Cross-Border Flow of Personal Data in the Context of Emigration of the Faithful of the Catholic Church from Poland

The increased emigration of Poles has caused numerous problems of legal and canonical nature, also relating to the activity of the Catholic Church. The article concerns the cross-border processing of personal data carried out by the Catholic Church entities in the context of the emigration of the faithful. Processing of the data of believers takes place, for example, in the formalities related to preparation for entering marriage. From the point of view of canon law the article deals with such issues as: the legality of the process of cross-border data processing, the obligations of the data controller carrying out such a process and the role of the supervisory authority.

A STUDY OF LITERATURE: CRYPTOCURRENCY OF SYARIAH PERSPECTIVE

Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency, which does not have a physical form like fiat money. This crypto currency can only be used through devices such as PCs, laptops, smartphones and other devices that are connected to the internet. There are several advantages in a crypto system that uses blockchain system, such as transaction security, convenience, speed and can be used across countries and continents, however cryptocurrency which is currently circulating also still have weaknesses, including there is no supervisory authority, even many countries have disagreements over the legality of this cryptocurrency. The debate about the pros and cons regarding to the use of cryptocurrency becomes dynamics among the experts including the scholars who have study from Islamic point of view. This research aims to examine the dynamics of using cryptocurrency from ushul fiqh point of view, where the methods which used in this research are al-qur'an, al-Hadith, Qiyas and Sad-Adzariyah. Basically the use of cryptocurrency is allowed to meet cetain conditions that is by removing batil elements as in Quran surah An-Nisa verse 29, those batil elements are gharar and mayshir. Moreover, cryptocurrency must also have clear legality in a country for security in their use.

CODE OF CONDUCT FOR THE PROCESSING OF PERSONAL DATA IN HIGHER EDUCATION

The research objectives of this study are the legal framework, the practical benefits and the necessity for the development and possible adherence by controllers or processors of personal data in higher education to a Code of Conduct referred to in Article 40 of the GDPR. The study is part of an extended research at the time of development, related to the issues under consideration, which is aimed at developing a draft code. Its purpose is to provoke a discussion between stakeholders and interested parties, to be amended if necessary, and subsequently submitted for approval by the supervisory authority.

Motivation and Framework

This chapter introduces the concept and a definition of the “formalization” of banking supervision that is examined in this book and outlines the aim and scope of the book. In addition to providing the reader with an overview of the history of banking supervision in eight developed countries (the US, Japan, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, France, and the UK), the book presents information regarding the formalization process itself. That process is assessed based on three criteria—bank regulation, supervisory authority, and supervisory activity. This approach is intended to provide more detail than a simple assessment based on banking acts that is common in financial regulation research. The aim of the analysis undertaken in this book is to identify why the history of banking supervision in various countries shares many similarities and yet also displays many differences. In Sect. 1.5, we provide an overview of the historiography of the formalization of banking supervision with a special emphasis on comparative and internationally oriented literature, while the growing body of literature on each of the national cases is discussed in subsequent chapters.

The practice of imposing administrative fines by the State Data Protection Inspectorate in the context of other EU Member States

The implementation of the EU General Data Protection Regulation (hereinafter referred to as the Regulation), which, among other things, aims to eliminate disparities between national systems and to alleviate unnecessary administrative burdens, began on 25 May 2018. Each Member State is to ensure that there is one or more independent public authorities (hereinafter referred to as the supervisory authority) responsible for monitoring the implementation of the Regulation. In Lithuania, personal data protection is supervised by two authorities, namely by the State Data Protection Inspectorate (hereinafter referred to as the SDPI) and by the Office of the Inspector of Journalist Ethics. The powers conferred on the supervisory authorities by the Regulation are greater and broader in scope than those granted under previous data protection legislation. Organizations which process personal data must ensure compliance with the requirements laid down in the Regulation. A supervisory authority that violates the provisions of the Regulation may be faced with heavy administrative fines and other sanctions. This article analyzes the practice of imposing administrative fines in the EU and in Lithuania as compared to other EU Member States. The author of the article believes that evaluating the practice of imposing administrative fines by the SDPI within the general context of the EU shall enable one to search for the reasons behind the current situation, as well as to improve the processes the SDPI employs to perform functions associated with data protection supervision. The article uses generalization and comparative analysis of scientific literature, legal documents and statistical data.

Pengawasan Dalam Kerja Sama Bank Umum dan Penyelenggara Layanan Pinjam Meminjam Uang Berbasis Teknologi Informasi

Partnership is a collaboration between one party and another, where each party plays its respective roles in a reciprocal relationship that benefits each party. This research will discuss the characteristics of the forms of cooperation between commercial banks and information technology-based lending and borrowing service providers (fintech peer-to-peer lending) and then discusses the supervision of regulatory agencies on cooperation in the financial sector. This research is a doctrinal research using a statute approach and a conceptual approach to obtain a clearer picture. The result of this research is that credit distribution cooperation is carried out by taking into account the provisions regarding information technology-based lending and borrowing services while retail investment sales cooperation and non-performing loan management cooperation are carried out by taking into account the provisions concerning banks and / or commercial banks as in the cooperation. commercial banks. The supervisory authority lies with the Financial Services Authority. Keywords: Fintech P2PL; Commercial Banks; OJK.AbstrakPartnership adalah kerja sama antara satu pihak dengan pihak lainnya dimana masing-masing pihak menjalankan perannya masing-masing dalam hubungan timbal balik yang memberikan keuntungan kepada masing-masing pihak. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai karakteristik bentuk-bentuk kerja sama antara bank umum dengan penyelenggara layanan pinjam meminjam berbasis teknologi informasi (fintech peer-to-peer lending) kemudian membahas mengenai pengawasan lembaga otoritas terhadap kerja sama dalam sektor keuangan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian doctrinal research dengan menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach) untuk memperoleh gambaran yang lebih jelas. Hasil dalam penelitian ini yaitu kerja sama penyaluran kredit dilaksanakan dengan memperhatikan ketentuan mengenai layanan pinjam meminjam uang berbasis teknologi informasi sedangkan kerja sama penjualan investasi ritel dan kerja sama pengelolaan non-performing loan dilaksanakan dengan memperhatikan ketentuan mengenai bank dan/atau bank umum sebagaimana dalam kerja sama bank umum. Adapun kewenangan pengawasan berada di Otoritas Jasa Keuangan.Kata Kunci: Fintech P2PL; Bank Umum; OJK.

Peran Majelis Pengawas Notaris Terkait Pencantuman Klausula Pelindung Diri

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of the Notary Supervisory Council in the inclusion of notary self-protection clause. This study is normative legal research using a statute conceptual approach and analyzed using a pre-descriptive-evaluative.The results showed that the legal effect of the inclusion of a notary self-protection clause is flawed notarial deed as an authentic deed. As a result, the role of the Notary Supervisory Council to oversee the performance of notaries.However, the supervisory authority is only in the context of preventive supervision and oversight, but it is not authorized in the context of curative supervision in matter of the inclusion of a notary self-protection clause. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tentang peran Majelis Pengawas Notaris dalam pencantuman klausula pelindung diri.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan model penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan konsep serta dianalisis dengan cara prekriptif-evaluatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa akibat hukum dari pencantuman klausula pelindung diri adalah cacatnya akta notaris sebagai akta otentik sehingga diperlukan adanya peran dari Majelis Pengawas Notaris untuk mengawasi kinerja notaris. Namun kewenangan pengawasan itu hanya dalam konteks pengawasan yang bersifat preventif dan tidak berwenang dalam konteks pengawasan yang bersifat kuratif dalam persoalan pencantuman klausula pelindung diri.

Suicide as an incident of severe patient harm: a retrospective cohort study of investigations after suicide in Swedish healthcare in a 13-year perspective

ObjectivesTo explore how mandatory reporting to the supervisory authority of suicides among recipients of healthcare services has influenced associated investigations conducted by the healthcare services, the lessons obtained and whether any suicide-prevention-related improvements in terms of patient safety had followed.Design and settingsRetrospective study of reports from Swedish primary and secondary healthcare to the supervisory authority after suicide.ParticipantsCohort 1: the cases reported to the supervisory authority in 2006, from the time the reporting of suicides became mandatory, to 2007 (n=279). Cohort 2: the cases reported in 2015, a period of well-established reporting (n=436). Cohort 3: the cases reported from September 2017, which was the time the law regarding reporting was removed, to November 2019 (n=316).Primary and secondary outcome measuresDemographic data and received treatment in the months preceding suicide were registered. Reported deficiencies in healthcare and actions were categorised by using a coding scheme, analysed per individual and aggregated per cohort. Separate notes were made when a deficiency or action was related to a healthcare-service routine.ResultsThe investigations largely adopted a microsystem perspective, focusing on final patient contact, throughout the overall study period. Updating existing or developing new routines as well as educational actions were increasingly proposed over time, while sharing conclusions across departments rarely was recommended.ConclusionsThe mandatory reporting of suicides as potential cases of patient harm was shown to be restricted to information transfer between healthcare providers and the supervisory authority, rather than fostering participative improvement of patient safety for suicidal patients.The similarity in outcomes across the cohorts, regardless of changes in legislation, suggests that the investigations were adapted to suit the structure of the authority’s reports rather than the specific incident type, and that no new service improvements or lessons are being identified.