Effects of corn processing and cattle size on total tract digestion and energy and nitrogen balance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E A Petzel ◽  
S Acharya ◽  
J M Zeltwanger ◽  
E A Bailey ◽  
D W Brake
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Eating Rate ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Corn Processing ◽  
Calorimetry Data

Abstract This study used 18 calves (295 ± 29 kg) and 18 yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) fed whole, cracked or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate nutrient digestion and energy balance across different types of processed corn and sizes of cattle. Cattle were fed a diet comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) from whole, cracked or SFC to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements. Subsequently, cattle were placed in individual stanchions and urine and feces was collected together with measures of gas production via indirect calorimetry. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no interaction of corn processing and cattle size (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) and rumination rate (min/kg DM intake; DMI) was not affected by corn processing or cattle size. Eating rate (min/kg DMI) was faster (P < 0.01) for yearlings compared to calves. Total tract starch digestion was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed cracked (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Dietary digestible energy and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to cracked or whole. A greater proportion of digestible energy was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to cracked and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than cracked. Conversion of digestible energy to metabolizable energy in this study was more closely related to a dynamic model used to estimate metabolizable energy of feeds to dairy cows than to a linear model used to predict metabolizable energy of feeds to beef cattle. If library estimates of net energy for maintenance are correct, then retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar between each type of processed corn; however, retained energy was greater (P < 0.01) for cattle fed cracked compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC. Yet, observed amounts of net energy based on measures of retained energy were not different (P ≥ 0.60) between cracked and SFC. Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or cattle size, although cattle fed cracked had numerically greater (P ≤ 035) N retention. These data indicate that physical processing of corn provides greater net energy to cattle in comparison to whole corn.

The net energy value of three subtropical forages

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Net Energy Value ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Energy and nitrogen balance experiments with three subtropical forages, a legume and two grasses, are reported. Each forage was given to four sheep at several levels of feeding. One of the forages had a low nitrogen content (4% crude protein) and was supplemented with urea and molasses containing 7 g nitrogen and 56 kcal/day. This caused voluntary consumption to increase by 50% and digestibility of all chemical constituents to increase by 6–12 units. Utilization of metabolizable energy for maintenance also improved by approximately 10%. Digestible energy (42–62%) was predicted quite accurately from chemical composition by means of published equations which refer to forages grown in temperate climates. Metabolizable energy was close to 82% of digestible energy, as found with non-tropical forages. Net availability of metabolizable energy for maintenance ranged from a very low 60% to 80%. It was predicted more accurately from percentage metabolizable energy than from digestible crude fibre: the reverse applied to net availability for production (40–50%).

scholarly journals What is the digestibility and caloric value of different botanical parts in corn residue to cattle?1

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 3056-3070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Petzel ◽  
Evan C Titgemeyer ◽  
Alexander J Smart ◽  
Kristin E Hales ◽  
Andrew P Foote ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutrient Availability ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Corn Residue ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to measure rates of ruminal disappearance, and energy and nutrient availability and N balance among cows fed corn husks, leaves, or stalks. Ruminal disappearance was estimated after incubation of polyester bags containing husks, leaves or stalks in 2 separate ruminally cannulated cows in a completely randomized design. Organic matter (OM) that initially disappeared was greatest for stalks and least for husks and leaves (P < 0.01), but amounts of NDF that initially disappeared was greatest for husks, intermediate for stalks, and least for leaves (P < 0.01). Amounts of DM and OM that slowly disappeared were greatest in husks, intermediate in leaves, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). However, amounts of NDF that slowly disappeared were greatest in leaves, intermediate in husks, and least in stalks (P < 0.01). Rate of DM and OM disappearance was greater for leaves, intermediate for husks and least for stalks, but rate of NDF disappearance was greatest for stalks, intermediate for leaves, and least for husks (P < 0.01). Energy and nutrient availability in husks, leaves, or stalks were measured by feeding ruminally cannulated cows husk-, leaf-, or stalk-based diets in a replicated Latin square. Digestible energy lost as methane was less (P = 0.02) when cows were fed leaves in comparison to husks or stalks, and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg DM) was greater (P = 0.03) when cows were fed husks and leaves compared with stalks. Heat production (Mcal/d) was not different (P = 0.74) between husks, leaves, or stalks; however, amounts of heat produced as a proportion of digestible energy intake were less (P = 0.05) among cows fed leaves in comparison to stalks or husks. Subsequently, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for net energy available for maintenance from leaves (1.42 Mcal/kg DM) to be greater than stalks (0.91 Mcal/kg DM), and husks (1.30 Mcal/kg DM) were intermediate. Nitrogen balance was greater when cows were fed leaves, intermediate for husks, and least for stalks (P = 0.01). Total tract digestion of NDF was greater (P < 0.01) for husks and leaves compared with stalks. Husks had greater (P = 0.04) OM digestibility in comparison to stalks, and leaves were intermediate. Apparently, greater production of methane from husks in comparison to leaves limited amounts of energy available for maintenance from husks even though total-tract nutrient digestion was greatest when cows were fed husks or leaves.

scholarly journals The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs

1979 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Thomson ◽  
S. B. Cammell
Keyword(s):  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Energy Value ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Net Energy Value

1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d.2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses.3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MJ/kg DM).4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P < 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM).5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment.6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.

scholarly journals Influence of sulfur on the fermentation characteristics of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles in in vitro culture

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 417-425
Author(s):  
L. He ◽  
H. Wu ◽  
W. Chen ◽  
Q. Meng ◽  
Z. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Culture ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Net Energy

The effects of sulfur on the fermentation characteristics of corn distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in in vitro culture were investigated. Samples (DDGS) were analyzed for nutrient values and then two independent in vitro experiments were conducted to study the effects of various sulfur sources (Na<sub>2</sub>S, Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>, and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) and different sulfur levels (0.346, 0.692, and 1.038%) on the fermentation characteristics of DDGS. Based on sampling and chemical composition analysis, there existed a great variation in the concentrations of sulfur and proximate nutrients of DDGS. In Experiment 1, sulfur source showed a significant (P &lt; 0.01) effect on the gas production parameters (asymptotic gas production (b) and gas production rate (c)) and gas production of DDGS – sulfur from Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>S produced more (P &lt; 0.01) gas within 48 h with a faster gas production rate as well as higher digestibilities (dry matter degradability and organic matter digestibility) and more energy supplies (metabolizable energy), net energy for maintenance and gain, and net energy for gain than sulfur from Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> and Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. Neither ammonia-nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub>-N) concentration nor volatile fatty acids (VFA) profile (total VFA and individual VFA proportion) were affected by sulfur source (P &gt; 0.05). In Experiment 2, no significant (P &gt; 0.05) effect on the fermentation characteristics of DDGS with increasing sulfur content was found. The collective findings suggest that regular chemical analyses are necessary to make full use of DDGS, and that the valence state of sulfur in DDGS exerts an effect on its in vitro fermentation characteristics and there appears no dose-related effect of sulfur on the fermentation of DDGS in a short-term in vitro culture.

scholarly journals Estimating digestible energy values of feeds and diets and integrating those values into net energy systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 953-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P Weiss ◽  
Alexander W Tebbe
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Important Variation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gross Energy

Abstract The California Net Energy System (CNES) used a combination of measured and tabular metabolizable energy (ME) values and changes in body composition gain to determine net energy requirements for maintenance and gain and their corresponding dietary concentrations. The accuracy of the CNES depends on the accuracy of the feed ME values. Feed or diet ME values can be measured directly but are expensive and require specialized facilities; therefore, most ME values are estimated from digestible energy (DE) values, which are often estimated from the concentration of total digestible nutrients (TDN). Both DE and TDN values are often from tables and not based on actual nutrient analysis. The use of tabular values eliminates important within-feed variation in composition and digestibility. Furthermore, the use of TDN to estimate DE does not account for important variation in the gross energy value of feeds. A better approach would be to estimate DE concentration directly from nutrient composition or in vitro (or in situ) digestibility measurements. This approach incorporates within-feed variation into the energy system and eliminates the issues of using TDN. A widely used summative equation based on the commonly measured feed fractions (ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and fat) has been shown to accurately estimate DE concentrations of many diets for cattle; however, deficiencies in that equation have been identified and include an overestimation of DE provided by fat and an exaggerated negative effect of intake on digestibility. Replacing the nonfiber carbohydrate term (which included everything that was not measured) in the equation with measured starch concentration and residual organic matter (i.e., nonfiber carbohydrate minus starch) should improve accuracy by accounting for more variation in starch digestibility. More accurate estimates of DE will improve the accuracy of ME values, which will ultimately lead to more accurate NE values.

scholarly journals Estimation of chemical composition, in vitro gas production, metabolizable energy, net energy lactation values of different peanut varieties and line by Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 907-920
Author(s):  
Tugay Ayasan ◽  
◽  
Ismail Ulger ◽  
Ayse Nuran Cil ◽  
Vincenzo Tufarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Production Technique ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

This study was carried out to determine the nutritional value of some selected peanut varieties and line in the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute of Adana, Turkey. The peanut varieties used were Gazipasa, Sultan, NC7, Cihangir, and Halisbey; while the peanut line was DA335/2011. The chemical composition, metabolizable energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the selected peanut varieties and line were determined through Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique. Incubation times for Hohenheim gas production technique were 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The analysis of variance (General Linear Model) was carried out using the SPSS package program. The differences among groups in terms of nutrient contents were found to be significant (P<ou=0.05), except for dry matter (DM) and hemicellulose (HC). The highest crude protein (CP) (40.13%) was found in Sultan variety, while the crude oil (CO) content was found to be between 21.32 and 31.01%. The ADF, NDF, and ADL content of the peanut varieties and line were within the ranges of 2.32-7.91%, 4.85-9.88%, and 0.43-2.62%, respectively. Conversely, the Sultan variety had the highest crude cellulose (CC) value, Cihangir variety was determined to contain the highest hemicellulose (HC) value. The differences in 24 hour gas and methane production among different peanut varieties and line were found to be not-significant. (P > 0.05).

The net energy value of artificially dried subterranean clover harvested before flowering

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham N McC
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Losses ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. Clare) was harvested before flower emergence and dried rapidly without heating. Each of four adult sheep was given the dried clover at rates of 200, 600, 1000, and 1400 g/day in four successive fortnights and was finally fed ad libitum for 1 month. Energy, nitrogen, and carbon balances and body weight changes were measured. The fasting energy losses of the sheep were determined at the end of the experiment. The hay contained approximately 27% crude protein, 14% crude fibre, and 3% lignin (dry matter basis) and was eaten avidly by the sheep. Voluntary consumption ranged from 1400 to 2100 g dry matter/day, and maximum balances were 2080 kcal and 17 g nitrogen/day. Digestibility of energy was 78% at the lowest level of feeding and 74% at the highest. Cell wall and cell contents were respectively 74 and 82% digestible. Energy losses in methane were unusually low (7–11% of digestible energy) whereas losses in urine were unusually high (12–21%). The net result was that metabolizable energy was a lower fraction of digestible energy than for most forages, e.g, it was c. 77% at maintenance instead of the normal 82%. Net availability of metabolizable energy was 84% between fasting and half maintenance, 69% between fasting and maintenance, and 54% above maintenance. The value of this clover per gram was in keeping with its chemical composition and digestibility; its exceptional value as a feed was due to the large amounts of digestible energy which the sheep took in when fed ad libitum.

Effects of feeding frequency on energy and nitrogen balance in sheep given a ground and pelleted forage

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
N McCGraham
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Feeding Frequency ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Net Energy Value

Wether sheep were fed at intervals of 3 hr, 24 hr, and 4 days, and their energy utilization studied at several levels of feeding. The diet consisted of ground and pelleted lucerne containing 19% crude protein and 28% crude fibre. Digestibility was a few units lower when feeding was less frequent; crude protein and fibrous constituents were affected most. The relation between methane production and digestible energy was the same for daily as for 3-hourly feeding, but methane production was depressed by feeding every fourth day only. Metabolizable energy was a slightly greater proportion of digestible energy when feeding was infrequent. A larger fraction of metabolizable energy was dissipated as heat when feeding frequency decreased. This was attributed to the cost of alternating between energy storage and oxidation of reserves: activity differences were not a cause. Overall, the net energy value of the food decreased as frequency of feeding decreased. Prediction from chemical composition or digestibility was not reliable. Measurement of hour by hour changes in metabolism indicated that there was an intense phase of fermentation and lipogenesis immediately after feeding. With 3-hourly or daily feeding, the oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and methane production increased respectively by 0.7, 2.5, and 0.3 l/hr/100 g food eaten in the first hour: with the highest level of feeding, these represent increases up to 2.4-fold and an R.Q. of 1.15. With feeding every fourth day the responses were very much less, indicating depressed rumen activity; blood urea levels were also relatively low.

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