scholarly journals Paper Bag Berbasis Pulp Tandan Kosong Sawit sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Polybag pada Pre-Nursery Perkebunan Sawit

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Sari Farah Dina ◽  
Lies Indriati ◽  
Nina Elyani ◽  
Muhammad Abror Zamzami
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Ratio Test ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Optimum Formula

Indonesia merupakan penghasil limbah plastik terbesar kedua setelah Cina, sehingga telah menjadi isu lingkungan. Salah satu kemasan plastik yang banyak digunakan adalah kemasan untuk pembibitan terbuat dari plastik atau dikenal sebagai polybag. Guna membantu mengurangi penggunaan polybag, telah dilakukan percobaan skala laboratorium pembuatan paper bag dari pulp tandan kosong sawit (TKS) sebagai pengganti polybag. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formula pembuatan paper bag yang dapat memenuhi persyaratan penggunaan akhirnya. Kegiatan dimulai dari penggilingan pulp TKS, dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan lembaran dengan variasi gramatur 90 g/m2 dan 125 g/m2 pada rentang pH 7-8. Dua jenis bahan kimia penguat basah yang digunakan yakni polietilen imin (PEI) dan poliamin epiklorohidrin (PAE), ditambahkan dengan variasi dosis 1,0 – 2,0 % terhadap berat kering serat. Karakteristik lembaran dievaluasi melalui uji ketahanan tarik, daya regang, daya serap energi (tensile energy absorption atau TEA), ketahanan retak, ketahanan sobek, persen rendemen kekuatan setelah mengalami pembasahan, dan porositas. Uji biodegradabilitas dilakukan untuk melihat tingkat afiliasi bahan kimia yang ditambahkan terhadap lingkungan dan rasio C/N (rasio karbon/nitrogen) untuk mengetahui kontribusinya terhadap proses pengomposan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa lembaran memiliki rendemen ketahanan tarik di atas 10%. Gramatur berkorelasi positif terhadap sifat kekuatan, dan negatif terhadap porositas. PAE memberikan sifat kekuatan lebih tinggi dibanding PEI, namun PEI memberikan persen rendemen ketahanan tarik lebih tinggi dibanding PAE. Seluruh bahan kimia yang ditambahkan dapat didegradasi lebih dari 60% dalam kurun waktu 28 hari namun uji rasio C/N menunjukkan hasil yang belum memadai. Formula optimum diperoleh pada gramatur 125 g/m2 dengan penambahan PEI 2%. Paper Bag Based on Empty Fruit Bunches Pulp as an Alternative for Polybag Substitute in Pre-Nursery Palm Oil PlantationAbstract Indonesia is the second-largest plastic waste producer after China, so it has become an environmental issue. One of the plastic packagings which are large in consumption for nursery packaging is known as polybag. Therefore, to reduce the use of plastic bag, the laboratory scale experiment of paper bag made from oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as polybag substitutes has been done. This study aims to obtain a formula for paper bags that can meet the end using requirements. Laboratory scale started from beating the EFB pulp, then continued with handsheet making at grammage variation of 90 g/m2 and 125 g/m2 with a pH range of 7-8. Two types of wet strength agents were used, namely polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polyamine epichlorohydrin (PAE) which were varied from 1.0 to 2.0% (%db of fiber). Sheet properties were evaluated through tensile and bursting strength, stretch, TEA tests, tearing resistance, % yield of strength after wetting, opacity, and porosity. A biodegradability test was conducted to determine the chemical’s affiliation level to the soil and the C/N ratio to know its contribution to the composting process. The results showed that the paper bag has a tensile strength yield above 10%. Grammage is directly proportional to strength properties and inversely to porosity. PAE gave higher strength than PEI but is lower in % yield of tensile strength. All added chemicals can be degraded by more than 60% within 28 days but the C/N ratio test showed inadequate results. The optimum formula was obtained at 125 g/m2 and PEI of 2.0%.

Study on the Strength Properties of PPTA Paper with Response Surface Methodology

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 54-59
Author(s):  
Ai Min Tang ◽  
Shan Zhao ◽  
Chao Feng Jia
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Pressing Pressure ◽  
Pressing Temperature ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Quadratic Formula ◽  
And Control

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to study the relationship between the strength properties of poly ( p-phenylene terephthalamide)-PPTA paper and the preparation parameters, such as hot pressing temperature, hot pressing pressure, proportion of PPTA short-cut fiber and beating degree of PPTA-pulp. The results showed that: hot pressing temperature, hot pressing pressure have highly significant influences on the tensile strength and wet strength. The proportion of PPTA short-cut fiber has significant effects on the tensile strength and wet strength. The beating degree of PPTA-pulp also affected the tensile strength significantly. At the same time, the tensile strength was significantly influenced by the interaction between hot pressing temperature and the proportion of PPTA short-cut fiber as well as the interaction between hot pressing temperature and the beating degree of PPTA-pulp. The interaction between hot pressing temperature and hot pressing pressure has significant influences on wet strength, whereas the other factor interactions were not significant. The quadratic formula was established by optimizing the results of multiple regressions. And the model was highly consistent with the experiment. This model could be used to analyze and predict the main strength properties of PPTA paper and also might be used to optimize the production process of PPTA paper and control its quality.

scholarly journals High strength paper from high yield pulps by means of hot-pressing

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-204
Author(s):  
Tove Joelsson ◽  
Gunilla Pettersson ◽  
Sven Norgren ◽  
Anna Svedberg ◽  
Hans Höglund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Hot Pressing ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Thermomechanical Pulp ◽  
Wet Strength ◽  
Chemical Pulp ◽  
Bleached Kraft Pulp

AbstractThe hypothesis is that it should be possible to modify papermaking conditions in line with the softening properties of high yield pulp fibres and achieve similar strength properties to conventional chemical pulp based paper. We therefore investigated the rheological and physical properties of high yield pulp based papers during hot-pressing. Our results confirm that increased temperature combined with sufficient pressure enables permanent densification by softening of lignin, producing very high tensile strength. This treatment also significantly improved the wet tensile strength in comparison to bleached kraft pulp without using wet strength agents. The high yield pulps used here were spruce based thermomechanical pulp, chemi-thermomechanical pulp, and high temperature chemi-thermomechanical pulp, and birch-aspen based neutral sulphite semi chemical pulp, with spruce-pine based bleached kraft pulp as reference. Rapid Köhten sheets of 150\hspace{0.1667em}\text{g}/{\text{m}^{2}} and 50 % dryness were hot-pressed in a cylinder-press at 20–200 °C, 7 MPa, and 1 m/min. The mechanical properties showed great improvements in these high yield pulp papers, with tensile index increased to 75 kNm/kg and compression strength index to 45 kNm/kg; levels close to and better than bleached kraft. Wet strength increased to 16 Nm/g compared to 5 Nm/g for bleached kraft.

Increased dryness after pressing and wet web strength by utilizing foam application technology

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 731-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARITA KINNUNEN-RAUDASKOSKI ◽  
KRISTIAN SALMINEN ◽  
JANI LEHMONEN ◽  
TUOMO HJELT
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Cellulose Microfibrils ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Wet Pressing ◽  
Web Strength

Production cost savings by lowering basis weight has been a trend in papermaking. The strategy has been to decrease the amount of softwood kraft pulp and increase use of fillers and recycled fibers. These changes have a tendency to lower strength properties of both the wet and dry web. To compensate for the strength loss in the paper, a greater quantity of strength additives is often required, either dosed at the wet end or applied to the wet web by spray. In this pilot-scale study, it was shown how strength additives can be effectively applied with foam-based application technology. The technology can simultaneously increase dryness after wet pressing and enhance dry and wet web strength properties. Foam application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), guar gum, starch, and cellulose microfibrils (CMF) increased web dryness after wet pressing up to 5.2%-units compared to the reference sample. The enhanced dewatering with starch, guar gum, and CMF was detected with a bulk increase. Additionally, a significant increase in z-directional tensile strength of dry web and and in-plane tensile strength properties of wet web was obtained. Based on the results, foam application technology can be a very useful technology for several applications in the paper industry.

APPLICATION OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS IN STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT AS A FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Henny Lydiasari ◽  
Ari Yusman Manalu ◽  
Rahmi Karolina
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Crack Length ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Structural Concrete ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Construction Products ◽  
By Products ◽  
Strength Improvement

The potency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibers as one of the by-products of processing oil palm is increasing significantly so that proper management is needed in reducing environmental impact. One of the utilization of OPEFB fibers is as a substitution material in construction which usually the material is derived from non-renewable mining materials so that the number is increasingly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to study to know the performance of OPEFB fiber in making construction products especially concrete. In this case, the experiment was conducted using experimental method with variation of fiber addition by 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Each specimen was tested by weight, slump value, compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity and crack length. As the results, the variation of fibers addition by 10%, decrease of slump value is 7%, concrete weight is 3% and crack length is 8% while increase of the compressive strength is 2.7% and the modulus of elasticity is 33.3% but its tensile strength decreased insignificantly by 0.05% . Furthermore, the addition of fibers above 10% to 30% decreased compressive strength is still below 10% and tensile strength below 2% while the weight of concrete, slump value and crack length decreased. Therefore, the addition of 10% can replace the performance of concrete without fiber but the addition of above 10% can still be used on non-structural concrete.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Impact of Organic Fillers on Selected Properties of Organosilicon Polymer

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1103
Author(s):  
Sara Sarraj ◽  
Małgorzata Szymiczek ◽  
Tomasz Machoczek ◽  
Maciej Mrówka
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Walnut Shell ◽  
Pistachio Shell ◽  
Thermoplastic Matrix ◽  
Static Tensile ◽  
The Impact

Eco-friendly composites are proposed to substitute commonly available polymers. Currently, wood–plastic composites and natural fiber-reinforced composites are gaining growing recognition in the industry, being mostly on the thermoplastic matrix. However, little data are available about the possibility of producing biocomposites on a silicone matrix. This study focused on assessing selected organic fillers’ impact (ground coffee waste (GCW), walnut shell (WS), brewers’ spent grains (BSG), pistachio shell (PS), and chestnut (CH)) on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of silicone-based materials. Density, hardness, rebound resilience, and static tensile strength of the obtained composites were tested, as well as the effect of accelerated aging under artificial seawater conditions. The results revealed changes in the material’s properties (minimal density changes, hardness variation, overall decreasing resilience, and decreased tensile strength properties). The aging test revealed certain bioactivities of the obtained composites. The degree of material degradation was assessed on the basis of the strength characteristics and visual observation. The investigation carried out indicated the impact of the filler’s type, chemical composition, and grain size on the obtained materials’ properties and shed light on the possibility of acquiring ecological silicone-based materials.

scholarly journals Absorption and Strength Properties of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Mortar Composite

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 300
Author(s):  
Md. Safiuddin ◽  
George Abdel-Sayed ◽  
Nataliya Hearn
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Air Content ◽  
Entrapped Air ◽  
Short Carbon

This paper presents the water absorption and strength properties of short carbon fiber reinforced mortar (CFRM) composite. Four CFRM composites with 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% short pitch-based carbon fibers were produced in this study. Normal Portland cement mortar (NCPM) was also prepared for use as the control mortar. The freshly mixed mortar composites were tested for workability, wet density, and entrapped air content. In addition, the hardened mortar composites were examined for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and water absorption at the ages of 7 and 28 days. The effects of different carbon fiber contents on the tested properties were observed. Test results showed that the incorporation of carbon fibers decreased the workability and wet density, but increased the entrapped air content in mortar composite. Most interestingly, the compressive strength of CFRM composite increased up to 3% carbon fiber content and then it declined significantly for 4% fiber content, depending on the workability and compaction of the mortar. In contrast, the splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of the CFRM composite increased for all fiber contents due to the greater cracking resistance and improved bond strength of the carbon fibers in the mortar. The presence of short pitch-based carbon fibers significantly strengthened the mortar by bridging the microcracks, resisting the propagation of these minute cracks, and impeding the growth of macrocracks. Furthermore, the water absorption of CFRM composite decreased up to 3% carbon fiber content and then it increased substantially for 4% fiber content, depending on the entrapped air content of the mortar. The overall test results suggest that the mortar with 3% carbon fibers is the optimum CFRM composite based on the tested properties.

scholarly journals Influence of Alumina Nanofibers Sintered by the Spark Plasma Method on Nickel Mechanical Properties

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonid Agureev ◽  
Valeriy Kostikov ◽  
Zhanna Eremeeva ◽  
Svetlana Savushkina ◽  
Boris Ivanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Alumina Nanoparticles ◽  
Metal Powders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Spark Plasma ◽  
Average Size

The article presents the study of alumina nanoparticles’ (nanofibers) concentration effect on the strength properties of pure nickel. The samples were obtained by spark plasma sintering of previously mechanically activated metal powders. The dependence of the grain size and the relative density of compacts on the number of nanofibers was investigated. It was found that with an increase in the concentration of nanofibers, the average size of the matrix particles decreased. The effects of the nanoparticle concentration (0.01–0.1 wt.%) on the elastic modulus and tensile strength were determined for materials at 25 °C, 400 °C, and 750 °C. It was shown that with an increase in the concentration of nanofibers, a 10–40% increase in the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength occurred. A comparison of the mechanical properties of nickel in a wide range of temperatures, obtained in this work with materials made by various technologies, is carried out. A description of nanofibers’ mechanisms of influence on the structure and mechanical properties of nickel is given. The possible impact of impurity phases on the properties of nickel is estimated. The tendency of changes in the mechanical properties of nickel, depending on the concentration of nanofibers, is shown.

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