybean meal with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at five mixed ratios (DDGS to soybean meal: 100 : 0, 70 : 30, 50 : 50, 30 : 70, 0 : 100). The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) as a novel and cheap approach was used to detect the protein secondary structure, and the in situ nylon bag method was used to measure degradation kinetics of protein. Protein fractions were classified based on the Cornell net carbohydrate protein system. The results showed that (1) with the increasing soybean meal rate, the ruminal degraded protein and fractions of PB1 and PB2 were changed, (2) a higher α-helix to β-sheet ratio could result in a higher ruminally degraded protein, lower PB3 and PC, and higher PB1 and PB2 fractions in the feedstuff. So, mixing processing changed the feedstuff protein molecular structure spectral feature, which could influence the rumen degradation kinetics and protein fractions. It was inferred that protein degradation rate in mixed feedstuff can be measured by FTIR.

scholarly journals Comparison of Chemical Composition and Rumen Degradation Kinetics of Three Forages: Whole Plant Barley, Whole Plant Foxtail Millet and Grass-Legume Hay

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
H. A. Lardner ◽  
R. Kumar ◽  
E. Darambazar ◽  
D. Damiran ◽  
J. J. McKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Whole Plant

<p>The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and <em>in situ</em> rumen degradability of whole plant barley (<em>Hordeum vulgare</em>), whole plant foxtail millet (<em>Setaria italica</em>) and smooth bromegrass (<em>Bromus inermis</em> <em>Leyss</em>)-alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa </em>L.) (grass-legume) hay, collected during a companion field grazing study. Relative to grass-legume hay, barley and millet were higher (P = 0.05) in crude protein (CP) and soluble CP, and lower (P = 0.02) in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, neutral detergent insoluble CP, and acid detergent insoluble crude protein. The potentially undegradable fraction of CP averaged 32% lower for barley and millet, compared to grass-legume hay, while CP soluble fraction was 36 and 64% higher (P &lt; 0.05) for barley and millet, respectively, than for grass-legume hay. Millet had the highest NDF degradability (P = 0.03) and grass-legume hay the least. Barley and millet had greater (P = 0.02) effective degradability of dry matter (DM), CP, and NDF than grass-legume hay. Millet had the highest (P = 0.01) degradable and lowest undegradable fractions of DM and NDF, and lowest soluble fraction of NDF and rate of CP degradation (P &lt; 0.05). Results indicate that whole plant barley and millet have greater nutritive value than grass-legume hay and may be suitable annual forages for extensive grazing.</p>

Turnover of total proteins and ornithine aminotransferase during liver regeneration in rats

1980 ◽  
Vol 238 (1) ◽  
pp. E46-E52
Author(s):  
S. L. Augustine ◽  
R. W. Swick
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Liver Regeneration ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Partial Hepatectomy ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Liver Protein ◽  
Ornithine Aminotransferase ◽  
Fractional Rate

The recovery of approximately 40% of the total liver protein during the first day after partial hepatectomy was shown to be due to the near cessation of protein breakdown rather than to an increase in protein synthesis. The decrease in degradation of total protein was less if rats were adrenalectomized or protein-depleted prior to partial hepatectomy. The effect of these treatments originally suggested that changes in free amino acid levels in liver might be related to the rate of protein degradation. However, no correlation was found between levels of total free amino acids and rates of breakdown. Measurements of individual amino acids during liver regeneration suggested that levels of free methionine and phenylalanine, amino acids that have been found to lower rates of protein degradation in vitro, are not correlated with rates of breakdown in vivo. The difference between the fractional rate of ornithine aminotransferase degradation (0.68/day and 0.28/day in sham-hepatectomized and partially hepatectomized rats, respectively) was sufficient to account for the higher level of this protein 3 days after surgery in the latter group.

scholarly journals Mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy in canine volume overload

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (1) ◽  
pp. H65-H74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Matsuo ◽  
Blase A. Carabello ◽  
Yoshitatsu Nagatomo ◽  
Masaaki Koide ◽  
Masayoshi Hamawaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Protein Degradation ◽  
Volume Overload ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Translational Efficiency ◽  
Protein Accumulation ◽  
Severe Mitral Regurgitation ◽  
Fractional Rate ◽  
Lv Mass

This study tested whether the modest hypertrophy that develops in dogs in response to mitral regurgitation is due to a relatively small change in the rate of protein synthesis or, alternatively, is due to a decreased rate of protein degradation. After 3 mo of severe experimental mitral regurgitation, the left ventricular (LV) mass-to-body weight ratio increased by 23% compared with baseline values. This increase in LV mass occurred with a small, but not statistically significant, increase in the fractional rate of myosin heavy chain (MHC) synthesis (Ks), as measured using continuous infusion with [3H]leucine in dogs at 2 wk, 4 wk, and 3 mo after creation of severe mitral regurgitation. Translational efficiency was unaffected by mitral regurgitation as measured by the distribution of MHC mRNA in polysome gradients. Furthermore, there was no detectable increase in translational capacity as measured by either total RNA content or the rate of ribosome formation. These data indicate that translational mechanisms that accelerate the rate of cardiac protein synthesis are not responsive to the stimulus of mitral regurgitation. Most of the growth after mitral regurgitation was accounted for by a decrease in the fractional rate of protein degradation, calculated by subtracting fractional rates of protein accumulation at each time point from the corresponding Ks values. We conclude that 1) volume overload produced by severe mitral regurgitation does not trigger substantial increases in the rate of protein synthesis and 2) the modest increase in LV mass results primarily from a decrease in the rate of protein degradation.

scholarly journals Chemical-bromatological composition and in vitro ruminal kinetics of sugar cane silage with maniçoba

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 42569
Author(s):  
Francisco Allan Leandro de Carvalho ◽  
Percivaldo Xavier Resende ◽  
Clístenes Amorim Benicio ◽  
Jackson De Oliveira Siqueira ◽  
Daniel Ribeiro Menezes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Inclusion Level ◽  
Kinetics Of

The objective this study was to evaluate the effect of maniçoba supplementation in sugar cane silage with respect to chemical-bromatological composition and the in vitro degradation kinetics of the silage. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (maniçoba levels: 0, 20, 30, and 40%) and six repetitions. Silage samples were analyzed for their chemical-bromatological composition, digestible energy, metabolizable energy, total digestible nutrients, in vitro gas production and degradability parameters. The silage with higher inclusion level had better bromatological composition (p < 0.05) than the silage without maniçoba for CP, NDF, ADF and MM (6.49, 56.64, 38.66 and 4.52% versus 2.21, 70.96, 49.95 and 2.78%). Higher ME content (2.35 MJ kg-1 MS versus 1.85 MJ kg-1 MS), DE (2.87 Mcal kg-1 MS versus 2.25 Mcal kg-1 MS) and TDN (65.16% versus 51.11%), respectively. The highest values for gas production were also observed in silage with added maniçoba due to higher NFC content (34.87%). With an increase in the proportion of maniçoba, there was an increase in the soluble a fraction, b fraction, and thus a higher effective degradability of dry matter (46.56%). The addition of maniçoba improves the nutritive value of sugarcane silage.  

scholarly journals Chemical composition and in sacco ruminal degradation of tropical trees rich in condensed tannins

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 176-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Belachew ◽  
K. Yisehak ◽  
T. Taye ◽  
G.P.J. Janssens
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Chemical Constituent ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
In Sacco

The study was aimed at determining the chemical composition, in sacco ruminal dry matter and organic matter degradability of leaves and fruits of tropical condensed tannin rich multipurpose tree species (MPTS). The MPTS studied were Ekebergia capenesis, Ficus sycomorus, Maesa lanceolata, and Rhus glutinosa. Chemical composition of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), non-fibre carbohydrates (NFC), and condensed tannin (CT) was determined. In sacco rumen degradability was measured using three rumen fistulated Holstein Friesian-Boran cross steers at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. The DM and organic matter (OM) degradability data were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 &ndash; e<sup>&ndash;ct</sup>). The values for each chemical constituent ranged 5.43&ndash;11.49% (CA), 7.97&ndash;17.06% (CP), 1.57&ndash;31% (EE), 12.20&ndash;27.5% (CF), 5.84&ndash;39.30% (NFC), and 7.2&ndash;16.72% (CT). Ekebergia capensis leaves had the greatest values for slowly degradable fraction (b), effective degradability (ED), and rate of degradation (c) in DM (P &lt; 0.001) whereas E. capensis fruit had significantly the greatest soluble fraction (a), potential degradability (b), and effective degradability (ED) values as compared to the a, PD, and ED values in the fruits of other plants(P &lt; 0.001). Yet in OM degradation kinetics, the greatest and least values of potential degradability (PD) were recorded for F. sycomorus (89.89%) and E. capensis (55.90%) leaves (P &lt; 0.001). Similar to the rapidly soluble fraction a, ED was found to be the greatest in fruits as compared to leaves of the plants (P &lt; 0.001). Generally variation of plant parts led to significant differences in chemical composition, DM, and OM degradability and the degradable parameters. The leaves and fruits recorded more than 60% DM and OM degradability at 24 h, which implied that they were all greatly degradable in the rumen.

Rumen degradation of straw 9. Effect of cellulase and ammonia treatment on different varieties of rice straws and their botanical fractions

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Nakashima ◽  
E. R. Ørskov
Keyword(s):  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Soluble Fraction ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fibre ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre

ABSTRACTThe composition and degradability of four varieties of rice straw were examined. The varieties were tall or short and early or late maturing. The straws and their botanical parts (leaf blade plus leaf sheath, internode, node and chaff) varied in acid-detergent fibre, ash and silica contents, but not in nitrogen and neutral-detergent fibre. There were some trends but no significant difference in proportions of parts between varieties. Milled samples of whole straw and its parts were either untreated, treated with a cellulase preparation plus propionic acid, treated with ammonia, or treated with cellulase then ammonia. Rumen degradability was measured by incubating the samples in polyester bags suspended in the rumen of sheep. The soluble fraction and potential degradability were greater in untreated short and early than in tall and late varieties, but rates of degradation did not vary significantly. Internode was more degradable than leaf. Cellulase and/or ammonia treatments increased the soluble fraction, especially in tall and late varieties, and increased potential degradabiiity except in internode. Degradability correlated positively with ash and silica contents.

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