Metabolic syndrome and chronic heart failure: a modern aspect of the problem

Objective: The increase of morbidity results from both an increase of life expectancy of the population, and influence of various risk factors contributing to development and increase of chronic heart failure (CHF). The combination of several atherogenic mechanisms (abdominal obesity (AO), insulin resistance (IR), arterial hypertension (AH), hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia), combined as “metabolic syndrome” (MS), causes a more rapid development of CHF. Materials and methods: The research finding of 74 patients with class II-III of CHF, including 37 patients (50%) with MS, are presented. The age structure of the pathology, severity of clinical course, data of laboratory and instrumental examination in various groups of patients were evaluated. A special program included an echocardiographic test with an assessment of various myocardial parameters. Results and Discussion: Research materials find out a number of characteristics of CHF clinical course (its earlier development and severe course) in patients with MS. Echocardiographic tests reveal an increase of heart chambers sizes, thickness of left and right ventricle, pulmonary hypertension. Myocardium morpho-functional changes are more significant in patients with CHF and MS than in those without MS. An increase in leptin levels, a marker of obesity, fibrosis and inflammation, has been found. Leptin, C-reactive peptide (CRP) and high-sensitive troponin in patients with MS significantly exceeded those in patientswithout MS. Correlations of leptin levels, adiponectin, CRP and left ventricular mass, thickness of epicardial fat (TEF), ejection fraction were established. Conclusion: Materials of the research indicate the important role of inflammatory and dysmetabolic processes in development and progression of CHF in patients with MS. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21(1) 2022 Page : 105-113

Skanda (Bala Graha) and Cerebral Palsy – A Review

Among the Ashtanga Ayurveda, Kaumarbhritya focuses on child care in particular. Graharogais the most neglected portion due to excess mythological explanation, difficulty in clinical understanding, diagnosis, severity, complication, and treatment is entirely different from the routine disorder of children. Graharogas are those entities that attack and seize the body then affect the neonates and children very quickly with high mortality. Different acharyas describe Graha with their types, symptoms and treatment. Acharya Sushruta and Acharya Vagabhatta describe Skanda graha- commander-in-chief of the army of Devatas. The symptoms of the affected child resemble very much with Quadriplegic Cerebral Palsy. Cerebral palsy (CP) is the leading cause of childhood disability affecting function and development. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition communication, and behavior. Therefore, this paper aims to understand Balagraha with the modern aspect as well as its clinical application in day-to-day practice.

HISTORICAL ROOTS OF SEMANTICS AND RESEARCH IN THE MODERN ASPECT

This article discusses semantics, one of the most important components of linguistics, and the history of its origins, its research, and research issues.

CRITICAL REVIEW ON GARBHAJANYA VIKRITI (BIRTH DEFECTS) DESCRIBED IN AYURVEDA AND ITS MODERN ASPECT

Ayurveda is the most ancient medical science and its fundamentals cover every aspect of human life. Acharya Sushruta has classified the diseases into seven types on the basis of its origin; among them first two are explained for birth defects. Genetic disorders (Adibala pravritta) and Congenital anomaly (Janmabala pravritta) are the two main categories of birth defects (Garbhajanya vikriti) encountered during the early infancy. The genetic disorders are either maternal or paternal and largely responsible for carrying genetic defects in progeny, whereas congenital birth defects are mainly due to faulty diet and lifestyle of mother and due to suppression of mental and physical desire of the pregnant lady. Ayurveda enlisted various desires of pregnant woman and their impact on the health and physical status of the progeny. Similarly, there are so many rituals and regimens are described for pregnant lady to prevent birth defects and to make woman ready for normal delivery. In brief, it can be said that if a preg-nant lady wishes for a healthy baby (Supraja), She should follow the Nine-month regimen (GarbhiniParicharya) mentioned for them in Ayurveda, so the chances of congenital anomaly will be minimal. Keywords: Congenital anomaly, Birth defect, Garbhajanya vikriti, Supraja, Garbhini paricharya

Unani and Modern Aspect of Psoriasis (Da-us-Sadaf): A Review

Psoriasis is a red and scaly chronic skin condition of unknown cause. The primary concern to most patients is unsightly appearance. Social exclusion discrimination is psychologically devastating for individuals suffering from psoriasis and their families. It can occur at any age. Psoriasis could be defined as an autoimmune disease. But no autoantigen responsible for this disease has been defined yet. In the Unani system of medicine, psoriasis is described in various headings such as Da-us-Sadaf, Taqashshure Jild, Qooba-e-mutaqashshira, Chambal and Al sadafiya, but there is no description of the word psoriasis and its cause in the Unani system of medicine. But a renowned Unani physician Ibn-e-zuhr use the term Taqasshure Jild, where abnormal humor (sauda-e-ghaleez in skin) is responsible for this disorder. The sauda-e-ghaleez hampers the skin nutrition hence the skin becomes dead and falls out in the form of scale. Unani physicians are successfully treating this ailment since ancient times by adopting different modes of treatment. This paper aims to explore each and every aspect of this disease.

Tarsal morphology of ischyromyid rodents from the middle Eocene of China gives an insight into the group’s diversity in Central Asia

Ischyromyids are a group of large rodents with the earliest fossil record known from the late Paleocene (Clarkforkian) of North America; they are considered the earliest fossil representatives of Rodentia of modern aspect. Ischyromyids dominated early Paleogene small-mammal assemblages of North America and in the latest Paleocene migrated to western Europe and to Asia; in the latter they survived only to the beginning of the late Eocene, but were never abundant. Here we describe for the first time the calcanei of ischyromyids from the early middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin in Nei Mongol, northern China. These calcanei document the existence of three species. The morphology of the studied tarsal bones overall suggests ambulatory locomotion for these animals (‘slow cursors’), similar to that of the coypu and porcupines, but one form shows more marked cursorial capabilities. These differences show that Chinese ischyromyids, although rare, had attained greater taxonomic diversity by the middle Eocene in Nei Mongol than estimated from dental remains. We also address the question of the morphological and ecological divergence of these ischyromyids in relation to their North American counterparts, as well as the issue of a direct dispersal route from North America to Asia in the early Eocene.

Integrative emergence in contrast to separating modularity in plant biology: views on systems biology with information, signals and memory at scalar levels from molecules to the biosphere

Modularity is reductionism and materialism, where modules are considered as building blocks per se. By contrast self-organization of modules in living organisms, like plants, generates the emergence of integrated systems with new properties not predicted by the properties of the modules. This can occur at the hierarchy of a series of scalar levels, where emergent systems become modules for emergence of new systems on the next higher scalar level akin to a hierarchy of networks from molecules, cells and individuals up to the levels of ecosystems, biomes and the entire biosphere or Gaia. The systems on these levels are holobiont-like systems, i.e., central organisms in interaction with all their associated organisms as a unit for selection in evolution. Systems biology, now a modern aspect of plant biology, has started with the advancement of whole-plant physiology in the early 1970s unraveling the roles of signaling for integration and cooperation of parts or modules in the performance of entire plants. Fixation of information in plant memory and emergence from such storage rules the timing of events of emergence. With the enthusiasm promoted by the creative self-organization of modules into the emergence of exciting new systems, biology diverts from the reductionism and materialism of bare modularity. Understanding emergence helps to advance on the rocky paths towards understanding the complexity of life.

Arnebolagus, the oldest eulagomorph, and phylogenetic relationships within the Eocene Eulagomorpha new clade (Mammalia, Duplicidentata)

Arnebolagus leporinus Lopatin and Averianov, 2008, known previously from a single tooth (P3) from the early Eocene Bumban Member of Naran Bulak Formation at Tsagan-Khushu locality in Mongolia, is redescribed based on additional specimens from the type locality. Phylogenetic relationships of Eocene stem lagomorphs from Asia and North America are reconstructed for the first time based on a parsimony analysis of 54 morphological characters and 32 taxa. Two new node-based clades are proposed, stemming from the most-recent common ancestor of Lepus Linnaeus, 1758 and Dawsonolagus Li, Meng, and Wang, 2007 (Eulagomorpha new clade, ‘lagomorphs of the modern aspect’) and from the most-recent common ancestor of Lepus and Gobiolagus Burke, 1941 (Epilagomorpha new clade). Arnebolagus Lopatin and Averianov, 2008 is geologically oldest and the most plesiomorphic eulagomorph, similar to Dawsonolagus from the early Eocene Arshanto Formation of China in its weakly pronounced, unilateral hypsodonty of the upper cheek teeth and its brachyodont lower cheek teeth with separate roots. Arnebolagus is more plesiomorphic than Dawsonolagus in having two roots of P4. Arnebolagus is the oldest known eulagomorph, the only taxon known from the earliest Eocene Bumbanian Asiatic Land Mammal Age (ALMA). The other Asiatic early Eocene eulagomorphs (Dawsonolagus, Aktashmys Averianov, 1994, and Romanolagus Shevyreva, 1995) come from the Arshantan ALMA.

ROLE OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE IN SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

Рассматриваются вопросы и положения значимости экономической науки в развитии общества, определены критерии и принципы экономической науки в современном аспекте. Issues and the importance of economic science in the development of society are examined, the criteria and principles of economic science in the modern aspect are determined.