Psychophysiological Mechanisms of Grammatical Structuring in the Speech Activity of a Preschool Child

Language as a means of implementing the speech process is an independent system with its own structure. In the context of our research, the concept of M.I. Zhynkin (1958) on the grid distribution of information in the grammatical space, which explains the mechanism of perception and awareness of speech. It is important for us to conclude that the sooner a direct connection is formed between the conceptual system and the basal ganglia, the better the child's awareness, assimilation and use of grammatical categories. To organize the normal functioning of speech requires a complex coordinated work of millions of neural elements of the brain, which are included in its various parts. It is proved that after ten years the ability to develop neural networks necessary for the construction of speech centers it disappears. The problem of forming grammatically correct speech in preschool children can be solved quickly and efficiently if you intensify the interaction of different analyzers. It is proved that the sensory information complex consists of auditory, visual and tactile images, which, complementing, amplifying each other, increase the number of useful signals, expand the speech space, which, in turn, limits the choice of adequate speech pattern during acquisition, perception and oral awareness. Children's learning of the elements of the grammatical system of language is influenced by two main factors, namely: the dependence on the simplicity or complexity of the language phenomenon and the degree of its communicative significance. The formation of grammatically correct speech (morphology, word formation, syntax) is based on a certain cognitive development of the child.

Semantic Potential of the Speech Pattern not exactly..., but in the Context of Expressing Opinion

The article deals with the logical analysis of a syntactic Russian pattern ‘ne to chtoby..., no’ (“not exactly..., but”, “I would say … a sort of”), the turn widely used in the practical reasoning. Its usage is underpinned by two major reasons - dialogical nature of the speech activity as well as one’s desire to accentuate his or her position in the debate. But it is also related to one’s aspiration to rectify the assessment, to uncertainty in choosing adequate words, and sometimes the need to increase the expressiveness of the message. In its essence, the relationship between the two parts of the pattern separated by conjunction “no” (“but”) is dialogically polemical. The first conjunct signals an approximate character of the chosen nomination or qualification, it represents a kind of preliminary assessment marked by semantics of doubt, while the second makes the necessary adjustments so as to better characterize the subject of speech. This alternative, albeit not always exhaustive definition may belong to categories of knowledge, opinion or belief. Whatever were the subject of evaluation - object, property, state or action, - the “rectifying” description / nomination / qualification placed in the second part of the construction after the conjunction ‘no” (“but”) can be identified in all cases of use as the attitude for understanding a relative accuracy of its expression. Moreover, it is possible to establish how adequate the object’s qualification is in a given context of expressing opinion only within the framework of a given opinion setting, including what the subject of opinion thinks, what he is convinced of, or believes in. It is impossible to know in advance whether such an opinion is reliable or not from the objective point of view, but it is possible to assert its unconditional credibility within the accepted framework of a certain system of ideas, e.g. what should be in an “acceptable situation” properties, activities or states of the object of judgment to be assessed. In this context, it is not the denotatum that is actually brought into focus of attention, but rather its qualifications or characteristics (they is the meaning of the item) within the scope of the propositional attitude of opinion.

HEDGES, POLITENESS STRATEGIES, AND POWER: A CASE STUDY OF WOMEN COMMUNITY LEADERS IN MALANG REGENCY

Gender and power related speech patterns have been a focus of communication studies. Women and power used to be in opposite side of each other. On this ground, we were intrigued to investigate whether being a female leader has something to do with defying certain assumed ideals of women speech. This case study was conducted to women leaders engaged in a social community called Pelangi Nusantara. Concerning this study, we focused on the women leaders’ speech to examine the stereotyped-speech-pattern related to the use of hedges and politeness strategies in female speakers albeit holding a high position. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed along with the purposive technique to select the interviewees. Based on the analysis, it is revealed that despite holding a high position in the community, the female leaders mostly showed the stereotyped-speech-pattern through the use of hedges, convergence, and politeness strategies as influenced by their cultural background.

PERBEDAAN GENDER DALAM BAHASA ASING

Many languages exhibit different speech patterns between men and women. That is, the way men speak and the way women speak are different, and it is referred to as. gender differences. Even in languages that do not have Systematic gender differences, there are always certain characteristics that can distinguish the speech pattern between male and female. In English and Japanese languages for example, the gender differences can be found in sentences as well as in certain terms while in German the gender differences are only found in nouns. The unique gender differences can be found in French since they can also influence the usage of adjectives

Use of multi-lexicons to analyse semantic features for summarization of touring reviews

Purpose This paper aims to improve a sentiment analysis (SA) system to help users (i.e. customers or hotel managers) understand hotel evaluations. There are three main purposes in this paper: designing an unsupervised method for extracting online Chinese features and opinion pairs, distinguishing different intensities of polarity in opinion words and examining the changes in polarity in the time series. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, a review analysis system is proposed to automatically capture feature opinions experienced by other tourists presented in the review documents. In the system, a feature-level SA is designed to determine the polarity of these features. Moreover, an unsupervised method using a part-of-speech pattern clarification query and multi-lexicons SA to summarize all Chinese reviews is adopted. Findings The authors expect this method to help travellers search for what they want and make decisions more efficiently. The experimental results show the F-measure of the proposed method to be 0.628. It thus outperforms the methods used in previous studies. Originality/value The study is useful for travellers who want to quickly retrieve and summarize helpful information from the pool of messy hotel reviews. Meanwhile, the system will assist hotel managers to comprehensively understand service qualities with which guests are satisfied or dissatisfied.

TRANSLATING CODE-SWITCHING IN THE INDONESIAN VERSION OF DER BOXER

Code-switching is the use of more than one language in an utterance. Within a narrative work like comics, code-switching can be used to show exoticism, character identity, or dramatic effect. Translating such a speech pattern poses a challenge to a translator. This paper discusses how a translator covert speeches that code-switch to three foreign languages – English, Yiddish, and Hebrew – in the German comic der Boxer by Reinhard Kleist into Indonesian. Translation units such as words, phrases, and sentences in the the target text will be compared to its counterparts in the source text to note the procedures used by the translator. The data gathered will then be analyzed to observe which utterances are kept in their foreign form, kept with additional information, or translated functionally and literally. Each procedure taken has its effects on the target text. Some preserve story elements such as surprise effect and otherness, while some preserve the readers’ immersion in the story. The procedures taken show that one needs to consider the context of each unit in translating and that not only one procedure can be applied as a panacea in translating every unit in a code-switching language pair.