Le discours médiatique parlé et la norme en français

The system of French accentuation is a relevant case of a language change, observable in a relatively short period of time in a stable synchrony. Since the mid-twentieth century, the formation of linguistic norms has largely depended on a specific type of utterance, media discourse, continually available in spoken audio-visual media. The impact of spoken media on the development of linguistic expression in the last few decades is unprecedented in language history. It is based on a communicational model in which speech is produced by a single speaker and instantly perceived by a multitude of receivers who have no possibility of intervening in the communicational process. Thus the receivers are passively exposed to an exclusive speaker and to language strategies conceived by the media and its linguistic authority. The analysis of two professional spoken interventions, uttered on French television, shows an important modification of the traditional accentual system: conserving the final accent (FA), the speakers systematically introduce an initial accent (IA), a landmark in the evolution of the French language and its normative features. The IA affects the first syllable of a stressed lexeme or the first syllable of an extended accentual unit, regardless of the syntactic function of the stressed morpheme. The FA is operated by the intonational action, while the IA seems to be realized by an accentual augmentation of vocal intensity. The automatism of lexical stressing is generating a systematic accentuation of the first syllable of the accentual unit. The IA mostly affects lexemes that speakers insist on because of their informative value (numerals, adverbs, proper names), but an important part of IA concerns different proclytics, such as deictic elements, articles and determinants. Accentual limitation of the unit on both sides is a specific feature of the speech in French audio-visual media. In recent decades it has found its echo in the normative speech of French linguistic communities.

EARLY ETHNIC LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN MOSCOW REGION MARI DIASPORA

В статье приводятся результаты социолингвистического обследования, которое проводилось автором в марийской диаспоре московского региона с целью выявления и описания функционирования этнического языка. Один из аспектов исследования посвящен вопросу межпоколенной передачи этнического языка в условиях диаспорного проживания. Респонденты первого поколения в выборке в целом демонстрируют высокий уровень языковой лояльности и уверены в том, что не утратят этнический язык, их опасения касаются скорее представителей второго поколения, выросших в московском регионе. Среди основных факторов, способствующих раннему овладению этническим языком во втором поколении, были названы следующие: погружение в языковую среду в марийской деревне летом; внутрисемейное бытовое общение на этническом языке; привлечение детей к участию в культурных мероприятиях, организованных в Москве марийским землячеством, по инициативе отдельных представителей или групп диаспоры. Однако при непосредственной реализации данные модели обнаруживают на практике ряд существенных недостатков: дальнейшая русификация марийской деревни, а значит, скудное овладение марийским; отведение ребенку роли пассивного слушателя в разговорах взрослых; отсутствие культурных форм, отвечающих запросам подростков. Заметную роль в слабой передаче детям этнического языка играют негативные аттитюды, стигматизирующие идеологии, языковые практики, унаследованные респондентами в отношении марийского языка на малой родине. В ходе обследования были зафиксированы отдельные позитивные сдвиги в этом направлении, преимущественно среди молодых респондентов, вследствие осознания ценности языка и изменения языковых стратегий и идеологий. Это важно, поскольку марийский язык является одним из основных признаков этнической идентичности в выборке: утрата во втором поколении диаспоры марийского приводит к утрате некоторых других этнических маркеров и как следствие — к размыванию границ этнической группы. The article presents the results of a sociolinguistic survey conducted by the author in the Mari diaspora of the Moscow region aimed at identifying and describing the functioning of the ethnic language. One of the aspects of the study is devoted to the issue of intergenerational transmission of the ethnic language in the conditions of diasporic residence. The first-generation respondents in the sample generally demonstrate a high level of language loyalty and are confident that they will not lose their ethnic language, their concerns are more likely to deal with to the second-generation representatives who grew up in the Moscow region. Among the main factors contributing to the early acquisition of an ethnic language in the second generation, the following ones were mentioned: immersion in the language environment in the Mari village in the summer; intra-family everyday communication in an ethnic language; children’s participation in cultural events organized in Moscow by the Mari community, as well as on the initiative of individual representatives or groups of the diaspora. However, when directly implemented, these models reveal several significant drawbacks in practice: further russification of the Mari rural areas, which leads to a child’s poor proficiency in Mari; assigning the child the role of a passive listener in the conversations of older family members; lack of cultural forms that meet the adolescents’ demands. Negative attitudes, stigmatizing ideologies as well as language practices inherited by respondents in relation to the Mari language in their small homeland all play a significant role in the weak transmission of the ethnic language to children. The survey revealed some positive changes, mainly among young respondents, due to their increased language awareness and changes in language strategies and ideologies. The Mari language is one of the main features of ethnic identity in the sample: the decay of the ethnic language in the second generation of the diaspora leads to the loss of some other ethnic markers and, as a result, to the blurring of the boundaries of the ethnic group.

Sikap dan Strategi Orang Tua terhadap Pengembangan Kemampuan Multibahasa Anak di Daerah Kuta Bali

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sikap orang tua di daerah Kuta terhadap bahasa Bali, Indonesia, dan Inggris serta strategi yang mereka gunakan dalam mengembangkan kemampuan anak-anak mereka di ketiga bahasa tersebut. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah dua belas orang tua. Metode pengumpulan data yang dilakukan adalah wawancara dan hasil rekaman tersebut ditranskripsi sebelum akhirnya diteliti. Data kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori family language policy dan language strategies. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh ditemukan bahwa para informan memiliki sikap yang sangat positif terhadap bahasa Bali, Indonesia, dan Inggris. Positifnya sikap mereka juga sejalan dengan strategi yang mereka lakukan, di mana mereka menginginkan anak mereka tumbuh sebagai anak yang memiliki kemampuan multibahasa yang baik. Dari ketiga bahasa tersebut, bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa dengan strategi paling beragam.

The Buryat Intellectual Migration to Western Europe from the Perspective of Friendship Connections and Foreign Languages Competencies

The article examines the Russian ethnic migration on the example of Buryat migrants in Western Europe. It is noted that this topic is poorly studied and that the group under investigation belongs to intellectual migration. The subject of the study is foreign language competence, peculiarities of the functioning of foreign languages in post-migration life, as well as the relationship between languages and the social communication circle of Buryat migrants. Based on the materials of interviews and ethnographic observations, a conclusion is made about the change in the nature of modern migration towards increased mobility and transmigration, the blurring of the boundaries between temporary, circular and other types of migration. This primarily affects young people, leading to the weakening of group identification strategies, including ethnic ones, and to the strengthening of individual as well as cosmopolitan tendencies. In communication with friends and partners a wide repertoire of Western and Eastern foreign languages is used, among which English certainly dominates. Multilingual linguistic competencies by Buryat migrants are closely related to their high level of education and are used as a symbolic resource to achieve professional and personal goals. Language strategies and practices vary widely, depending on migrants life plans, family status, and a number of other external and internal factors.

Language communication in a pragmatic perspective: Flouting the cooperative principle

The aim of the article is a pragmatic analysis of various linguistic communication situations in the light of Grice’s principle of cooperation (1975). The analysis shows that language strategies involve a deliberate flouting of the cooperative principle using various pragmatic functions. The presented communication strategies in English, German, Polish and Russian show similarities in their occurrence. The sender may convey intentions not directly, but by hidden means of expression which often become an exponent of an apparent question, a change in the argumentative direction, the use of ambiguous words, irony or even silence. Hence, we can talk about the implementation of the pragmatic functions of “language avoidance”, “counter-argumentation”, “counter-proposal”, “irony” etc.

HUMOR SEBAGAI STRATEGI MODERASI UMAT BERAGAMA PASCATEROR BOM MAKASAR 2021

In this study, response of religious moderation approach is the main study based on the uploading analysis of Catholic Social Media Accounts Garis Lucu (KGL) and NU Garis Lucu (NUGL) with total 15,050 followers. The method used in this study is qualitative with grounded theory approach, i.e. generalizing theory, action, or interaction. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the administrators of both social media accounts tend to use the dimensions of humor language strategies by a variety of humor strategies: irony, allusion, exaggeration, sarcasm, definition, and facetiounness. The humor strategy application on KGL and NUGL account became a positive culture in the social media world as well as a soothing publication that must be exemplified by other social media accounts considering that social media users are mostly millennials.Keywords: terrorism; religious moderation; humor strategy.

Kei tua o te awe māpara/Beyond the mask: Māori language teaching in English-medium secondary schools in New Zealand

The New Zealand Curriculum Framework (Ministry of Education, 1993, p. 14) states that "[all] who learn te reo Māori help to secure its future as a living, dynamic, and rich language". However, I will argue here that appearance and reality are very far apart. Close examination of the context in which teachers of the Māori language operate tells a very different story, one characterised byinadequate consultation with teachers and communities, a lack of consistency between the advice provided in the curriculum guidelines document and the resources made available to teachers, and a failure to ensure that adequate pre- and inservice training is provided. Finally, as a way forward to help strengthen policy and inform Indigenous language teachers, a reflection onlessons learnt in the New Zealand context and some useful Indigenous language strategies will be provided.

"A Lot of Different Streams": Questioning "Jazz" and Composing Beyond Genre

<p><b>Many composers currently prominent in the jazz world draw upon multiple musical traditions or genres to create their work. The varied compositional activities of composers Nicole Mitchell, Tyshawn Sorey and Wayne Horvitz problematize attempts to classify their work as belonging to a single genre. Drawing on my interviews with these three composers and my analysis of selected works, I seek to understand how they conceptualize their compositional work and its relationship to the various musical traditions that have influenced them. Using Fabian Holt’s genre framework and George E. Lewis’s concept of the Afrological as critical tools, I propose that the work of these composers prioritizes spontaneity and agency, foregrounding process and transformation instead of a more fixed work concept, and claiming a mobility of practice that connects them strongly to the legacy of the AACM. I also use these concepts as ways to reflect on my own creative work developed throughout the DMA, and my relationship to the genre label of jazz.</b></p> <p>The creative portfolio developed as part of this research incorporates influences from multiple streams of music-making, particularly the traditions of jazz, creative music and Western classical music. The submitted works include Cerulean Haze, for jazz octet and 5-piece chamber ensemble (13:00); Sanctuary, a suite in three movements for 11-piece ensemble (18:49); “Noche Oscura” for 10-piece ensemble (6:48); “Moorings (Titahi Bay)” for chordless jazz quartet (6:00); “Jimmy,” “Nuevo Azul,” “Neither Here nor There” and “Metamorphosis” for improvising quartet. These works explore extended jazz and modal harmonic language; strategies for extending songform-derived compositional forms into larger, through-composed works; and varying degrees of notational specificity. The inclusion of improvisation is prioritized in each work.</p>

"A Lot of Different Streams": Questioning "Jazz" and Composing Beyond Genre

<p><b>Many composers currently prominent in the jazz world draw upon multiple musical traditions or genres to create their work. The varied compositional activities of composers Nicole Mitchell, Tyshawn Sorey and Wayne Horvitz problematize attempts to classify their work as belonging to a single genre. Drawing on my interviews with these three composers and my analysis of selected works, I seek to understand how they conceptualize their compositional work and its relationship to the various musical traditions that have influenced them. Using Fabian Holt’s genre framework and George E. Lewis’s concept of the Afrological as critical tools, I propose that the work of these composers prioritizes spontaneity and agency, foregrounding process and transformation instead of a more fixed work concept, and claiming a mobility of practice that connects them strongly to the legacy of the AACM. I also use these concepts as ways to reflect on my own creative work developed throughout the DMA, and my relationship to the genre label of jazz.</b></p> <p>The creative portfolio developed as part of this research incorporates influences from multiple streams of music-making, particularly the traditions of jazz, creative music and Western classical music. The submitted works include Cerulean Haze, for jazz octet and 5-piece chamber ensemble (13:00); Sanctuary, a suite in three movements for 11-piece ensemble (18:49); “Noche Oscura” for 10-piece ensemble (6:48); “Moorings (Titahi Bay)” for chordless jazz quartet (6:00); “Jimmy,” “Nuevo Azul,” “Neither Here nor There” and “Metamorphosis” for improvising quartet. These works explore extended jazz and modal harmonic language; strategies for extending songform-derived compositional forms into larger, through-composed works; and varying degrees of notational specificity. The inclusion of improvisation is prioritized in each work.</p>