scholarly journals Association of rheumatoid arthritis and high sodium intake with major adverse cardiovascular events: a cross-sectional study from the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. e056255
Author(s):  
Jeong-Hyeon Bae ◽  
Min-Young Shin ◽  
Eun Ha Kang ◽  
Yun Jong Lee ◽  
You-Jung Ha
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
High Salt Intake

ObjectivesHigh salt intake has a harmful effect on hypertension; however, the association between major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and salt intake is still controversial. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is also characterised by excess cardiovascular risk. However, few studies have investigated the combined role of salt intake and RA in MACE in the general Korean population. Here, we evaluated this relationship among the Korean adult population.DesignRetrospective, cross-sectional.SettingPopulation-based survey in Korea.MethodsThis study was based on the data of the seventh Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2016–2018). The estimated 24-hour urinary sodium excretion (24HUNa), a surrogate marker for daily sodium intake, was calculated using the Tanaka equation and was stratified into five groups (<3, 3–3.999, 4–4.999, 5–5.999 and ≥6 g/day). Finally, data from 13 464 adult participants (weighted n=90 425 888) were analysed; all analyses considered a complex sampling design. Multivariable logistic regression for MACE as primary dependent variable was performed and adjusted for potential covariates.ResultsParticipants with MACE had higher 24HUNa levels and RA proportion than those without MACE (p<0.001). The association of MACE with 24HUNa was J-shaped with a gradual increase from about 3 g/day. The highest 24HUNa (≥6 g/day) group was significantly associated with increased prevalence of MACE compared with the reference group (3–3.999 g/day) after adjusting for all associated covariates (OR 6.75, 95% CI 1.421 to 32.039). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, RA (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.283 to 3.264) and the highest 24HUNa group (OR 6.35, 95% CI 1.337 to 30.147) were significantly associated with MACE even after adjusting for baseline covariates.ConclusionsThese nationally representative data suggest that RA and extremely high sodium intake are associated with MACE in the general adult Korean population. Avoiding extremely high salt intake and considering RA as an important risk factor for MACE might help promote public cardiovascular health.

scholarly journals Relationship of sodium intake with obesity among Korean children and adolescents: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 834-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-Kyung Lee ◽  
Mi Kyung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
National Health ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Korean Children ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
High Salt Intake

AbstractWe investigated whether dietary and urinary Na is associated with adiposity in Korean children and adolescents (10–18 years), a population with a high salt intake. Study subjects were Korean children and adolescents who participated in the cross-sectional nationally representative Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2011). This study used measures of dietary (24-h dietary recall) and urinary Na (Na:creatinine ratio) and three methods to determine obesity (BMI, waist circumference (WC) and total body per cent fat (TBPF)). Higher Na intake was significantly associated with obesity, adjusting for the covariates. Subjects in the highest tertile of urinary Na excretion had a significantly higher OR for higher adiposity compared with those in the lowest tertile (multivariate-adjusted OR 3·13 (95 % CI 1·81, 5·50) for BMI, 2·15 (95 % CI 1·27, 3·66) for WC and 1·92 (95 % CI 1·29, 2·86) for TBPF, respectively). Na intake estimated by the 24-h recall method also showed significant association with adiposity (multivariate-adjusted OR 2·79 (95 % CI 1·66, 4·68) for BMI and 2·14 (95 % CI 1·25, 3·67) for WC, respectively). The significant associations between Na and adiposity remained significant after additionally adjusting for sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. Our results revealed a significant positive association between urinary and dietary Na and adiposity in Korean children and adolescents, independent of SSB consumption.

scholarly journals Urine Spot Samples Can Be Used to Estimate 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion in Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 148 (12) ◽  
pp. 1946-1953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Rios-Leyvraz ◽  
Pascal Bovet ◽  
René Tabin ◽  
Bernard Genin ◽  
Michel Russo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Excretion ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Individual Level

ABSTRACT Background The gold standard to assess salt intake is 24-h urine collections. Use of a urine spot sample can be a simpler alternative, especially when the goal is to assess sodium intake at the population level. Several equations to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion from urine spot samples have been tested in adults, but not in children. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the ability of several equations and urine spot samples to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion in children. Methods A cross-sectional study of children between 6 and 16 y of age was conducted. Each child collected one 24-h urine sample and 3 timed urine spot samples, i.e., evening (last void before going to bed), overnight (first void in the morning), and morning (second void in the morning). Eight equations (i.e., Kawasaki, Tanaka, Remer, Mage, Brown with and without potassium, Toft, and Meng) were used to estimate 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The estimates from the different spot samples and equations were compared with the measured excretion through the use of several statistics. Results Among the 101 children recruited, 86 had a complete 24-h urine collection and were included in the analysis (mean age: 10.5 y). The mean measured 24-h urinary sodium excretion was 2.5 g (range: 0.8–6.4 g). The different spot samples and equations provided highly heterogeneous estimates of the 24-h urinary sodium excretion. The overnight spot samples with the Tanaka and Brown equations provided the most accurate estimates (mean bias: −0.20 to −0.12 g; correlation: 0.48–0.53; precision: 69.7–76.5%; sensitivity: 76.9–81.6%; specificity: 66.7%; and misclassification: 23.0–27.7%). The other equations, irrespective of the timing of the spot, provided less accurate estimates. Conclusions Urine spot samples, with selected equations, might provide accurate estimates of the 24-h sodium excretion in children at a population level. At an individual level, they could be used to identify children with high sodium excretion. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02900261.

scholarly journals Országos Táplálkozás és Tápláltsági Állapot Vizsgálat – OTÁP2014. III. A magyar lakosság makroelem-bevitele

2017 ◽  
Vol 158 (17) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Nagy ◽  
Zsuzsanna Nagy-Lőrincz ◽  
Márta Bakacs ◽  
Éva Illés ◽  
Eszter Sarkadi Nagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Group ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Potassium Intake ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
High Sodium Intake

Abstract: Introduction and aim: The Hungarian Diet and Nutritional Status Survey examined the dietary habits of the Hungarian adult population. The aim of the study is to present the macroelement intake of the population. Method: The study represents the macrolement intake of the population with age 18 or over on the day of 31 December 2013, of those who are non-institutionalised. Results: Salt intake decreased compared to the findings of the previous study in 2009 but it is still extremely high (15.9 g in men and 11.2 g in women). The potassium intake is below the recommendation, which together with a high sodium intake increases the risk of high blood pressure. Calcium intake in the youngest age group reached the recommendations, whereas the intake in the oldest age group was well below the references. Magnesium intake complied with the recommendation, the intake of phosphorus however exceeded it. High sodium intake still represents substantial public health risk. Conclusion: The reduction that occured in the population’s salt intake since 2009 demonstrates the effectiveness of implemented prevention programs, cooperation with the industry and public awareness campaigns. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(17): 653–661.

Dopamine receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C is associated with natriuresis during high salt intake

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. F494-F498 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Vyas ◽  
A. L. Jadhav ◽  
J. Eichberg ◽  
M. F. Lokhandwala
Keyword(s):  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sch 23390 ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Water Excretion ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
High Salt Intake

Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) is considered to be one of the cellular signaling events involved in dopamine (DA)-mediated natriuresis. In the present study we have examined the role of renal cortical PLC in contributing to the increase in urinary sodium excretion during high sodium intake and its relationship with intrarenal DA synthesis. Rats were given either 1% NaCl (high sodium intake) or tap water (normal sodium intake) to drink for 24 h, and urine was collected over this time period. PLC activity in the renal cortex from these rats was measured by prelabeling cortical slices with myo-[2-3H]inositol and was expressed as fractional release (FR) of inositol (mono-, bis-, and tris-) phosphates. Acute increase in sodium intake produced 93 +/- 8% increase over control in urinary DA excretion. These changes were accompanied by significant increases (30 +/- 8%) in basal FR of inositol phosphates and 243 +/- 40 and 76 +/- 14% increases in urinary sodium and water excretion, respectively. The elevated basal PLC activity in rats with high sodium intake was significantly reduced in the presence of Sch 23390, a selective DA-1 receptor antagonist. Exogenously added DA (3 mM) also produced significant increases in PLC activity, although the magnitudes of increases were different in rats with high (37 +/- 8%) and normal (66 +/- 9%) sodium intake. However, Sch 23390 alone or carbidopa pretreatment did not affect the basal PLC activity in rats maintained on normal sodium intake.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Role of ETA receptors in experimental ANG II-induced hypertension in rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (1) ◽  
pp. R150-R154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer R. Ballew ◽  
Gregory D. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
Baseline Levels

The objectives were to determine if ANG II-induced hypertension is maintained by activation of endothelin type A (ETA) receptors by endogenous ET-1 and if this effect is influenced by salt intake. Male rats were maintained on high sodium intake (HS; 6 meq/day) or on normal sodium intake (NS; 2 meq/day). Hypertension was produced by intravenous infusion of ANG II (5 ng/min) for 15 days. Five-day oral dosing with the selective ETA-receptor antagonist ABT-627 (∼2 mg · kg−1 · day−1) reduced mean arterial pressure (MAP) to baseline levels in rats on HS receiving ANG II infusion, but it did not affect MAP in normotensive HS controls. In rats on NS, ABT-627 only transiently decreased MAP in rats receiving ANG II and slightly reduced MAP in normotensive controls. ABT-627 produced mild retention of sodium and water in NS rats receiving ANG II, but not in any other group. These results indicate that ET-1 plays a role in ANG II-induced hypertension via activation of ETAreceptors and that this role is more prominent in rats on HS.

scholarly journals Dietary Sodium (salt) Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review (P05-039-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yawar Yakoob ◽  
Naila Baig-ansari
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Objectives Studies have shown conflicting findings for association of processed meat with risk of colorectal cancer (CRC); with some studies showing an increased risk while others having no associations. Few studies have been done to study this association with salt (sodium) intake that is high in processed meats. Methods A comprehensive, systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed and Google.com to identify observational studies on dietary salt (sodium) intake for prevention of CRC. 1933 titles were identified and screened of which 86 abstracts were selected for full-text review; finally, 7 studies were included. Results In case-control studies from Jordan on 169 CRC cases (248 matched controls), from Siberia on 185 cases (210 matched controls), and from Greece on 250 cases (250 controls), high sodium intake was significantly associated with an increased CRC risk (highest to lowest quartile, OR = 3.42, 95% CI: 1.59–7.38; high vs. medium salt in food, OR = 3.45, 1.68–7.1; and added table salt yes vs. no, OR = 1.62, 1.05–2.49, latter got attenuated when adjusted for overall dietary habits, OR = 1.41, 0.90–2.20; respectively). However, in another case-control study from Australia on 715 cases (727 matched controls), high sodium intake was not associated with CRC (RR = 1.23, 0.9–2.4, P = 0.11). Similar for sub-group of colon cancer but significant only for rectal cancer (RR = 1.61, 1.1–2.3, P = 0.006). In a prospective cohort study from Japan on 81,578 subjects free of cancer/CVD at baseline, no association was found for sodium and CRC (highest vs. lowest quartile, HR = 1.10, 0.85–1.42, P-trend = 0.51). Other study designs have also shown increased risk. A cross-sectional study from Oman on 405 participants showed that eating food high in salt (26.8%) was a risk factor for stomach and colorectal cancer with significant associations in young age groups and with higher education. Lastly, in a comparative ecological study from South Africa, sodium intake was higher in West coast fishermen (6 CRC cases over 5 years/120,000) vs. urban Cape Town inhabitants (677/2 million). Conclusions Majority of studies were case-control design, most of which showed positive association between sodium intake and CRC. Cross-sectional/ecological studies support this. Meta-analysis needs to be done to increase sample size and explore potential heterogeneity. Funding Sources None.

Osmoregulation during high salt intake: relative importance of drinking and vasopressin secretion

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (5) ◽  
pp. R878-R886 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Cowley ◽  
M. M. Skelton ◽  
D. C. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Highly Nonlinear ◽  
Vasopressin Secretion

Studies determined the relative contribution of drinking vs. vasopressin secretion in the regulation of extracellular osmolality in response to changes of Na intake. Daily Na intake was increased from 30 to 200 meq in dogs maintained under three conditions: normal dogs with ad libitum drinking, normal dogs with "fixed drinking," and neurohypophysectomized dogs with "fixed drinking" and vasopressin replaced by continuous infusion. (Drinking was fixed to that amount consumed during the normal Na control period.) The mechanisms of osmoregulation were highly nonlinear. As daily Na intake increased from 30 to 100 meq, renal natriuretic mechanisms predominated with only small contributions from either the thirst or vasopressin systems. At high levels of Na intake (200 meq/day), both drinking and vasopressin release contributed significantly to osmoregulation. The studies also determined that, in the absence of excess vasopressin secretion and increased drinking, plasma osmolality rose to nearly twice the levels as those observed in normal dogs that increased vasopressin secretion. We conclude that vasopressin-related renal conservation of water contributes to buffering the rise of osmolality when Na intake is increased without increased drinking. The studies also confirm that with available water to drink, the thirst mechanism together with renal Na excretory mechanisms are the predominant controllers of osmolality in situations of high sodium intake.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Potential Risk Factors Associated with High Sodium : Intake among Chinese-Haw Tribal in the Rural Area of Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29
Author(s):  
Phatcharin Winyangkul ◽  
Lakkana Thaikruea ◽  
Penprapa Siviroj ◽  
Sakda Pruenglampoo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Potential Risk ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Dietary Sodium ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Sodium ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
High Sodium Intake ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

Background: Sodium intake has a known association with increasing hypertension, cause of death from Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) worldwide. Ethnic group is increasingly exposed to risk factors to CVD causing of the urbanization and cultural changes. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the prevalence and potential factors associated with high sodium intake in the Chinese-Haw tribe in Chiang Rai province. Stratified random sampling was used to recruit participants. Face-to-face interviews were used for demographic data and assessment of dietary sodium knowledge, self-efficacy and food consumption. For dietary sodium intake, first-morning urine were collected for identifying concentration of sodium in millimoles per litre (mmol/L) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Unconditional multiple logistic regression was used for determining risk factors associated with high sodium intake. Results: There were 302 participants of which majority were women (71.9%), with average age of 49.50 years (±12.12 S.D.). The prevalence of sodium intake was 90.70% more than 2,000 mg/day (High). The association between potential risk factors and high sodium intake revealed that men had higher risk than women (Risk Ratio 1.13, 95%CI 1.07 - 1.19). Multivariate analysis revealed only gender can predict a high sodium intake after adjusted for smoking patterns and alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio 13.73, CI 1.43 - 131.95). Conclusion: Prevalence of excess sodium intake per day in the Chinese-Haw tribe was high. This might lead to unhealthy effects. The population at risk should receive appropriate intervention urgently.

scholarly journals Young Adults with Higher Salt Intake Have Inferior Hydration Status: A Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Jianfen Zhang ◽  
Na Zhang ◽  
Shufang Liu ◽  
Songming Du ◽  
Guansheng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Salt Intake ◽  
Different Levels

The body’s water and sodium balances are tightly regulated and monitored by the brain. Few studies have explored the relationship between water and salt intake, and whether sodium intake with different levels of fluid intake leads to changes in hydration status remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the patterns of water intake and hydration status among young adults with different levels of daily salt intakes. Participants’ total drinking fluids and water from food were determined by a 7-day 24-h fluid intake questionnaire for 7 days (from Day 1 to Day 7) and duplicate portion method (Day 5, Day 6 and Day 7). Urine of 24 h for 3 days (Day 5, Day 6 and Day 7) was collected and tested for the osmolality, the urine-specific gravity (USG), the concentrations of electrolytes, pH, creatinine, uric acid and the urea. The fasting blood samples for 1 day (Day 6) were collected and measured for the osmolality and the concentrations of electrolytes. The salt intakes of the participants were evaluated from the concentrations of Na of 24 h urine of 3 days (Day 5, Day 6 and Day 7). Participants were divided into four groups according to the quartile of salt intake, including the low salt intake (LS1), LS2, high salt intake (HS1) and HS2 groups. In total, 156 participants (including 80 male and 76 female young adults) completed the study. The salt intakes were 7.6, 10.9, 14.7 and 22.4 g among participants in the four groups (LS1, LS2, HS1 and HS2 groups, respectively), which differed significantly in all groups (F = 252.020; all p < 0.05). Compared to the LS1 and LS2 groups, the HS2 group had 310–381, 250–358 and 382–655 mL more amounts of water from the total water intake (TWI), total drinking fluids and water from food (all p < 0.05), respectively. Participants in the HS2 group had 384–403, 129–228 and 81–114 mL more in the water, water from dishes and staple foods, respectively, than those in the groups of LS1 and LS2 (p < 0.05). The HS2 group excreted 386–793 mL more urine than those in the groups of LS1 and LS2 (p < 0.05). However, regarding urine osmolality, the percentage of participants with optimal hydration status decreased from 41.0% in LS1 and LS2 to 25.6% in the HS2 group (p < 0.05). Participants with higher salt intake had higher TWI, total drinking fluids and water from food. Nevertheless, they had inferior hydration status. A reduction in salt intake should be encouraged among young adults to maintain optimal hydration status.

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