Substantiation of the perspectivity of improving of the population informing about the criteria of the correct choice of modern multivitamin drugs

The aim. Determination of the need to raise awareness of the population about multivitamins and the criteria for their rational choice. Materials and research methods. To achieve the goal of the study, it was necessary to develop a questionnaire for visitors to pharmacies and carry out an anonymous survey of them. All adult visitors of the pharmacy were attracted to the survey. The developed questionnaire consisted of 3 parts and contained 32 questions processed in the course of our own research. Research results. Among the pharmacy visitors we surveyed, the majority were between the ages of 35–55, approximately equally divided were men and women who mainly lived in the Kiev region (87 %), were not students and did not have educational levels of bachelor or master, and had no relation in health care education. Summarizing the information obtained in the course of processing questionnaires with the answers of visitors to pharmacies, it can be noted that in the surveyed group of respondents there is a certain interest and indifference to the discussed aspects, but quite often there is a lack of knowledge in this regard. Conclusions. In the course of analyzing the results of the questionnaire survey, the level of awareness of the population regarding general information about the pharmacology of multivitamin drugs and the criteria for their correct choice was determined. From the data obtained, it can be concluded that on many issues the respondents showed an insufficient level of knowledge, which justifies the need for additional information about multivitamins, and indicates that better it should be done with participation of a specialist with a pharmaceutical education or physician. Mostly the population lacks knowledge on the issues listed in the second part of the questionnaire, namely, on general information about the biological and pharmacological properties of vitamins. It was found that the information obtained from the Internet or other media, including advertising, has a significant impact on the awareness and decision of the respondents

Study of hepatotoxins influence in vitro on basic biochemical indicators of liver functional state

An antimicrobial drug of the fluoroquinolone group, ciprofloxacin, is widely used in Ukraine. However, some researchers have noted the probable hepatotoxicity of this drug with prolonged use or use of high doses of ciprofloxacin. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of carbon tetrachloride, as a classical model of hepatocyte injury, with the effects of ciprofloxacin. The aim of the study was to investigate the biochemical parameters of the liver when simulating toxic damage to hepatocytes with carbon tetrachloride or ciprofloxacin. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on isolated rat hepatocytes, in whose culture medium carbon tetrachloride or ciprofloxacin was added. After incubation in the supernatant and cell homogenate, the activities of marker enzymes of cytolysis were determined: ALT, AST, γ-GTP, LF, LDH, DC and MDA. Results. The introduction of ciprofloxacin into the culture of hepatocytes at a concentration of LC50 caused changes in biochemical parameters similar to those caused by carbon tetrachloride. Thus, an increase in ALT, AST, γ-GTP, LF, LDH, DC and MDA was observed when CCl4 or ciprofloxacin was added to the culture. Conclusion. Incubation of rat hepatocytes with carbon tetrachloride or ciprofloxacin caused an increase in the level of enzymes and lipid peroxidation products. These parameters are indicators of gross changes in cells, which are the result of impaired keto acid formation, impaired redox reactions, impaired glycogen production

Pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats: retrospective analysis (1981–2007)

The aim: to conduct a retrospective analysis of literature sources on the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in cats. Materials and methods. The research was conducted by the method of scientific literature open-source analysis: PubMed, Elsevier, electronic resources of the National Library named after V.I. Vernadsky (1981–2007). Results. Chronic kidney disease is a common reason for cat owners to go to veterinary clinics. The term “chronic kidney disease” has a broader meaning than the more limited and not very specific name – chronic renal failure; it is also used to indicate the preazotemic stage of the disease. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by a gradual deterioration of the clinical condition of animals due to progressive decline in renal function. An idea of the pathogenesis and methods of diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in the period from 1981 to 2007 is presented. Conclusions. According to the results of retrospective analysis of literature sources for the period from 1981 to 2007, the basis was identified aspects of the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease in domestic cats, which have not lost relevance today. The main link during chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of hyperazotemia and, as a consequence, endogenous intoxication of the body, which develops gradually and leads to the death of the animal. The morphological basis of chronic kidney disease in cats is the development of diffuse nephrosclerosis, which is reflected in the results of clinical, biochemical and instrumental studies. According to biochemical analysis of blood, in cats recorded an increase in urea and creatinine, the results of clinical studies of urine showed a decrease in its relative density, as well as the development of proteinuria, the appearance of erythrocytes and cylinders. According to the results of hematological research, anemic syndrome develops due to decreased erythropoietin synthesis. With age in cats, ultrasound examination of the kidneys reveals a decrease in their volume due to uniform sclerosis of the parenchyma: it is determined by its thinning and increased echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined. Although kidney biopsy is the most informative method of diagnosing chronic kidney disease, it has many contraindications, which does not allow its use in the routine diagnosis of nephropathy in domestic cats. Its thinning and increase in echogenicity due to the accumulation of connective tissue components, which is a sign of nephrosclerosis, is determined

Study of the efficiency of using biogenic metals for feeding calves

Breeding young cattle is important, especially during the transition period from dairy feeding to concentrated dry feed. The paper presents the results of the use of biogenic metal nicotinates for weaning calves to improve metabolism in animals. The aim of research. To investigate the effect of biogenic metal nicotinates: Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn on the biochemical parameters of blood in calves after weaning. Materials and methods. The study was carried out during 2021 in the conditions of LLC "Agrofirma Lan", Sumy region, Sumy district, Kindrativka, Ukraine for breeding young cattle. The calves of the experimental group were given compound feed and a premix of nicotinates of biogenic metals: Zn, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn, manufactured by PPronos Agro" (1 g per 1 kg of feed). In the control group, combined feed and a premix with metal sulfates were used for 30 days. Results. An increase in the level of total protein in the body of calves of the experimental groups was established by 16.12 % in comparison with the control (p≤0.05). Also, in experimental animals, the activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase was higher than the physiological norm, which shows an insignificant effect of nicotinates of biogenic metals on internal organs and systems. In the experimental group of calves, the level of magnesium was probably higher by 52.38 % and potassium – by 14.94 % compared to the control group (p≤0.05). It was found that the animals of the experimental groups probably had more zinc by 34.96 %; copper – by 35.72 %; iron – by 92.29 %; manganese – by 41.13 %; selenium – by 3.22 % and cobalt – by 98.33 % compared to the control (p≤0.05). Conclusions. The positive effect of the use of biogenic metal nicotinates on the metabolism of calves at weaning has been proven. It was found that the level of total protein in the body of calves of the experimental groups was probably higher by 16.12 %, magnesium - by 52.38 %; potassium - by 14.94 %. When determining the content of inorganic substances, it was found that the animals of the experimental groups probably had more zinc by 34.96 %; copper – by 35.72 %; iron – by 92.29 %; manganese – by 41.13 %; selenium – by 3.22 % and cobalt – by 98.33 % compared to the control (p≤0.05)

Pulsatilla alba: analytical review of spread, chemical composition, biological activity and medical application

The object of analytical study is the medicinal plant Pulsatilla alba. This species is rare, the stocks of herbal raw materials are limited, and there are no Pulsatilla alba-based medicines on the Ukrainian market. The aim of study was to analyze and summarize data on the range, content of biologically active compounds and the spectrum of use in pharmacy and medicine Pulsatilla alba. Materials and methods. Literary and electronic sources of information on the distribution, chemical composition and pharmacological activity of Pulsatilla alba. Results. Pulsatilla alba is a plant of the Ranunculaceae family, characterized by a high content of biologically active organic compounds, namely organic acids, traces of alkaloids, vitamins, resinous and tannins, about 20 different macro-and micronutrients, essential oils, γ-lactones, triterpenoids, sterols, chelidonic acid, coumarins, as well as giving it protection status make it an interesting object for research. Analysis of scientific publications revealed that plants of the family Ranunculaceae, in particular, Pulsatilla alba contain a significant amount of biologically active substances, have numerous pharmacological activities, have long been used in folk medicine, and is a promising raw material for the production of phytopreparations. The volume of processing of medicinal plant raw materials in Ukraine in one year is from 5 to 6 thousand tons, the amount of raw materials for export reaches more than 3 thousand tons per year. About 1,000 tons of raw materials consumed in Ukraine are imported and 1,500 tons are domestically produced. Conclusions. Therefore, as populations of rare low-competitive species of the Ranunculaceae family are particularly endangered, displaced by tree, shrub and highly competitive trivial violent herbaceous species due to the widespread use of Pulsatilla alba in folk medicine as an antitumor, hypnotic, hypnotic, antifungal, antifungal research which should be continued

Biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism in the diagnostics of respiratory diseases in human and animals: retrospective analysis (1984–2010)

The aim: to analyze the literature data for the period from 1984 to 2010 on the use of biochemical markers of disorders of connective tissue metabolism in diseases of the respiratory system in humans and animals. Materials and methods. The research was conducted by the method of scientific literature open source analysis: PubMed, Elsevier, electronic resources of the National Library named after V.I. Vernadsky (1984–2010). Results. In the case of diseases of the respiratory system in humans, the pathogenesis of pneumonia is the development of inflammation in the interstitial, peribronchial, perivascular and perilobular connective tissue, lymphatic vessels of the lungs, followed by involvement of alveoli and bronchioles in the inflammation. The morphological basis of these changes may be pneumofibrosis and pneumosclerotic changes. In the chronic course of pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease develops. This pathology is closely related to the action of inflammatory cytokines that regulate connective tissue proliferation. Similar studies were performed on eosinophilic bronchopneumonia in dogs, but the material for the study was bronchoalveolar lavage. The current method of diagnosing respiratory diseases using cytokines (interleukin-4, interferon-γ) and bronchoalveolar lavage has no diagnostic information in chronic bronchitis and bronchial asthma in cats. Fundamental studies of connective tissue biopolymers in clinically healthy and bronchopneumonia piglets have recently been conducted in veterinary medicine. Conclusions. Recently, in medicine of particular interest to researchers is the determination of the content in biological fluids of indicators of connective tissue metabolism (hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, sialic acids) to diagnose diseases of the respiratory system. To diagnose connective tissue disorders in lung diseases in medical practice use indicators of oxyproline in serum and urine. Oxyproline is one of the most important components of lung collagen. An increase in the content of free oxyproline in the blood indicates an increased rate of collagen breakdown in the lung tissue. Analysis of oxyproline fractions, as indicators of the direction of collagen metabolism, allows to assess the condition of the connective tissue of the lungs and can serve as a prognostic criterion for the course of the disease. Thus, the indicators of connective tissue metabolism showed significant diagnostic information, which allowed to recommend them for use in the practice of veterinary medicine.

Analgesic properties of dealcoholized extract of Acorus Calamus Leaves

Opioid and non-narcotic analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, anesthetics, antidepressants, myorelaxants, combined agents and phytopreparations are widely used for the treatment of pain syndrome. One of the promising phytogenic objects with potential analgesic properties is the Acorus calamus (Sweet Flag). The aim: the purpose of the study is to determine the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" test and in the test of tail heat immersion. Materials and methods. During the experimental study, the pharmacological methods have been used. The analgesic properties of DEAL were studied in mice on the "Hot plate" model using the Hot / Cold Plate (Bioseb, France) and in the test of the heat immersion in rats. The results. On the models of pain in the "Hot plate" and tail heat immersion tests, the analgesic effect of the dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) is determined. On the "Hot plate" model, the use of DEAL probably increased the duration of the latency period. According to the analgesic effect of DEAL and metamizol sodium were comparable to each other continues to 1 and 1.5 hours of experiment, but starting with 2 hours of experiment the analgesic action of metamizol sodium statistically exceeded the analgesic effect of DEAL. In the test of heat immersion tail in rats, DEAL increased the latency period of shocking of the rats’ tail compared to the starting background by 43.13 % as well as metamizol sodium by 66.6 %. The studies have shown the presence of moderate analgesic effects of DEAL in the investigated dose. Conclusions. The analgesic effect of a dealcoholized extract of Acorus calamus leaves (DEAL) on a model of pain in the "Hot plate" and heat tail immersion tests has been carried out. Under the "Hot plate" test in mice, DEAL produces a distinct analgesic effect, however, slightly inferior to the severity of metamizol sodium. Presence of moderate analgesic properties of DEAL has been verified in comparison with the metamizel sodium in thetail heat immersion test in rats. The obtained results indicate the influence of DEAL on the central mechanisms of pain formation

The study of oxidative stress indicators in rats with a simulated acute hepatitis and correction with a thick extract from reishi mushrooms

The aim. To study the effect of a dry extract from reishi mushrooms on the activity of lipoperoxidation and oxidative modification of proteins under the conditions of a simulated paracetamol hepatitis in rats. Materials and methods. The study was performed on white male rats. The animals were divided into 10 groups, each included 6 animals. Acute hepatitis was simulated by the intragastric administration of paracetamol in the dose of 1250 mg/kg once per day (for 2 days). Correction of the pathology induced was performed with a dry extract of reishi mushrooms in the dose of 100 mg/kg of the body weight. The reference drug “Silybor” was administered in the dose of 20 mg/kg of the animal body weight. On Day 3, 7 and 10 from the beginning of the lesion, rats were euthanized using sodium barbamyl. The liver homogenate and blood serum were used for the studies. The activity of free radical oxidation processes under the conditions of acute toxic hepatitis and after the introduction of corrective factors was assessed by superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, the content of TBA-AP and OMP products. Results and discussion. The development of acute paracetamol hepatitis in rats and damage of hepatocyte membranes are indicated by an increase in the content of TBA-active products, products of oxidative modification of neutral and basic proteins in the serum and liver of animals. Simultaneously, a decrease in the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase was observed. After correction of the pathology induced with a dry extract of reishi mushrooms a significant increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, a decrease in the content of lipid peroxidation products and oxidative modification of proteins in the serum and liver of the affected animals were observed. Conclusions. It has been experimentally proven that the use of dry extract of Reishi mushrooms in paracetamol hepatitis in rats caused a significant decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity, a decrease in TBA-AP, neutral and basic 2,4-DNPH in the serum and liver of animals. The results of the research indicate an effective impact of reishi mushrooms dry extract on the normalization of lipoperoxidation, oxidative modification of proteins and antioxidant protection

Informativity of lipid metabolism indicators for diagnostics and estimation of the effectiveness of treatment of dogs with pancreatitis

The aim of the research: to substantiate the pathogenetic role of lipid metabolism disorders in the occurrence and course of pancreatitis in dogs and to establish the informativeness of its indicators for diagnosis and evaluation of treatment effectiveness based on clinical and laboratory research methods. Materials and methods. Used clinical, instrumental, laboratory methods, including morphological studies of blood, urine, biochemical studies of serum: determination of the lipid profile by the content of triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, lipoproteins cholesterol of very low – HDL, low – LDL and high density – VLDL, traditional tests and statistical methods. Results. It was found that the most significant changes are inherent in the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins in the serum: significantly increased concentrations of cholesterol, triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and especially LDL cholesterol. The content of HDL cholesterol, on the contrary, in the acute course of pancreatitis is below normal. The content of triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and VLDL remains high. Total cholesterol is normalized, and the level of HDL is below normal. Conclusions. Serum lipidogram of dogs without clinical symptoms of pathology does not differ in composition from the results obtained by other researchers. For pancreatitis in dogs, the concentration of total cholesterol increases by 1.9 times, triacylglycerols – by 5.4 times, cholesterol VLDL – in 6.0 times and LDL cholesterol – 7.7 times. The content of HDL cholesterol, in contrast, in the acute course of pancreatitis is 1.5 times lower than in clinically healthy dogs. Treatment reduces the degree of hyperenzymemia by ALT and AST, but α-amylase activity is not normalized in dogs. Above normal levels of triacylglycerols, LDL cholesterol and VLDL, and HDL cholesterol remain low, despite treatment

Research of antiulcer activity of dietary concentrate of phenolic compounds of apples on models of experimental ulcer in rats.

Medicinal plants have been widely used in the treatment of many diseases, especially in the gastroenterology, given that the use of synthetic antiulcer drugs in clinical practice often leads to the development of various kinds of side effects and, accordingly, have a large list of contraindications. The aim of this experimental work was the study of the antiulcer activity of the food concentrate of phenolic compounds of apples on the models of experimental ulcers in rats. Materials and methods. The studies included two stages, which were carried out on models: stage I – a model of alcohol–prednisolone stomach ulcer in rats, stage II – a model of indomethacin stomach ulcer in rats in accordance with the methodological recommendations of the SEC of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. The studied concentrate was administered in a dose based on the total content of polyphenols – 9 mg per 100 g of weight. Quercetin at a dose of 5 mg / kg and ranitidine at a dose of 20 mg / kg were used as reference drugs. After replicating the models, a macroscopic examination of the gastric mucosa was carried out and the content of TBA-reactants and reduced glutathione in the stomach homogenate was determined. Results. Under pathological conditions, the therapeutic effect of the food concentrate of phenolic compounds of apples and reference drugs was comparable in terms of the degree of ulcer defect. It was proved that food concentrate of phenolic compounds of apples and reference drugs inhibit the course of lipid peroxidation reactions and support endogenous antioxidant defense systems. Conclusions. The obtained results make it possible to recommend a further study of the food concentrate of phenolic compounds of apples for the creation of a pharmaceutical preparation on its basis. A promising area of application of this concentrate will be the prevention and treatment of gastric ulcer