The effect of hutch compass direction on primary heat stress responses in dairy calves in a continental region

Heat stress reduction in hutch-reared dairy calves is overlooked on most dairy farms. We hypothesised that during summer, the microclimate within hutches is directly affected by compass direction as a result of differences in exposure to solar radiation. On a bright, midAugust day a number of behavioural and physiological heat stress response measures (respiratory rate, body posture, being in the shade or sun) were recorded in 20-min intervals from 0720–1900h on calves housed in hutches with entrances facing all four points of the compass. In conjunction with this, dry bulb (ambient) and black globe temperatures, and wind speed were recorded both inside the plastic hutches and at one sunny site at the exterior. Data were compared in terms of distinct periods of the day (0720–1100, 1120– 1500, 1520–1900h). Dry bulb temperatures were higher inside hutches compared to outside while for black globe temperatures the opposite was true. Daily average temperatures and respiratory rates did not differ between hutches facing different compass points. In the morning and afternoon, hutch temperature and calf respiratory rate differed relative to compass point. Calves in east- and northfacing hutches were seen more in the shade than those in south- and west-facing ones. Our conclusion was that in a continental region having hutch entrances face towards the east or north confers some advantages in mitigating severe solar heat load in summer.

Authority (I): A Promise Theoretic Formalization

Authority is a central concept in social systems, but it has a variety of meanings. Promise Theory offers a simple formalized understanding of authority, and its origins, as polarization within a network of collaborative interactions. This idealized approximation stands in contrast to the usual deontic view of authority in socio-philosophical literature, and unifies the various interpretations with a single idea. It's shown that the elementary meanings of authority can all be understood as a promise, analogous to that of a `compass direction' within some decision space, with which agents may choose to align voluntarily. Authority is therefore separated from the embodiment by any particular agency or kind of agent, and is closely related to the concept of leadership in management science. Agents may try to impose authoritative directives onto subordinates, but imposition will generally be ineffective, due to their autonomy or causal independence. Stable configurations may be formed from resonant interactions that employ both semantics and dynamics to bind agents. This simple-minded formalization serves as an foundation for later study about the dynamics of authority and derived `power'.

Changes in some vegetation properties of the rangelands of the Palandöken Mountains, Erzurum, over two decades

Plant community responses to environmental changes depend upon management strategies, climate, topography, and time. The objective herein was to determine canopy coverage and botanical changes in Turkish highland rangelands with different topographical characteristics between 1993 and 2013. Trends in the plant composition changed depending on the slope aspect (compass direction) and topography. The contribution of the grasses to the canopy decreased, while that of legumes and the other families increased. The results indicated that rangeland degradation occurred under uncontrolled grazing conditions. Suitable range management changes are recommended for the conservation of natural resources in the highland rangelands of Turkey.

DESIGN OF GPS AND COMPASS HELMET VISUAL DATA USING MICROCONTROLLER FOR MARINE FORCE OF INDONESIAN NAVY

The Marines are a component of the combat forces owned by the Navy. In carrying out their duties as infiltration forces and landing forces, sophisticated equipment is needed to support each movement in terms of knowing the position of coordinates in the form of latitude longitude and compass direction to facilitate the movement of troops in carrying out operational tasks. For this reason, a tool was made to visually know the position of the latitude and longitude of the compass, making it easier for troops to carry out their duties both on the training ground and on the battlefield. This tool is in the form of a Design Combat Helmet for Visual Data Viewer GPS and Microcontroller-based Compass for the Navy Navy. This tool uses Arduino Mega Pro Mini 2560 as a microcontroller, V.KEL 2828U7G5LF as a GPS module, HMC5883L as a Compass module and Wemos Oled LCD 64x48 0.66 "as an analog data viewer. This tool has a working principle like Google Glass that can display data visually. How it works in order to display data visually is to use the reflection of a small mirror that will be enlarged using a convex lens or loop lens and then transmitted the reflection to a visual viewer that is placed in front of the eye. In order to get data in the form of latitude longitude and compass direction alternately a push button is used which is designed as a data selector switch or counter. In testing, this tool proved to be accurate in taking GPS data and compass direction after compared with equipment that has the same function. For the V. KEL2828U7G5LF GPS Module compared to FURUNO GPS and Google Map, while for the HMC5883L Compass module compared to the Android Compass Application. Keywords: GPS data, Compass, Visual Combat Helmet

Glass eels (Anguilla anguilla) imprint the magnetic direction of tidal currents from their juvenile estuaries

The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) hatches in the Sargasso Sea and migrates to European and North African freshwater. As glass eels, they reach estuaries where they become pigmented. Glass eels use a tidal phase-dependent magnetic compass for orientation, but whether their magnetic direction is innate or imprinted during migration is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that glass eels imprint their tidal-dependent magnetic compass direction at the estuaries where they recruit. We collected 222 glass eels from estuaries flowing in different cardinal directions in Austevoll, Norway. We observed the orientation of the glass eels in a magnetic laboratory where the magnetic North was rotated. Glass eels oriented towards the magnetic direction of the prevailing tidal current occurring at their recruitment estuary. Glass eels use their magnetic compass to memorize the magnetic direction of tidal flows. This mechanism could help them to maintain their position in an estuary and to migrate upstream.

Geo-referencing bird-window collisions for targeted mitigation

Bird collisions with windows are an important conservation concern. Efficient mitigation efforts should prioritize retrofitting sections of glass exhibiting the highest mortality of birds. Most collision studies, however, record location meta-data at a spatial scale too coarse (i.e., compass direction of facing façade) to be useful for large buildings with complex geometries. Through spatial analysis of three seasons of survey data at a large building at a university campus, we found that GPS data were able to identify collision hotspots while compass directions could not. To demonstrate the broad applicability and utility of this georeferencing approach, we identified collision hotspots at two additional urban areas in North America. The data for this latter exercise were collected via the citizen science database, iNaturalist, which we review for its potential to generate the georeferenced data necessary for directing building retrofits and mitigating a major source of anthropogenic bird mortality.

Rancang Bangun Purwarupa Sistem Navigasi Tanpa Awak untuk Kapal

Indonesia is a maritime country with two of the three area consists of sea with a very favorable potential of the Indonesian economy. However. many thefts occur in marine fish Indonesia. Each year, the state must lose up to 11.8 trillion as a result of illegal fishing in the Arafura Sea. he Government has attempted to reduce losses due to illegal fishing by deploying surveillance vessels to conduct surveillance, but the ship still has limitations on deadlines related to logistics and fuel oil. Therefore, research must be done to develop a system of unmanned ship for patrol boats to patrol autonomously without the use of fuel oil. The system consists of hardware and software. The hardware consists of sensors such as GPS and compass as a navigational reference, Sonar sensor for obstacle avoidance, ATMega 2560 as a microcontroller and motor driver as the actuator. The software is built using C with Arduino IDE compatible with AVR microcontroller. The system will read the GPS coordinates and compass direction in order to run unmanned. The system is also equipped with a transmitter to control the system manually. The results show the system is able to move the ship to navigate automatically. The system able to read the GPS coordinates and the reading direction of the compass well. The system also able to avoid obstacles that are in front of the system. The system is also able to be manually controlled and can transmit serial data to identify the condition of the system.

Ghost Knifefish in the Machine

This article focuses on different research and development tasks intended towards creation of agile swimming robot. Armed with extraordinary agility and electrical sensors that show the location of insect larvae, the black ghost knifefish haunts at night. An underwater robot based on the ghost knifefish could work in the murkiest waters. Malcolm MacIver, a professor of mechanical engineering and neurobiology at North-western University, is building a prototype of such an agile ROV in his laboratory. Active electrosense could do more for ROVs and robots, MacIver said. It may soon be able to distinguish living organisms, including divers, from inanimate objects by sensing capacitance – the ability of a material to induce a phase lag between voltage and current – MacIver reported in 2012 at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Down the road, the bioroboticists hope to incorporate another ant navigational skill into a robot – a neat ability to detect polarized sunlight and use it to determine compass direction.

Backtracking behaviour in lost ants: an additional strategy in their navigational toolkit

Ants use multiple sources of information to navigate, but do not integrate all this information into a unified representation of the world. Rather, the available information appears to serve three distinct main navigational systems: path integration, systematic search and the use of learnt information—mainly via vision. Here, we report on an additional behaviour that suggests a supplemental system in the ant's navigational toolkit: ‘backtracking’. Homing ants, having almost reached their nest but, suddenly displaced to unfamiliar areas, did not show the characteristic undirected headings of systematic searches. Instead, these ants backtracked in the compass direction opposite to the path that they had just travelled. The ecological function of this behaviour is clear as we show it increases the chances of returning to familiar terrain. Importantly, the mechanistic implications of this behaviour stress an extra level of cognitive complexity in ant navigation. Our results imply: (i) the presence of a type of ‘memory of the current trip’ allowing lost ants to take into account the familiar view recently experienced, and (ii) direct sharing of information across different navigational systems. We propose a revised architecture of the ant's navigational toolkit illustrating how the different systems may interact to produce adaptive behaviours.